1
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Verpeut JL, Bergeler S, Kislin M, William Townes F, Klibaite U, Dhanerawala ZM, Hoag A, Janarthanan S, Jung C, Lee J, Pisano TJ, Seagraves KM, Shaevitz JW, Wang SSH. Cerebellar contributions to a brainwide network for flexible behavior in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:605. [PMID: 37277453 PMCID: PMC10241932 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum regulates nonmotor behavior, but the routes of influence are not well characterized. Here we report a necessary role for the posterior cerebellum in guiding a reversal learning task through a network of diencephalic and neocortical structures, and in flexibility of free behavior. After chemogenetic inhibition of lobule VI vermis or hemispheric crus I Purkinje cells, mice could learn a water Y-maze but were impaired in ability to reverse their initial choice. To map targets of perturbation, we imaged c-Fos activation in cleared whole brains using light-sheet microscopy. Reversal learning activated diencephalic and associative neocortical regions. Distinctive subsets of structures were altered by perturbation of lobule VI (including thalamus and habenula) and crus I (including hypothalamus and prelimbic/orbital cortex), and both perturbations influenced anterior cingulate and infralimbic cortex. To identify functional networks, we used correlated variation in c-Fos activation within each group. Lobule VI inactivation weakened within-thalamus correlations, while crus I inactivation divided neocortical activity into sensorimotor and associative subnetworks. In both groups, high-throughput automated analysis of whole-body movement revealed deficiencies in across-day behavioral habituation to an open-field environment. Taken together, these experiments reveal brainwide systems for cerebellar influence that affect multiple flexible responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Verpeut
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Silke Bergeler
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - F William Townes
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ugne Klibaite
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 01451, USA
| | - Zahra M Dhanerawala
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Austin Hoag
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Sanjeev Janarthanan
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Caroline Jung
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Junuk Lee
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Thomas J Pisano
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kelly M Seagraves
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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2
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Kulesskaya N, Mugantseva E, Minkeviciene R, Acosta N, Rouhiainen A, Kuja-Panula J, Kislin M, Piirainen S, Paveliev M, Rauvala H. Low-Molecular Weight Protamine Overcomes Chondroitin Sulfate Inhibition of Neural Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:865275. [PMID: 35547817 PMCID: PMC9084902 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.865275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protamine is an arginine-rich peptide that replaces histones in the DNA-protein complex during spermatogenesis. Protamine is clinically used in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery to neutralize the effects of heparin that is required during the treatment. Here we demonstrate that protamine and its 14–22 amino acid long fragments overcome the neurite outgrowth inhibition by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that are generally regarded as major inhibitors of regenerative neurite growth after injuries of the adult central nervous system (CNS). Since the full-length protamine was found to have toxic effects on neuronal cells we used the in vitro neurite outgrowth assay to select a protamine fragment that retains the activity to overcome the neurite outgrowth inhibition on CSPG substrate and ended up in the 14 amino acid fragment, low-molecular weight protamine (LMWP). In contrast to the full-length protamine, LMWP displays very low or no toxicity in our assays in vitro and in vivo. We therefore started studies on LMWP as a possible drug lead in treatment of CNS injuries, such as the spinal cord injury (SCI). LMWP mimicks HB-GAM (heparin-binding growth-associated molecule; pleiotrophin) in that it overcomes the CSPG inhibition on neurite outgrowth in primary CNS neurons in vitro and inhibits binding of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) sigma, an inhibitory receptor in neurite outgrowth, to its CSPG ligand. Furthermore, the chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains of the cell matrix even enhance the LMWP-induced neurite outgrowth on CSPG substrate. In vivo studies using the hemisection and hemicontusion SCI models in mice at the cervical level C5 revealed that LMWP enhances recovery when administered through intracerebroventricular or systemic route. We suggest that LMWP is a promising drug lead to develop therapies for CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kulesskaya
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Mugantseva
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rimante Minkeviciene
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Acosta
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Rouhiainen
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kuja-Panula
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Piirainen
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikhail Paveliev
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Rauvala
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Pereira TD, Tabris N, Matsliah A, Turner DM, Li J, Ravindranath S, Papadoyannis ES, Normand E, Deutsch DS, Wang ZY, McKenzie-Smith GC, Mitelut CC, Castro MD, D'Uva J, Kislin M, Sanes DH, Kocher SD, Wang SSH, Falkner AL, Shaevitz JW, Murthy M. Publisher Correction: SLEAP: A deep learning system for multi-animal pose tracking. Nat Methods 2022; 19:628. [PMID: 35468969 PMCID: PMC9119847 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Talmo D Pereira
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Tabris
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Arie Matsliah
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David M Turner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Junyu Li
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Edna Normand
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David S Deutsch
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Z Yan Wang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - John D'Uva
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Dan H Sanes
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah D Kocher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Annegret L Falkner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mala Murthy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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4
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Pereira TD, Tabris N, Matsliah A, Turner DM, Li J, Ravindranath S, Papadoyannis ES, Normand E, Deutsch DS, Wang ZY, McKenzie-Smith GC, Mitelut CC, Castro MD, D'Uva J, Kislin M, Sanes DH, Kocher SD, Wang SSH, Falkner AL, Shaevitz JW, Murthy M. SLEAP: A deep learning system for multi-animal pose tracking. Nat Methods 2022; 19:486-495. [PMID: 35379947 PMCID: PMC9007740 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The desire to understand how the brain generates and patterns behavior has driven rapid methodological innovation in tools to quantify natural animal behavior. While advances in deep learning and computer vision have enabled markerless pose estimation in individual animals, extending these to multiple animals presents unique challenges for studies of social behaviors or animals in their natural environments. Here we present Social LEAP Estimates Animal Poses (SLEAP), a machine learning system for multi-animal pose tracking. This system enables versatile workflows for data labeling, model training and inference on previously unseen data. SLEAP features an accessible graphical user interface, a standardized data model, a reproducible configuration system, over 30 model architectures, two approaches to part grouping and two approaches to identity tracking. We applied SLEAP to seven datasets across flies, bees, mice and gerbils to systematically evaluate each approach and architecture, and we compare it with other existing approaches. SLEAP achieves greater accuracy and speeds of more than 800 frames per second, with latencies of less than 3.5 ms at full 1,024 × 1,024 image resolution. This makes SLEAP usable for real-time applications, which we demonstrate by controlling the behavior of one animal on the basis of the tracking and detection of social interactions with another animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talmo D Pereira
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Tabris
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Arie Matsliah
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David M Turner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Junyu Li
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Edna Normand
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David S Deutsch
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Z Yan Wang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - John D'Uva
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Dan H Sanes
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah D Kocher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Annegret L Falkner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mala Murthy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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5
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Klibaite U, Kislin M, Verpeut JL, Bergeler S, Sun X, Shaevitz JW, Wang SSH. Deep phenotyping reveals movement phenotypes in mouse neurodevelopmental models. Mol Autism 2022; 13:12. [PMID: 35279205 PMCID: PMC8917660 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive action, resistance to environmental change and fine motor disruptions are hallmarks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders, and vary considerably from individual to individual. In animal models, conventional behavioral phenotyping captures such fine-scale variations incompletely. Here we observed male and female C57BL/6J mice to methodically catalog adaptive movement over multiple days and examined two rodent models of developmental disorders against this dynamic baseline. We then investigated the behavioral consequences of a cerebellum-specific deletion in Tsc1 protein and a whole-brain knockout in Cntnap2 protein in mice. Both of these mutations are found in clinical conditions and have been associated with ASD. METHODS We used advances in computer vision and deep learning, namely a generalized form of high-dimensional statistical analysis, to develop a framework for characterizing mouse movement on multiple timescales using a single popular behavioral assay, the open-field test. The pipeline takes virtual markers from pose estimation to find behavior clusters and generate wavelet signatures of behavior classes. We measured spatial and temporal habituation to a new environment across minutes and days, different types of self-grooming, locomotion and gait. RESULTS Both Cntnap2 knockouts and L7-Tsc1 mutants showed forelimb lag during gait. L7-Tsc1 mutants and Cntnap2 knockouts showed complex defects in multi-day adaptation, lacking the tendency of wild-type mice to spend progressively more time in corners of the arena. In L7-Tsc1 mutant mice, failure to adapt took the form of maintained ambling, turning and locomotion, and an overall decrease in grooming. However, adaptation in these traits was similar between wild-type mice and Cntnap2 knockouts. L7-Tsc1 mutant and Cntnap2 knockout mouse models showed different patterns of behavioral state occupancy. LIMITATIONS Genetic risk factors for autism are numerous, and we tested only two. Our pipeline was only done under conditions of free behavior. Testing under task or social conditions would reveal more information about behavioral dynamics and variability. CONCLUSIONS Our automated pipeline for deep phenotyping successfully captures model-specific deviations in adaptation and movement as well as differences in the detailed structure of behavioral dynamics. The reported deficits indicate that deep phenotyping constitutes a robust set of ASD symptoms that may be considered for implementation in clinical settings as quantitative diagnosis criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugne Klibaite
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford St, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Rd, 08544, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica L Verpeut
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Rd, 08544, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Silke Bergeler
- Department of Physics, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Washington Rd, 08544, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Rd, 08544, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Department of Physics, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Washington Rd, 08544, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Rd, 08544, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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6
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Broussard GJ, Kislin M, Jung C, Wang SSH. A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning. JoVE 2022. [DOI: 10.3791/63205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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7
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Titley HK, Kislin M, Simmons DH, Wang SSH, Hansel C. Complex spike clusters and false-positive rejection in a cerebellar supervised learning rule. J Physiol 2019; 597:4387-4406. [PMID: 31297821 PMCID: PMC6697200 DOI: 10.1113/jp278502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Spike doublets comprise ∼10% of in vivo complex spike events under spontaneous conditions and ∼20% (up to 50%) under evoked conditions. Under near-physiological slice conditions, single complex spikes do not induce parallel fibre long-term depression. Doublet stimulation is required to induce long-term depression with an optimal parallel-fibre to first-complex-spike timing interval of 150 ms. ABSTRACT The classic example of biological supervised learning occurs at cerebellar parallel fibre (PF) to Purkinje cell synapses, comprising the most abundant synapse in the mammalian brain. Long-term depression (LTD) at these synapses is driven by climbing fibres (CFs), which fire continuously about once per second and therefore generate potential false-positive events. We show that pairs of complex spikes are required to induce LTD. In vivo, sensory stimuli evoked complex-spike doublets with intervals ≤150 ms in up to 50% of events. Using realistic [Ca2+ ]o and [Mg2+ ]o concentrations in slices, we determined that complex-spike doublets delivered 100-150 ms after PF stimulus onset were required to trigger PF-LTD, which is consistent with the requirements for eyeblink conditioning. Inter-complex spike intervals of 50-150 ms provided optimal decoding. This stimulus pattern prolonged evoked spine calcium signals and promoted CaMKII activation. Doublet activity may provide a means for CF instructive signals to stand out from background firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Titley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Dana H Simmons
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Abstract
To select actions based on sensory evidence, animals must create and manipulate representations of stimulus information in memory. Here we report that during accumulation of somatosensory evidence, optogenetic manipulation of cerebellar Purkinje cells reduces the accuracy of subsequent memory-guided decisions and causes mice to downweight prior information. Behavioral deficits are consistent with the addition of noise and leak to the evidence accumulation process. We conclude that the cerebellum can influence the accurate maintenance of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Deverett
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - David W Tank
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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9
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Pereira TD, Aldarondo DE, Willmore L, Kislin M, Wang SSH, Murthy M, Shaevitz JW. Fast animal pose estimation using deep neural networks. Nat Methods 2018; 16:117-125. [PMID: 30573820 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The need for automated and efficient systems for tracking full animal pose has increased with the complexity of behavioral data and analyses. Here we introduce LEAP (LEAP estimates animal pose), a deep-learning-based method for predicting the positions of animal body parts. This framework consists of a graphical interface for labeling of body parts and training the network. LEAP offers fast prediction on new data, and training with as few as 100 frames results in 95% of peak performance. We validated LEAP using videos of freely behaving fruit flies and tracked 32 distinct points to describe the pose of the head, body, wings and legs, with an error rate of <3% of body length. We recapitulated reported findings on insect gait dynamics and demonstrated LEAP's applicability for unsupervised behavioral classification. Finally, we extended the method to more challenging imaging situations and videos of freely moving mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talmo D Pereira
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Diego E Aldarondo
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay Willmore
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mala Murthy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. .,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. .,Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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10
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Gureviciene I, Gurevicius K, Mugantseva E, Kislin M, Khiroug L, Tanila H. Amyloid Plaques Show Binding Capacity of Exogenous Injected Amyloid-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:147-157. [PMID: 27636846 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques, although inducing damage to the immediately surrounding neuropil, have been proposed to provide a relatively innocuous way to deposit toxic soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) species. Here we address this hypothesis by exploring spread and absorption of fluorescent Aβ to pre-existing amyloid plaques after local application in wild-type mice versus APP/PS1 transgenic mice with amyloid plaques. Local intracortical or intracerebroventricular injection of fluorescently-labeled Aβ in APP/PS1 mice with a high plaque density resulted in preferential accumulation of the peptide in amyloid plaques in both conventional postmortem histology and in live imaging using two-photon microscopy. These findings support the contention that amyloid plaques may act as buffers to protect neurons from the toxic effects of momentary high concentrations of soluble Aβ oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Gureviciene
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Ekaterina Mugantseva
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Theoretical & Experimental Biophysics, RAS, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leonard Khiroug
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neurotar Ltd, Helsinki, Finland, http://www.neurotar.com
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Antila H, Ryazantseva M, Popova D, Sipilä P, Guirado R, Kohtala S, Yalcin I, Lindholm J, Vesa L, Sato V, Cordeira J, Autio H, Kislin M, Rios M, Joca S, Casarotto P, Khiroug L, Lauri S, Taira T, Castrén E, Rantamäki T. Isoflurane produces antidepressant effects and induces TrkB signaling in rodents. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7811. [PMID: 28798343 PMCID: PMC5552878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A brief burst-suppressing isoflurane anesthesia has been shown to rapidly alleviate symptoms of depression in a subset of patients, but the neurobiological basis of these observations remains obscure. We show that a single isoflurane anesthesia produces antidepressant-like behavioural effects in the learned helplessness paradigm and regulates molecular events implicated in the mechanism of action of rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine: activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor TrkB, facilitation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Moreover, isoflurane affected neuronal plasticity by facilitating long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. We also found that isoflurane increased activity of the parvalbumin interneurons, and facilitated GABAergic transmission in wild type mice but not in transgenic mice with reduced TrkB expression in parvalbumin interneurons. Our findings strengthen the role of TrkB signaling in the antidepressant responses and encourage further evaluation of isoflurane as a rapid-acting antidepressant devoid of the psychotomimetic effects and abuse potential of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Antila
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Maria Ryazantseva
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.,Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Dina Popova
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Pia Sipilä
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ramon Guirado
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Samuel Kohtala
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.,Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ipek Yalcin
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FR-67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jesse Lindholm
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Liisa Vesa
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Vinicius Sato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Henri Autio
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | | | - Sâmia Joca
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Plinio Casarotto
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Leonard Khiroug
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Sari Lauri
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.,Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tomi Taira
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland. .,Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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12
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Lihavainen E, Kislin M, Toptunov D, Khiroug L, Ribeiro AS. Automatic quantification of mitochondrial fragmentation from two-photon microscope images of mouse brain tissue. J Microsc 2015; 260:338-51. [PMID: 26280657 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of mitochondria can inform about their functional state and, thus, about cell vitality. For example, fragmentation of the mitochondrial network is associated with many diseases. Recent advances in neuronal imaging have enabled the observation of mitochondria in live brains for long periods of time, enabling the study of their dynamics in animal models of diseases. To aid these studies, we developed an automatic method, based on supervised learning, for quantifying the degree of mitochondrial fragmentation in tissue images acquired via two-photon microscopy from transgenic mice, which exclusively express Enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) under Thy1 promoter, targeted to the mitochondrial matrix in subpopulations of neurons. We tested the method on images prior to and after cardiac arrest, and found it to be sensitive to significant changes in mitochondrial morphology because of the arrest. We conclude that the method is useful in detecting morphological abnormalities in mitochondria and, likely, in other subcellular structures as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lihavainen
- Laboratory of Biosystem Dynamics, Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Kislin
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - L Khiroug
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A S Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biosystem Dynamics, Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
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13
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Kislin M, Mugantseva E, Molotkov D, Kulesskaya N, Khirug S, Kirilkin I, Pryazhnikov E, Kolikova J, Toptunov D, Yuryev M, Giniatullin R, Voikar V, Rivera C, Rauvala H, Khiroug L. Flat-floored air-lifted platform: a new method for combining behavior with microscopy or electrophysiology on awake freely moving rodents. J Vis Exp 2014:e51869. [PMID: 24998224 PMCID: PMC4209781 DOI: 10.3791/51869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that the use of general anesthetics can undermine the relevance of electrophysiological or microscopical data obtained from a living animal’s brain. Moreover, the lengthy recovery from anesthesia limits the frequency of repeated recording/imaging episodes in longitudinal studies. Hence, new methods that would allow stable recordings from non-anesthetized behaving mice are expected to advance the fields of cellular and cognitive neurosciences. Existing solutions range from mere physical restraint to more sophisticated approaches, such as linear and spherical treadmills used in combination with computer-generated virtual reality. Here, a novel method is described where a head-fixed mouse can move around an air-lifted mobile homecage and explore its environment under stress-free conditions. This method allows researchers to perform behavioral tests (e.g., learning, habituation or novel object recognition) simultaneously with two-photon microscopic imaging and/or patch-clamp recordings, all combined in a single experiment. This video-article describes the use of the awake animal head fixation device (mobile homecage), demonstrates the procedures of animal habituation, and exemplifies a number of possible applications of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland
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14
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Paveliev M, Kislin M, Molotkov D, Yuryev M, Rauvala H, Khiroug L. Acute brain trauma in mice followed by longitudinal two-photon imaging. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24748024 DOI: 10.3791/51559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no effective treatment for it yet. Limitations of currently used animal models impede understanding of the pathology mechanism. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying cells and tissues within intact animal brains longitudinally under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we describe two models of acute brain injury studied by means of two-photon imaging of brain cell behavior under posttraumatic conditions. A selected brain region is injured with a sharp needle to produce a trauma of a controlled width and depth in the brain parenchyma. Our method uses stereotaxic prick with a syringe needle, which can be combined with simultaneous drug application. We propose that this method can be used as an advanced tool to study cellular mechanisms of pathophysiological consequences of acute trauma in mammalian brain in vivo. In this video, we combine acute brain injury with two preparations: cranial window and skull thinning. We also discuss advantages and limitations of both preparations for multisession imaging of brain regeneration after trauma.
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15
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Pryazhnikov E, Kislin M, Tibeykina M, Toptunov D, Ptukha A, Shatillo A, Gröhn O, Giniatullin R, Khiroug L. Opposite reactivity of meningeal versus cortical microvessels to the nitric oxide donor glyceryl trinitrate evaluated in vivo with two-photon imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89699. [PMID: 24586970 PMCID: PMC3938546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular changes underlying headache in migraine patients induced by Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) were previously studied with various imaging techniques. Despite the long history of medical and experimental use of GTN, its effects on the brain vasculature are still poorly understood presumably due to low spatial resolution of the imaging modalities used so far. We took advantage of the micrometer-scale vertical resolution of two-photon microscopy to differentiate between the vasodynamic effects of GTN on meningeal versus cortical vessels imaged simultaneously in anesthetized rats through either thinned skull or glass-sealed cranial window. Intermediate and small calibre vessels were visualized in vivo by imaging intravascular fluorescent dextran, and detection of blood flow direction allowed identification of individual arterioles and venules. We found that i.p.-injected GTN induced a transient constriction of meningeal arterioles, while their cortical counterparts were, in contrast, dilated. These opposing effects of GTN were restricted to arterioles, whereas the effects on venules were insignificant. Interestingly, the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME did not affect the diameter of meningeal vessels but induced a constriction of cortical vessels. The different cellular environment in cortex versus meninges as well as distinct vessel wall anatomical features probably play crucial role in the observed phenomena. These findings highlight differential region- and vessel-type-specific effects of GTN on cranial vessels, and may implicate new vascular mechanisms of NO-mediated primary headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Pryazhnikov
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neurotar LTD, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Anna Ptukha
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Artem Shatillo
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leonard Khiroug
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neurotar LTD, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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