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Shanmugasundaram D, Verma S, Singh K, Dwibedi B, Awasthi S, Mahantesh S, Singh H, Santhanam S, Mondal N, S G, Sreenivasan P, Malik S, Jain M, Viswanathan R, Tripathi S, Patel B, Sapkal G, Sabarinathan R, Singh MP, Ratho R, Nag V, Gadepalli R, Som TK, Mishra B, Jain A, Ashok M, Madhuri DS, Rani VS, Abraham AM, John D, Dhodapkar R, Syed Ali A, Biswas D, Pratyeke D, Bavdekar A, Prakash J, Singh V, Prasad N, Ray J, Majumdar A, Dutta S, Gupta N, Murhekar M, Sharma A, Ghosh A, Alexander A, Baranwal A, Anantharaj A, Bethou A, Shekhawat DS, Kiruthika G, Ram J, Gupta M, Gowda M, Rohit MK, Dash N, Sankhyan N, Kaushal N, Shivanna NH, Kasturi N, Kumar PP, Gupta PC, Gunasekaran PK, Singh P, Kumar P, Munjal SK, Agarwal S, Manasa S, Shukla S, Nehra U, Verghese VP, Vyas V, Gupta V. Congenital rubella syndrome surveillance in India, 2016-21: Analysis of five years surveillance data. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15965. [PMID: 37251844 PMCID: PMC10209330 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In India, facility-based surveillance for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was initiated in 2016 to estimate the burden and monitor the progress made in rubella control. We analyzed the surveillance data for 2016-2021 from 14 sentinel sites to describe the epidemiology of CRS. Method We analyzed the surveillance data to describe the distribution of suspected and laboratory confirmed CRS patients by time, place and person characteristics. We compared clinical signs of laboratory confirmed CRS and discarded case-patients to find independent predictors of CRS using logistic regression analysis and developed a risk prediction model. Results During 2016-21, surveillance sites enrolled 3940 suspected CRS case-patients (Age 3.5 months, SD: 3.5). About one-fifth (n = 813, 20.6%) were enrolled during newborn examination. Of the suspected CRS patients, 493 (12.5%) had laboratory evidence of rubella infection. The proportion of laboratory confirmed CRS cases declined from 26% in 2017 to 8.7% in 2021. Laboratory confirmed patients had higher odds of having hearing impairment (Odds ratio [OR] = 9.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.6-16.2), cataract (OR = 7.8, 95% CI: 5.4-11.2), pigmentary retinopathy (OR = 6.7, 95 CI: 3.3-13.6), structural heart defect with hearing impairment (OR = 3.8, 95% CI: 1.2-12.2) and glaucoma (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.2-8.1). Nomogram, along with a web version, was developed. Conclusions Rubella continues to be a significant public health issue in India. The declining trend of test positivity among suspected CRS case-patients needs to be monitored through continued surveillance in these sentinel sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjay Verma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | | | | | - S. Mahantesh
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Nivedita Mondal
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Geetha S
- Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | | | - Shikha Malik
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Manish Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mini P. Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - R.K. Ratho
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Amita Jain
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - M. Ashok
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | - Deepa John
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Rahul Dhodapkar
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - A. Syed Ali
- Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | | | | | | | - Jayant Prakash
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Nidhi Prasad
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Jaydeb Ray
- Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
| | - Agniva Majumdar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - Akhil Sharma
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Arun Alexander
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Arun Baranwal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Avinash Anantharaj
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Adhisivam Bethou
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | | | - G. Kiruthika
- ICMR–National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Jagat Ram
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mamatha Gowda
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Manoj K Rohit
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nabaneeta Dash
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Naveen Sankhyan
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nidhi Kaushal
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | | | - Nirupama Kasturi
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - P. Prem Kumar
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
| | - Parul Chawla Gupta
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Praveen Kumar
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Suhani Manasa
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Urvashi Nehra
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Varuna Vyas
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Vikas Gupta
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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Chavan NA, Lavania M, Shinde P, Sahay R, Joshi M, Yadav PD, Tikute S, Waghchaure R, Ashok M, Gupta A, Mittal M, Khan V, Fomda BA, Ahmad M, Tiwari VP, Pote P, Dhongade AR, Mohanty A, Mohan K, Kumar M, Bhardwaj A. Short communications The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the coxsackie virus [hand foot and mouth disease] in India. Infect Genet Evol 2023; 111:105432. [PMID: 37030587 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of HFMD in children aged <5 years have been reported worldwide and the major causative agents are Coxsackievirus (CV) A16, enterovirus (EV)-A71 and recently CVA6. In India, HFMD is a disease that is not commonly reported. The purpose of the study was to identify the enterovirus type(s) associated with large outbreak of Hand, foot, and mouth disease during COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. Four hundred and twenty five clinical samples from 196-suspected cases were collected from different parts of the country. This finding indicated the emergence of CVA6 in HFMD along with CVA16, soon after the gradual easing of non-pharmaceutical interventions during-pandemic COVID-19 and the relevance of continued surveillance of circulating enterovirus types in the post-COVID pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutan A Chavan
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mallika Lavania
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Pooja Shinde
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rima Sahay
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhuri Joshi
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjaykumar Tikute
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishabh Waghchaure
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Ashok
- NIV, Bangalore Unit, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjli Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, S.P. Medical College Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahima Mittal
- Department of Pediatrics, AIIMS Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikram Khan
- Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme [IDSP], UT Dadar Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, India
| | - Bashir A Fomda
- Department of Microbiology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Muneer Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Ved Pratap Tiwari
- Department of Pediatrics, Smt Kashibai Navale Medical College, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Aroop Mohanty
- Department of Pediatrics, AIIMS Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kriti Mohan
- Department of Pediatrics, AIIMS Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, AIIMS Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ashok M, J AD, Leuser H, Malapati AK, Parker JS, Rowley NA, Steven A, Timms L, Tyler SNG, Whitmarsh S. Expedited Kilolab Development of AZD7624 Using Kulinkovich-de Meijere Cyclopropanation. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Ashok
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Ashwini D. J
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Helena Leuser
- Chemical Development, Carbogen Amcis AG, Hunzenschwil CH-5502, Switzerland
| | - Ajaya K. Malapati
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Jeremy S. Parker
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Naomi A. Rowley
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Alan Steven
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Lee Timms
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Simon N. G. Tyler
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Samuel Whitmarsh
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
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Kavitha T, Mathai PP, Karthikeyan C, Ashok M, Kohar R, Avanija J, Neelakandan S. Deep Learning Based Capsule Neural Network Model for Breast Cancer Diagnosis Using Mammogram Images. Interdiscip Sci 2021; 14:113-129. [PMID: 34338956 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-021-00467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a commonly occurring disease in women all over the world. Mammogram is an efficient technique used for screening and identification of abnormalities over the breast region. Earlier identification of breast cancer enhances the prognosis of patients and is mainly based on the experience of the radiologist in interpretation of mammogram with quality of image. The advent of Deep Learning (DL) and Computer Vision techniques is widely used to perform breast cancer diagnosis. This paper presents a new Optimal Multi-Level Thresholding-based Segmentation with DL enabled Capsule Network (OMLTS-DLCN) breast cancer diagnosis model utilizing digital mammograms. The OMLTS-DLCN model involves an Adaptive Fuzzy based median filtering (AFF) technique as a pre-processing step to eradicate the noise that exists in the mammogram images. Besides, Optimal Kapur's based Multilevel Thresholding with Shell Game Optimization (SGO) algorithm (OKMT-SGO) is applied for breast cancer segmentation. In addition, the proposed model involves a CapsNet based feature extractor and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) classification model is employed to detect the existence of breast cancer. The diagnostic outcomes of the presented OMLTS-DLCN technique is examined by means of benchmark Mini-MIAS dataset and DDSM dataset. The experimental values obtained highlights the superior performance of the OMLTS-DLCN model with a higher accuracy of 98.50 and 97.55% on the Mini-MIAS dataset and DDSM dataset, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kavitha
- Department of Computer Applications, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, India
| | - Paul P Mathai
- Department of CSE, Federal Institute of Science and Technology (FISAT), Angamaly, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | - C Karthikeyan
- Department of CSE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Ashok
- Department of CSE, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Rachna Kohar
- School of CSE, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - J Avanija
- Department of CSE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, India
| | - S Neelakandan
- Department of IT, Jeppiaar Institute of Technology, Sriperumbudur, India.
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5
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Sapkal G, Shete-Aich A, Jain R, Yadav PD, Sarkale P, Lakra R, Baradkar S, Deshpande GR, Mali D, Tilekar BN, Majumdar T, Kaushal H, Gurav Y, Gupta N, Mohandas S, Deshpande K, Kaduskar O, Salve M, Patil S, Gaikwad S, Sugunan A, Ashok M, Giri S, Shastri J, Abraham P, Gangakhedkar RR. Development of indigenous IgG ELISA for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:444-449. [PMID: 32611915 PMCID: PMC7530443 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2232_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Since the beginning of the year 2020, the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) impacted humankind adversely in almost all spheres of life. The virus belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae. SARS-CoV-2 causes the disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with mild-to-severe respiratory illness. The currently available diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are mainly based on molecular assays. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is the only diagnostic method currently recommended by the World Health Organization for COVID-19. With the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to utilize other tests, which would determine the burden of the disease as well as the spread of the outbreak. Considering the need for the development of such a screening test, an attempt was made to develop and evaluate an IgG-based ELISA for COVID-19. METHODS A total of 513 blood samples (131 positive, 382 negative for SARS-CoV-2) were collected and tested by microneutralization test (MNT). Antigen stock of SARS-CoV-2 was prepared by propagating the virus in Vero CCL-81 cells. An IgG capture ELISA was developed for serological detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in serum samples. The end point cut-off values were determined by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Inter-assay variability was determined. RESULTS The developed ELISA was found to be 92.37 per cent sensitive, 97.9 per cent specific, robust and reproducible. The positive and negative predictive values were 94.44 and 98.14 per cent, respectively. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS This indigenously developed IgG ELISA was found to be sensitive and specific for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in human serum samples. This assay may be used for determining seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a population exposed to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete-Aich
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajen Lakra
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srikant Baradkar
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gururaj Rao Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Mali
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bipin N. Tilekar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Gurav
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ketki Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ojas Kaduskar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Malvika Salve
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivshankar Gaikwad
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - A.P. Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - M. Ashok
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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6
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Alagarasu K, Patil JA, Kakade MB, More AM, Bote M, Chowdhury D, Seervi M, Rajesh NT, Ashok M, Anukumar B, Abraham AM, Parashar D, Shah PS. Spatio-temporal distribution analysis of circulating genotypes of dengue virus type 1 in western and southern states of India by a one-step real-time RT-PCR assay. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 75:103989. [PMID: 31376506 PMCID: PMC6832813 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) Asian and American/African (AM/AF) genotypes were reported to be co-circulating in southern and western states of India based on envelope (E) gene sequencing of few representative samples. The objective of the present study was to develop a one-step real-time RT-PCR to discriminate between Asian and AM/AF genotypes of DENV-1 and investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of the DENV-1 genotypes in southern and western states of India. A one-step real-time RT-PCR to discriminate the Asian and AM/AF genotypes of DENV-1 was developed and validated using 40 samples (17 Asian and 23 AM/AF), for which the envelope (E) gene sequence data was available. DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 isolates, one each and DENV negative samples (n = 17) were also tested by the assay. Additional 296 samples positive for DENV-1 from selected Southern and Western states of India were genotyped using the real-time RT-PCR assay. Among the samples used for validation, the genotyping results were concordant with sequencing results for 39 samples. In the one discordant sample which was positive for AM/AF by sequencing, the genotyping assay tested positive for both Asian and AM/AF genotype. DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 isolates were not reactive in the assay. None of the DENV negative samples were positive (sensitivity 100% and specificity 98.2%). A total of 336 samples (40 samples with sequence data and 296 samples without sequence data) were used for spatio-temporal distribution analysis. The results revealed that the Asian genotype was the predominant genotype in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the southern states. The AM/AF genotype was the predominant genotype in Maharashtra, a western state of India. In Nashik district of Maharashtra, Asian genotype was observed in 32.6% of DENV-1 samples during 2017 while the same decreased to 7.3% during 2018. In Pune district, Asian genotype was observed in 40.0% of DENV-1 samples during 2018 only. To conclude, a one step real-time RT-PCR has been developed for discriminating Asian and AM/AF genotypes of DENV-1. This assay can act as a complement to sequencing but not a substitute and can be utilized in resource limited settings for molecular surveillance of DENV-1. DENV-1 Asian genotype was the dominant genotype in South India while, AM/AF genotype was dominant in Western India.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alagarasu
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - J A Patil
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - M B Kakade
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - A M More
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Bote
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - D Chowdhury
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Seervi
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - N T Rajesh
- PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Ashok
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Field Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B Anukumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Field Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - A M Abraham
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Parashar
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - P S Shah
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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7
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Murhekar MV, Ashok M, Kanagasabai K, Joshua V, Ravi M, Sabarinathan R, Kirubakaran BK, Ramachandran V, Shete V, Gupta N, Mehendale SM. Epidemiology of Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E Based on Laboratory Surveillance Data-India, 2014-2017. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 99:1058-1061. [PMID: 30182922 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses (HAV and HEV) are the most common etiologies of viral hepatitis in India. To better understand the epidemiology of these infections, laboratory surveillance data generated during 2014-2017, by a network of 51 virology laboratories, were analyzed. Among 24,000 patients tested for both HAV and HEV, 3,017 (12.6%) tested positive for HAV, 3,865 (16.1%) for HEV, and 320 (1.3%) for both HAV and HEV. Most (74.6%) HAV patients were aged ≤ 19 years, whereas 76.9% of HEV patients were aged ≥ 20 years. These laboratories diagnosed 12 HAV and 31 HEV clusters, highlighting the need for provision of safe drinking water and improvements in sanitation. Further expansion of the laboratory network and continued surveillance will provide data necessary for informed decision-making regarding introduction of hepatitis-A vaccine into the immunization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj V Murhekar
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - M Ashok
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - K Kanagasabai
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - Vasna Joshua
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - M Ravi
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - R Sabarinathan
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - B K Kirubakaran
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - V Ramachandran
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - Vishal Shete
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay M Mehendale
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Shanthi PMS, Ashok M, Uthirakumar P, Balasubramanian T. Influence of Bicationic and Catanionic Surfactants Over the Morphology of Mesoporous Nanohydroxyapatite. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2018; 18:7064-7071. [PMID: 29954534 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2018.15517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the co-precipitation method, the morphology of nano Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is usually being controlled by parameters like pH, temperature, concentration, and the ratio of the mixed surfactants. In the present work, effective tailoring of morphology has been done by exploiting the electrostatic interaction between surfactants by grouping them as catanionic (Cetrimide and SDS) and bicationic (Cetrimide and CTAB), with weight ratio of 1:1 and total concentration of 0.28 g/100 ml. The prepared samples were subjected to various characterizations like FTIR, XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, TGA/DTA, and BET analysis. The results show that the samples are in HAp phase, nano size and mesoporous in nature. The FESEM images reveal the fact that the catanionic surfactant enhances the growth of particle from sphere to hexagonal rod whereas bicationic mixture suppresses the growth and results in a disk-like HAp. The samples were subjected to AAS test for finding the Ca2+ ion release rate in SBF and were compared with a commercial nanocrystalline HAp sample. The Ca2+ ion release test of the samples shows signs of better bioactivity of disk-like HAp than that of commercial one.
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9
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Joshua V, Murhekar MV, Ashok M, Kanagasabai K, Ravi M, Sabarinathan R, Kirubakaran BK, Ramachandran V, Gupta N, Mehendale S. Mapping dengue cases through a national network of laboratories, 2014-2015. Indian J Med Res 2018; 144:938-941. [PMID: 28474634 PMCID: PMC5433290 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_673_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vasna Joshua
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai 600 077, India
| | | | - M Ashok
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - K Kanagasabai
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - M Ravi
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - R Sabarinathan
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - B K Kirubakaran
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - V Ramachandran
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 29, India
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Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: There are multiple factors from injury spot till patient reach trauma unit, which affect their outcome. The literature of same from developing country is mere. The present study investigates primary care, mode of transportation and emergency management among TBI patients visiting a tertiary institute.
Methods: The data of 337 patients was selected from a trauma registry. The data of TBI patients visiting emergency were entered in standard computer interface after obtaining their consent. The standard proforma was developed by FileMaker Pro Advanced 13 (Copyright © 1994-2015, FileMaker, Inc) and web data entry interface Drupal CMS. Data was analyzed using Stats Direct version 3.0.150.
Results: Seventy five percent of patients were from rural setup. About 67% of patients visiting emergency had undergone first aid from both rural and urban setup. Forty percent of patients came directly, only about 5% were referred from other hospitals. Majority of patients were accompanied by relatives (87%) followed by spouse (8.6%). Non ambulance mode (31%) was more than ground ambulance (25%) to reach emergency setup. Emergency management of airway, breathing and circulation was significant with outcome at discharge (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The study reports that majority of patients had undergone first aid before reaching trauma unit. Non ambulance mode of transportation is more. The study emphasis for detail study on pre hospital care variables with larger sample size.
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11
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Vanitha K, Sasivathanam N, Nirmala Devi K, Ashok M, Santhi N. Serum Pentraxin 3 A Marker in Diagnosing Acute Coronary Syndrome. JMSH 2016. [DOI: 10.46347/jmsh.2016.v02i03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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12
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Ashok M, Ravi M, Meenakshi K, Muthukumar D, Swaminathan N, Ravishankar G, Justin Paul G, Venkatesan S. Hemodynamic issues after PTMC: Poor correlation between gain in MVO area and fall in mean gradient. Indian Heart J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2014.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Pruthi N, Ashok M, Shiva KV, Jhavar K, Sampath S, Devi BI. Magnitude of pedestrian head injuries & fatalities in Bangalore, south India: a retrospective study from an apex neurotrauma center. Indian J Med Res 2012; 136:1039-43. [PMID: 23391802 PMCID: PMC3612309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Pedestrians contribute to 30-40 per cent of all road traffic injuries in India. However, there is a paucity of literature on pedestrian head injury as compared to two wheeler trauma. The purpose of the present study was to study the pattern of pedestrian injuries and their outcome with a special focus on head injuries. METHODS The study was conducted in two parts in the Trauma Center at National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore. A retrospective study was conducted at the casualty services of the hospital in which 529 consecutive pedestrians who sustained injury in a road traffic accident were studied from June to September 2009. In the second part, records from the hospital mortuary were retrospectively analyzed from 2007 to 2009. An analysis of 326 patients who died as a pedestrian in road accidents during this period was performed. RESULTS Patients in both paediatric and elderly age groups constituted 47.6 per cent (252/529) of all casualty admissions. Majority of the pedestrian injuries (41.7%, 221/529) occurred between 1600 - 2100 h; 87.1 per cent of all patients received some primary care before admission. The most common offending vehicle was a two wheeler (49.1%, 260/529). At the time of admission, 55.2 per cent (292/529) patients had sustained a moderate or severe head injury (GCS 3-13), and 40.5 per cent (214/529) had an abnormal CT scan. In addition, 90.4 per cent (478/529) patients had also sustained associated injuries. Major thoracoabdominal trauma was seen in 4 per cent and spine injury in 2.3 per cent of the patients. The mortality rate was 6.6 per cent. In the postmortem group, pedestrian deaths constituted 26.2 per cent of all the postmortems conducted. Two wheelers were the offending vehicle in the majority of the fatal crashes (39.9%). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Pedestrian injuries form a major part of the workload of a neurotrauma emergency. Majority of them sustained moderate to severe head injury. More attention, infrastructure and strict implementation of rules may help reduce this burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Pruthi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India,Reprint requests: Dr Nupur Pruthi, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 029, India e-mail:
| | - M. Ashok
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Kumar V. Shiva
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ketaki Jhavar
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - S. Sampath
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - B. Indira Devi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
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14
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Kumar CHV, Kavitake S, Kumar SS, Cornwall P, Ashok M, Bhagat S, Manjunatha SG, Nambiar S. Development of an Efficient, Scalable Route for the Preparation of a Novel Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Modulator. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op300120r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CH Vinod Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, India
| | - Santosh Kavitake
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, India
| | - Sythana Suresh Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, India
| | - Philip Cornwall
- Medicines Evaluation Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way,
Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Mithun Ashok
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, India
| | - Sagar Bhagat
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, India
| | - Sulur G. Manjunatha
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, India
| | - Sudhir Nambiar
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, India
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Sivakumar M, Towata A, Yasui K, Tuziuti T, Kozuka T, Iida Y, Maiorov MM, Blums E, Bhattacharya D, Sivakumar N, Ashok M. Ultrasonic cavitation induced water in vegetable oil emulsion droplets--a simple and easy technique to synthesize manganese zinc ferrite nanocrystals with improved magnetization. Ultrason Sonochem 2012; 19:652-658. [PMID: 22113061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, synthesis of manganese zinc ferrite (Mn(0.5)Zn(0.5)Fe(2)O(4)) nanoparticles with narrow size distribution have been prepared using ultrasound assisted emulsion (consisting of rapeseed oil as an oil phase and aqueous solution of Mn(2+), Zn(2+) and Fe(2+) acetates) and evaporation processes. The as-prepared ferrite was nanocrystalline. In order to remove the small amount of oil present on the surface of the ferrite, it was subjected to heat treatment at 300 °C for 3h. Both the as-prepared and heat treated ferrites have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), TGA/DTA, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. As-prepared ferrite is of 20 nm, whereas the heat treated ferrite shows the size of 33 nm. In addition, magnetic properties of the as-prepared as well as the heat treated ferrites have also been carried out and the results of which show that the spontaneous magnetization (σ(s)) of the heat treated sample (24.1 emu/g) is significantly higher than that of the as-synthesized sample (1.81 emu/g). The key features of this method are avoiding (a) the cumbersome conditions that exist in the conventional methods; (b) usage of necessary additive components (stabilizers or surfactants, precipitants) and (c) calcination requirements. In addition, rapeseed oil as an oil phase has been used for the first time, replacing the toxic and troublesome organic nonpolar solvents. As a whole, this simple straightforward sonochemical approach results in more phase pure system with improved magnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Sivakumar
- Ultrasonic Processing Group, Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2266-98 Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan.
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16
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Udhayakumari D, Saravanamoorthy S, Ashok M, Velmathi S. Simple imine linked colorimetric and fluorescent receptor for sensing Zn2+ ions in aqueous medium based on inhibition of ESIPT mechanism. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Shanthi PMS, Mangalaraja R, Uthirakumar A, Velmathi S, Balasubramanian T, Ashok M. Synthesis and characterization of porous shell-like nano hydroxyapatite using Cetrimide as template. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 350:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Pandiyarajan T, Karthikeyan B, Venkatesan P, Ashok M, Anandan S, Giridharan NV. Simple synthesis and spectroscopic studies on cobalt added ZnO nanocrystals. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2009; 74:84-86. [PMID: 19546025 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared through simple wet chemical method. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the prepared particles are in wurtzite structure. Scanning Electron Microscopy studies show the shape and morphology of the particles. To identify the presence of cobalt in ZnO, Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis was done. Optical absorption measurements show the presence of exciton peak at 375 nm. Photoluminescence studies were done with the excitation wavelength of 330 nm, which shows the emission because of exciton recombination and oxygen vacancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pandiyarajan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
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19
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Wang H, Lam L, Li W, Ashok M, Zhu S, Ward M, Li J, Yang H, Tracey K, Sama A. 318: Fetuin Protects Mice Against Lethal Sepsis by Modulating Bacterial Endotoxin-Induced HMGB1 Release and Autophagy. Ann Emerg Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Prasad DJ, Ashok M, Karegoudar P, Poojary B, Holla BS, Kumari NS. Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of some new triazolothiadiazoles bearing 4-methylthiobenzyl moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:551-7. [PMID: 18508161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Karegoudar P, Prasad DJ, Ashok M, Mahalinga M, Poojary B, Holla BS. Synthesis, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of some 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines bearing trichlorophenyl moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:808-15. [PMID: 17804121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 06/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 2,3,5-trichlorobenzoic acid hydrazide with carbon disulfide and potassium hydroxide followed by treatment with hydrazine hydrate afforded 3-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione (6). Alternatively, this triazole was also synthesized by fusing 2,3,5-trichlorobenzoic acid with thiocarbohydrazide. Condensation of (6) with various aromatic carboxylic acids in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride or with phenacyl bromides afforded two series of fused heterocycles namely 6-(substituted aryl)-3-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadizoles (7) and 6-(substituted aryl)-3-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines (8), respectively. The structures of these newly synthesized compounds are characterised by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H NMR and mass spectroscopic studies. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Some of the compounds exhibited promising antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Karegoudar
- Sequent Scientific Limited, 120 A & B, Industrial Area, Bikampady, New Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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22
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Ashok M, Holla BS, Poojary B. Convenient one pot synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new Mannich bases carrying 4-methylthiobenzyl moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:1095-101. [PMID: 17346860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two new series of Mannich bases, namely, 1-(morpholino)methyl-3-(4-methylthiobenzyl)-4-(substituted arylidene)amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-thiones 3 and 1-(N-methylpiperazino)methyl-3-(4-methylthiobenzyl)-4-(substituted arylidene)amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-thiones 4 have been synthesized by a three-component Mannich reaction (MCR) involving 3-(4-methylthiobenzyl)-4-(substituted arylidene)amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles 2, formaldehyde and morpholine/N-methylpiperazine. The newly synthesized compounds were well characterized by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H NMR and mass spectral studies. They were also screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against a variety of microorganisms and the results of such studies have been discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Ashok
- Department of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574 199, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Ashok
- a Department of Chemistry , Mangalore University , Mangalagangothri , India
| | - B. Shivarama Holla
- a Department of Chemistry , Mangalore University , Mangalagangothri , India
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24
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Li W, Ashok M, Ward M, Sama A, Wang H. A Cardiovascular Chinese Herbal Medicine Rescues Mice from Lethal Sepsis by Selectively Attenuating a Late-acting Proinflammatory Mediator, HMGB1. Acad Emerg Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2007.03.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Ashok M, Kalkura SN, Sundaram NM, Arivuoli D. Growth and characterization of hydroxyapatite crystals by hydrothermal method. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007; 18:895-8. [PMID: 17211722 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite crystals were grown by hydrothermal method using dicalcium phosphate dihydrate crystals as a starting material. The grown crystals were found to be free from carbonate inclusion. Two distinct morphologies were obtained by following two different growth methods. Controlled slow growth process and rapid growth process results in hexagonal and whisker like morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashok
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India.
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26
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Ashok M, Holla BS. Convenient Synthesis of Some Thiadiazolotriazinones Carrying 4-Methylthiobenzyl Moieties as Possible Antimicrobial Agents. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500601088853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Ashok
- a Department of Chemistry , Mangalore University , Mangalagangothri , India
| | - B. Shivarama Holla
- a Department of Chemistry , Mangalore University , Mangalagangothri , India
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27
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Ashok M, Shivarama B. Convenient Synthesis of Some Triazolothiadiazoles and Triazolothiadiazines Carrying 4-Methylthiobenzyl Moiety as Possible Antimicrobial Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2007.256.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Ashok M, Holla BS, Kumari NS. Convenient one pot synthesis of some novel derivatives of thiazolo[2,3-b]dihydropyrimidinone possessing 4-methylthiophenyl moiety and evaluation of their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:380-5. [PMID: 17070617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 2-(arylidene/5-arylfurfurylidene)-5-(4-methylthiophenyl)-6-carbethoxy-7-methyl-5H-thiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimidin-3(1H)-ones 2 and 3 have been synthesized by a three component (MCR) reaction involving 4-(4-methylthiophenyl)-5-carbethoxy-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thione 1, monochloroacetic acid and arylaldehydes/arylfurfuraldehydes, respectively. The newly synthesized compounds were well characterized by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H NMR and mass spectral studies. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities and have exhibited moderate to excellent growth inhibition of bacteria and fungi. The results of such studies have been discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Ashok
- Department of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574 199, Karnataka, India.
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29
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Holla BS, Mahalinga M, Ashok M, Karegoudar P. Convenient Synthesis of Some 4′-Methtylthio–Containing Aryl and Arylfuryl Pyrazolines and Their Antimicrobial Activity Studies. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500500328939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mithun Ashok
- a Department of Chemistry , Mangalore University , Mangalagangothri , India
| | - Prakash Karegoudar
- a Department of Chemistry , Mangalore University , Mangalagangothri , India
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Ashok M, . BSH. Convenient Synthesis of Some 3, 5-Arylated-2-Pyrazolines Carrying 4-Methylthiophenyl Moiety and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2006.464.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Holla BS, Prasanna CS, Poojary B, Ashok M, Rao KS, Shridhara K. Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Studies of Some 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives Containing a 6-Chloropyridin-3-yl methyl Moiety. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 2006. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2006-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
5-(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl methyl)-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (2) and 5-substituted-4-phenyl- 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols (3) were synthesized. Alkylation and aminomethylation reactions of these triazoles were also carried out. Some of the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bantwala S. Holla
- Department of Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Karnataka, India
| | - Channamata S. Prasanna
- Department of Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Karnataka, India
- Rallis Research Centre, #21&22, PIA, Peenya II Phase, Bangalore-560058, Karnataka, India
| | - Boja Poojary
- Department of Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Karnataka, India
| | - Mithun Ashok
- Department of Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Karnataka, India
| | - Kottapalli S. Rao
- Rallis Research Centre, #21&22, PIA, Peenya II Phase, Bangalore-560058, Karnataka, India
| | - Kanakamajalu Shridhara
- Rallis Research Centre, #21&22, PIA, Peenya II Phase, Bangalore-560058, Karnataka, India
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Ashok M, Nageshwar Reddy D, Jayanthi V, Kalkura SN, Vijayan V, Gokulakrishnan S, Nair KGM. Regional differences in constituents of gall stones. Trop Gastroenterol 2005; 26:73-5. [PMID: 16225049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of pigment and mixed gall stone formation remains elusive. The elemental constituents of gall stones from southern states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka have been characterized. Our aim was to determine the elemental concentration of representative samples of pigment, mixed and cholesterol gall stones from Andhra Pradesh using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) using a 3 MV horizontal pelletron accelerator. Pigment gall stones had significantly high concentrations of copper, iron and lead; chromium was absent. Except for iron all these elements were significantly low in cholesterol gall stones and intermediate levels were seen in mixed gall stones. Highest concentrations of chromium was seen in cholesterol and titanium in mixed gall stones respectively; latter similar to other southern states. Arsenic was distinctly absent in cholesterol and mixed gall stones. The study has identified differences in elemental components of the gall stones from Andhra Pradesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashok
- Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University & Stanley Medical College, Chennai
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Kalkura SN, Anee TK, Ashok M, Betzel C. Investigations on the synthesis and crystallization of hydroxyapatite at low temperature. Biomed Mater Eng 2004; 14:581-92. [PMID: 15472405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
An easy method to crystallize homogenous HAP at physiological pH as well as powders of HAP and CPP at low temperature are described. Platy and spherulitic crystals of HAP were crystallized at the physiological pH using single diffusion method. Well-defined platy crystals of hydroxyapatite were obtained at the physiological temperature and pH. These crystals were found to be pure and homogenous form of HAP without any contamination from the crystallizing medium. Spherulitic crystals of HAP of approximately 3 mm in diameter were obtained in the presence of Fe at 47 degrees C. A sol-gel technique involving agarose is described for the preparation of hydroxyapatite and calcium pyrophosphate. Pure form of HAP was synthesised at 85 degrees C and its sintering properties were also studied. At a temperature of 1200 degrees C, the material gets completely converted to alpha-calcium pyrophosphate. The samples were analysed by XRD, IR, TGA and SEM. The particle size of the synthesised powders was measured using the dynamic light scattering experiments.
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Ashok M, Thangavel G, Indrani S, Suresh S. Atrioventricular septal defect--associated anomalies and aneuploidy in prenatal life. Indian Pediatr 2003; 40:659-64. [PMID: 12881623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to estimate the frequency of other-cardiac, extracardiac and chromosomal anomalies in fetuses with A VSD diagnosed in a prenatal diagnosis center, analysed from the database during the 54-month period extending from November 1997 to May 2002. One hundred and three fetuses were diagnosed with A VSD. Among them other-cardiac and extra cardiac anomalies were present in 56 and 75 cases respectively. Of the 22 fetuses that had undergone karyotyping, no metaphase was seen in one case. In the remaining 21, 15 (71.4%) turned out to be normal, three (14.2%) had trisomy 18, two (9.5%) had trisomy 13 and one had trisomy 21 (4.8%). We found that AVSD almost always occurs with other-cardiac or extracardiac anomalies, though the pattern may differ between populations. It seems to be less frequently associated with chromosomal anomalies (especially trisomy 21) in South India. The genetics of AVSD underscores the importance of a thorough understanding of the target population in prenatal decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashok
- Mediscan Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy Center, Chennai 600 014, India
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Sandarac NM, Ashok M, Kalkura SN. Observation of cholesterol nucleation in a magnetic field. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2002; 58:1711-4. [PMID: 12351892 DOI: 10.1107/s090744490201449x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2002] [Accepted: 08/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro studies on the nucleation, growth and other fundamental aspects of cholesterol crystallization have received considerable attention, as it plays a vital role in the formation of atheroclerotic plaques and gallbladder stones. The cholesterol was crystallized in methanol, ethanol, acetone and isopropanol at the physiological temperature of 37 degrees C in the presence and absence of a low static magnetic field at 0.1 T. The presence of magnetic field was found to have a significant effect on the metastable zone width and induction period of cholesterol.
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Pai M, Pai N, Bilal S, Ashok M, Radhika P. Cervical cancer screening: is it a priority among nurses? Natl Med J India 2001; 14:59-60. [PMID: 11242706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Pursley S, Ashok M, Wilson TG. Intracellular localization and tissue specificity of the Methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene product in Drosophila melanogaster. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 30:839-845. [PMID: 10876128 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene product in Drosophila melanogaster facilitates the action of juvenile hormone (JH) and JH analog insecticides. Previous work resulted in the cloning and identification of the gene as a member of the bHLH-PAS family of transcriptional regulators. A Met(+) cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli, and polyclonal antibody was prepared against the purified protein. A single band on a Western blot at the expected size of 79kD was detected in extracts from Met(+) larvae but not from Met(27) null mutant larvae, demonstrating the antibody specificity. Antibody detected MET in all stages of D. melanogaster development and showed tissue specificity of its expression. MET is present in all cells of early embryos but dissipates during gastrulation. In larvae it is present in larval fat body, certain imaginal cells, and immature salivary glands. In pupae it persists in fat body cells and imaginal cells, including abdominal histoblast cells. In adult females MET is present in ovarian follicle cells and spermathecae; in adult males it is present in male accessory gland and ejaculatory duct cells. In all of these tissues MET is found exclusively in the nucleus. Some of these tissues are known JH target tissues but others are not, suggesting either the presence of novel JH target tissues or another function for MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pursley
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Abstract
Genetic changes in insects that lead to insecticide resistance include point mutations and up-regulation/amplification of detoxification genes. Here, we report a third mechanism, resistance caused by an absence of gene product. Mutations of the Methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene of Drosophila melanogaster result in resistance to both methoprene, a juvenile hormone (JH) agonist insecticide, and JH. Previous results have demonstrated a mechanism of resistance involving an intracellular JH binding protein that has reduced ligand affinity in Met flies. We show that a gamma-ray induced allele, Met27, completely lacks Met transcript during the insecticide-sensitive period in development. Although Met27 homozygotes have reduced oogenesis, they are viable, demonstrating that Met is not a vital gene. Most target-site resistance genes encode vital proteins and thus have few mutational changes that permit both resistance and viability. In contrast, resistance genes such as Met that encode nonvital insecticide target proteins can have a variety of mutational changes that result in an absence of functional gene product and thus should show higher rates of resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Wilson
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Ashok M, Turner C, Wilson TG. Insect juvenile hormone resistance gene homology with the bHLH-PAS family of transcriptional regulators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:2761-6. [PMID: 9501163 PMCID: PMC19642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.6.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone analog (JHA) insecticides are relatively nontoxic to vertebrates and offer effective control of certain insect pests. Recent reports of resistance in whiteflies and mosquitoes demonstrate the need to identify and understand genes for resistance to this class of insect growth regulators. Mutants of the Methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene in Drosophila melanogaster show resistance to both JHAs and JH, and previous biochemical studies have demonstrated a mechanism of resistance involving an intracellular JH binding-protein that has reduced ligand affinity in Met flies. We cloned the Met+ gene by transposable P-element tagging and found reduced transcript level in several mutant alleles, showing that underproduction of the normal gene product can lead to insecticide resistance. Transformation of Met flies with a Met+ cDNA resulted in susceptibility to methoprene, indicating that the cDNA encodes a functional Met+ protein. MET shows homology to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS family of transcriptional regulators, implicating MET in the action of JH at the gene level in insects. This family also includes the vertebrate dioxin receptor, a transcriptional regulator known to bind a variety of environmental toxicants. Because JHAs include a diverse array of chemicals with JH activity, a mechanism whereby they can exert effects in insects through a common pathway is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashok
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is present at very low concentrations in female serum, but it can now be measured with highly sensitive immunoassays. We have found that in female tissues the PSA gene is regulated by steroid hormones through the action of steroid hormone receptors. Thus, we examined whether female serum PSA is associated with hyperandrogenic states. Serum PSA levels were compared between 22 hirsute women with a Ferriman-Gallwey score higher than 8 and 50 women without hirsutism. The results show that PSA levels were higher in hirsute women in comparison with controls. In hirsute women, levels of PSA and 3 alpha-androstanediol glucuronide (3 alpha-AG), a specific metabolite of androgen action, showed a significant positive correlation, whereas PSA and 3 alpha-AG showed a significant negative correlation with patient age. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that 3 alpha-AG was a slightly better marker of androgen excess than PSA. We conclude that female serum PSA may be a new biochemical marker of androgen action in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Melegos
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ashok M, Dutta-Gupta A. In vitro effect of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist RH 5849 on fat body acid phosphatase activity in rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Insecta). Biochem Int 1991; 24:69-75. [PMID: 1768263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist stimulates acid phosphatase activity in the fat body in vitro cultures obtained from ligated late-last instar larvae of Corcyra cephalonica. The agonist also stimulates general protein synthesis. This stimulation is both time as well as dose dependent (up to a dose of 1000 ng of the agonist). However, still higher concentrations (1500-4000 ng) tend to depress the degree of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashok
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
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Ashok M, Dutta-Gupta A. Ecdysteroid mediated fat body acid phosphatase activity during larval development of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Lepidoptera). Biochem Int 1988; 17:1087-91. [PMID: 3245841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) stimulates acid phosphatase activity in the fat body of ligated late-last instar larvae. This effect is time dependent and the specific activity of enzyme increases significantly in hormone treated insects. 20-HE also stimulates general protein synthesis. Cycloheximide treatment either in conjunction with 20-HE or after hormone treatment blocks the increase in enzyme activity as well as increase in protein content. However, actinomycin D treatment does not alter the enzyme activity while it blocks the increase in total RNA as well as increase in protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashok
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
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