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Litt MJ, Ali A, Reza N. Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Diagnosis and Management. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2023; 19:211-221. [PMID: 37050929 PMCID: PMC10084873 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s365001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is widely recognized as one of the most common inheritable cardiac disorders. Since its initial description over 60 years ago, advances in multimodality imaging and translational genetics have revolutionized our understanding of the disorder. The diagnosis and management of patients with HCM are optimized with a multidisciplinary approach. This, along with increased safety and efficacy of medical, percutaneous, and surgical therapies for HCM, has afforded more personalized care and improved outcomes for this patient population. In this review, we will discuss our modern understanding of the molecular pathophysiology that underlies HCM. We will describe the range of clinical presentations and discuss the role of genetic testing in diagnosis. Finally, we will summarize management strategies for the hemodynamic subtypes of HCM with specific emphasis on the rationale and evidence for the use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators, septal reduction therapy, and cardiac myosin inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/diagnosis
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/therapy
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/diagnosis
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/therapy
- Diagnostic Imaging
- Defibrillators, Implantable
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Litt
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ayan Ali
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nosheen Reza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Correspondence: Nosheen Reza, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, 11th Floor South Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA, Tel +1 215 615 0044, Fax +1 215 615 1263, Email
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2
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Litt MJ, Day SM. Update on Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors and Potential Role in Treating Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Innovations (Phila) 2023; 18:16-19. [PMID: 36600472 DOI: 10.1177/15569845221138244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Litt
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharlene M Day
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Çakır I, Hadley CK, Pan PL, Bagchi RA, Ghamari-Langroudi M, Porter DT, Wang Q, Litt MJ, Jana S, Hagen S, Lee P, White A, Lin JD, McKinsey TA, Cone RD. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition restores leptin sensitivity and reduces obesity. Nat Metab 2022; 4:44-59. [PMID: 35039672 PMCID: PMC8892841 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin can drive decreases in food intake while increasing energy expenditure. In diet-induced obesity, circulating leptin levels rise proportionally to adiposity. Despite this hyperleptinemia, rodents and humans with obesity maintain increased adiposity and are resistant to leptin's actions. Here we show that inhibitors of the cytosolic enzyme histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) act as potent leptin sensitizers and anti-obesity agents in diet-induced obese mice. Specifically, HDAC6 inhibitors, such as tubastatin A, reduce food intake, fat mass, hepatic steatosis and improve systemic glucose homeostasis in an HDAC6-dependent manner. Mechanistically, peripheral, but not central, inhibition of HDAC6 confers central leptin sensitivity. Additionally, the anti-obesity effect of tubastatin A is attenuated in animals with a defective central leptin-melanocortin circuitry, including db/db and MC4R knockout mice. Our results suggest the existence of an HDAC6-regulated adipokine that serves as a leptin-sensitizing agent and reveals HDAC6 as a potential target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işın Çakır
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Colleen K Hadley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pauline Lining Pan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rushita A Bagchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and the Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Masoud Ghamari-Langroudi
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Qiuyu Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael J Litt
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Somnath Jana
- Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan Hagen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pil Lee
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew White
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and the Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Roger D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Litt
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
| | - Mary W Montgomery
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
| | - Kirstin M Small
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
| | - Amy L Miller
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
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Litt MJ, Gaffney R, Vaidya A, Montgomery MW. Hard to Swallow. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:e47. [PMID: 34587389 DOI: 10.1056/nejmimc2103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Puder L, Roth S, Krabusch P, Wiegand S, Opitz R, Bald M, Flück C, Schulz E, Voss E, Markó L, Linz P, Berger F, Müller DN, Kuehne T, Litt MJ, Cone RD, Kühnen P, Kelm M. Cardiac Phenotype and Tissue Sodium Content in Adolescents With Defects in the Melanocortin System. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2606-2616. [PMID: 34036349 PMCID: PMC8372645 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) play a pivotal role in the leptin-melanocortin pathway. Mutations in these genes lead to monogenic types of obesity due to severe hyperphagia. In addition to dietary-induced obesity, a cardiac phenotype without hypertrophy has been identified in MC4R knockout mice. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize cardiac morphology and function as well as tissue Na+ content in humans with mutations in POMC and MC4R genes. METHODS A cohort of 42 patients (5 patients with bi-allelic POMC mutations, 6 heterozygous MC4R mutation carriers, 19 obese controls without known monogenic cause, and 12 normal weight controls) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and 23Na-MRI. RESULTS Monogenic obese patients with POMC or MC4R mutation respectively had a significantly lower left ventricular mass/body surface area (BSA) than nonmonogenic obese patients. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume/BSA was significantly lower in POMC- and MC4R-deficient patients than in nonmonogenic obese patients. Subcutaneous fat and skin Na+ content was significantly higher in POMC- and MC4R-deficient patients than in nonmonogenic obese patients. In these compartments, the water content was significantly higher in patients with POMC and MC4R mutation than in control groups. CONCLUSION Patients with POMC or MC4R mutations carriers had a lack of transition to hypertrophy, significantly lower cardiac muscle mass/BSA, and stored more Na+ within the subcutaneous fat tissue than nonmonogenic obese patients. The results point towards the role of the melanocortin pathway for cardiac function and tissue Na+ storage and the importance of including cardiologic assessments into the diagnostic work-up of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Puder
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Department for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Sophie Roth
- Institute for Imaging Science and Computational Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Philipp Krabusch
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Department for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Social-Pediatric Care/Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Robert Opitz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Martin Bald
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70174, Germany
| | - Christa Flück
- Department of Paediatrics and Department of BioMedical Research, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Esther Schulz
- Pediatric Endocrinology, AKK Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus GmbH, Hamburg 22763, Germany
| | - Egbert Voss
- Cnopfsche Kinderklinik, Nürnberg 90419, Germany
| | - Lajos Markó
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Peter Linz
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Felix Berger
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Titus Kuehne
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Institute for Imaging Science and Computational Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 13353, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Michael J Litt
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roger D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5624, USA
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Correspondence: Peter Kühnen, MD, Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marcus Kelm
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Institute for Imaging Science and Computational Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin 10178, Germany
- Marcus Kelm, MD, Department of Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Centre Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany,
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7
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Ghamari-Langroudi M, Cakir I, Lippert RN, Sweeney P, Litt MJ, Ellacott KLJ, Cone RD. Regulation of energy rheostasis by the melanocortin-3 receptor. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaat0866. [PMID: 30140740 PMCID: PMC6105298 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat0866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Like most homeostatic systems, adiposity in mammals is defended between upper and lower boundary conditions. While leptin and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) signaling are required for defending energy set point, mechanisms controlling upper and lower homeostatic boundaries are less well understood. In contrast to the MC4R, deletion of the MC3R does not produce measurable hyperphagia or hypometabolism under normal conditions. However, we demonstrate that MC3R is required bidirectionally for controlling responses to external homeostatic challenges, such as caloric restriction or calorie-rich diet. MC3R is also required for regulated excursion from set point, or rheostasis, during pregnancy. Further, we demonstrate a molecular mechanism: MC3R provides regulatory inputs to melanocortin signaling, acting presynaptically on agouti-related protein neurons to regulate γ-aminobutyric acid release onto anorexigenic MC4R neurons, exerting boundary control on the activity of MC4R neurons. Thus, the MC3R is a critical regulator of boundary controls on melanocortin signaling, providing rheostatic control on energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghamari-Langroudi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.G.-L.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Isin Cakir
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2216, USA
| | - Rachel N. Lippert
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Sweeney
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2216, USA
| | - Michael J. Litt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kate L. J. Ellacott
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Roger D. Cone
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 702 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2216, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.G.-L.); (R.D.C.)
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Abstract
The family of inward rectifying potassium channels (Kir channels) plays crucial roles in the regulation of heart rhythms, renal excretion, insulin release, and neuronal activity. Their dysfunction has been attributed to numerous diseases such as cardiac arrhythmia, kidney failure and electrolyte imbalance, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, retinal degeneration, and other neuronal disorders. We have recently demonstrated that the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), a Gαs-coupled GPCR, regulates Kir7.1 activity through a mechanism independent of Gαs and cAMP. In contrast to the many other members of the Kir channel family, less is known about the biophysical properties, regulation, and physiological functions of Kir7.1. In addition to using conventional patch clamp techniques, we have employed a high-throughput Tl+ flux assay to further investigate the kinetics of MC4R-Kir7.1 signaling in vitro. Here, we discuss the employment of the Tl+ flux assay to study MC4R -mediated regulation of Kir7.1 activity and to screen compounds for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Litt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Roger D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Masoud Ghamari-Langroudi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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9
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Litt MJ, Okoye GD, Lark D, Cakir I, Moore C, Barber MC, Atkinson J, Fessel J, Moslehi J, Cone RD. Loss of the melanocortin-4 receptor in mice causes dilated cardiomyopathy. eLife 2017; 6:28118. [PMID: 28829041 PMCID: PMC5577919 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the melanocortin-4 receptor, the most common monogenetic obesity syndrome in humans, is associated with a reduction in autonomic tone, bradycardia, and incidence of obesity-associated hypertension. Thus, it has been assumed that melanocortin obesity syndrome may be protective with respect to obesity-associated cardiovascular disease. We show here that absence of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in mice causes dilated cardiomyopathy, characterized by reduced contractility and increased left ventricular diameter. This cardiomyopathy is independent of obesity as weight matched diet induced obese mice do not display systolic dysfunction. Mc4r cardiomyopathy is characterized by ultrastructural changes in mitochondrial morphology and cardiomyocyte disorganization. Remarkably, testing of myocardial tissue from Mc4r-/- mice exhibited increased ADP stimulated respiratory capacity. However, this increase in respiration correlates with increased reactive oxygen species production - a canonical mediator of tissue damage. Together this study identifies MC4R deletion as a novel and potentially clinically important cause of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Litt
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - G Donald Okoye
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Cardio-Oncology Program, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Daniel Lark
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Isin Cakir
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Christy Moore
- Allergy Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Department of Medicine, Nashville, United States
| | - Mary C Barber
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Cardio-Oncology Program, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - James Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Josh Fessel
- Allergy Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Department of Medicine, Nashville, United States
| | - Javid Moslehi
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Cardio-Oncology Program, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Roger D Cone
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
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10
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Anderson EJP, Çakir I, Carrington SJ, Cone RD, Ghamari-Langroudi M, Gillyard T, Gimenez LE, Litt MJ. 60 YEARS OF POMC: Regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis by α-MSH. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:T157-74. [PMID: 26939593 PMCID: PMC5027135 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) were originally understood in terms of the biological actions of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) on pigmentation and adrenocorticotrophic hormone on adrenocortical glucocorticoid production. However, the discovery of POMC mRNA and melanocortin peptides in the CNS generated activities directed at understanding the direct biological actions of melanocortins in the brain. Ultimately, discovery of unique melanocortin receptors expressed in the CNS, the melanocortin-3 (MC3R) and melanocortin-4 (MC4R) receptors, led to the development of pharmacological tools and genetic models leading to the demonstration that the central melanocortin system plays a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Indeed, mutations in MC4R are now known to be the most common cause of early onset syndromic obesity, accounting for 2-5% of all cases. This review discusses the history of these discoveries, as well as the latest work attempting to understand the molecular and cellular basis of regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis by the predominant melanocortin peptide in the CNS, α-MSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J P Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Isin Çakir
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sheridan J Carrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roger D Cone
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Masoud Ghamari-Langroudi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Taneisha Gillyard
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Meharry Medical CollegeDepartment of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luis E Gimenez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael J Litt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Neely MD, Litt MJ, Tidball AM, Li GG, Aboud AA, Hopkins CR, Chamberlin R, Hong CC, Ess KC, Bowman AB. DMH1, a highly selective small molecule BMP inhibitor promotes neurogenesis of hiPSCs: comparison of PAX6 and SOX1 expression during neural induction. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:482-91. [PMID: 22860217 DOI: 10.1021/cn300029t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent successes in deriving human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) allow for the possibility of studying human neurons derived from patients with neurological diseases. Concomitant inhibition of the BMP and TGF-β1 branches of the TGF-β signaling pathways by the endogenous antagonist, Noggin, and the small molecule SB431542, respectively, induces efficient neuralization of hiPSCs, a method known as dual-SMAD inhibition. The use of small molecule inhibitors instead of their endogenous counterparts has several advantages including lower cost, consistent activity, and the maintenance of xeno-free culture conditions. We tested the efficacy of DMH1, a highly selective small molecule BMP-inhibitor for its potential to replace Noggin in the neuralization of hiPSCs. We compare Noggin and DMH1-induced neuralization of hiPSCs by measuring protein and mRNA levels of pluripotency and neural precursor markers over a period of seven days. The regulation of five of the six markers assessed was indistinguishable in the presence of concentrations of Noggin or DMH1 that have been shown to effectively inhibit BMP signaling in other systems. We observed that by varying the DMH1 or Noggin concentration, we could selectively modulate the number of SOX1 expressing cells, whereas PAX6, another neural precursor marker, remained the same. The level and timing of SOX1 expression have been shown to affect neural induction as well as neural lineage. Our observations, therefore, suggest that BMP-inhibitor concentrations need to be carefully monitored to ensure appropriate expression levels of all transcription factors necessary for the induction of a particular neuronal lineage. We further demonstrate that DMH1-induced neural progenitors can be differentiated into β3-tubulin expressing neurons, a subset of which also express tyrosine hydroxylase. Thus, the combined use of DMH1, a highly specific BMP-pathway inhibitor, and SB431542, a TGF-β1-pathway specific inhibitor, provides us with the tools to independently regulate these two pathways through the exclusive use of small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Reed Chamberlin
- Genetics Associates Inc., Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
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