Curcumin nanogel and its efficacy against oxidative stress and inflammation in rat models of ischemic stroke

Aim: The study was designed to develop and analyze curcumin nanoparticles. Methods: Curcumin nanoparticles were formulated and evaluated. Their efficacy in protecting against brain damage was investigated in a rat model of ischemic stroke, considering motor function, muscle strength and antioxidant enzyme activity. Results: Curcumin nanoparticles displayed a zeta potential of -55 ± 13.5 mV and an average particle size of 51.40 ± 21.70 nm. In ischemic stroke rat models, curcumin nanoparticle treatment significantly improved motor functions, and muscle strength and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Conclusion: Curcumin nanoparticles showed significant neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke models.

Sesamin's Therapeutic Actions on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity, Molecular Mechanisms, and Histopathological Characteristics

Cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent integral to specific cancer chemotherapy protocols, is often curtailed in application owing to its significant hepatotoxic side effects. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the hepatoprotective potential of sesamin, a plant-originated antioxidant, using rat models. The rats were divided into five groups: a control group received only the vehicle for six days; a cyclophosphamide group received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) single injection of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) on day four; a sesamin group received a daily high oral dose (20 mg/kg) of sesamin for six days; and two groups were pretreated with oral sesamin (10 and 20 mg/kg daily from day one to day six) followed by an i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide on day four. The final and last sesamin dose was administered 24 h before euthanasia. At the end of the experiment, blood and liver tissue were collected for biochemical and histopathological assessments. The results indicated significantly increased liver markers (AST, ALT, ALP, and BIL), cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β), caspase-3, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cyclophosphamide group as compared to the normal control. Additionally, there was a significant decline in antioxidants (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD), but the sesamin treatment reduced liver marker enzymes, cytokines, and caspase-3 and improved antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, sesamin effectively countered these alterations and helped to normalize the histopathological alterations. In conclusion, sesamin demonstrated the potential for attenuating cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating cytokine networks, apoptotic pathways, and oxidative stress, suggesting its potential role as an adjunct in chemotherapy to reduce hepatotoxicity.

Explicit mechanistic insights of Prosopis juliflora extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at the molecular level

Background

The Ancient system of medicine showed the limelight on the use of herbal remedies and was found to possess minimal side effects and acceptable therapeutic outcomes. In this context, Prosopis juliflora gained importance in managing chronic diseases such as cancer, dermatological diseases, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Hence, P. juliflora was selected for further investigation associated with diabetes and inflammation.

Aim

The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity in chemically induced experimental rats and explore the nature of phytocomponents that may produce this activity.

Methods

Experimentally, diabetes was induced by a single administration of streptozotocin at 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally in Wistar rats. The animals were treated orally with P. juliflora at low and high doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 10 days. Blood collected from the retro-orbital plexus was analyzed for parameters like blood glucose levels, insulin, adiponectin, Keap1 and Nrf2. PPAR-γ, AMPK and GLUT 2 levels were analyzed in the pancreatic tissue. Besides, at the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed, and the pancreatic tissue sections were subjected for histopathological, morphometrical and immune histochemical exploration. The phytochemical composition of the plant was investigated by GC-MS.

Results

The administration of P. juliflora higher dose showed a significant decrease (**p< 0.001) in blood glucose levels with a rise in adiponectin, PPARγ, Keap1, Nrf2, Glut 2, and AMPK significantly (**p< 0.001). The inflammatory cytokine TNFα was also estimated and was found to be lowered significantly (**p< 0.001) in test drug-treated animals. Furthermore, in the pancreatic tissue, the number of Islets, the area, and the number of β-cells were improved significantly with the sub-chronic treatment of P. juliflora extract. The structure and function of β-cells were also revamped.

Conclusion

The study results demonstrated a significant effect of P. juliflora on glycemic status, inflammatory condition, and the architecture of pancreatic tissue. In the identification and isolation process by GC MS, it was noticed that P. juliflora contained few phytochemical constituents from which it might be considered a promising drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Assessment of the Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hepatoprotective Effect of Andrographis paniculata against CCl4-Induced Liver Dysfunction in Wistar Albino Rats

Recent studies have highlighted the necessity to thoroughly evaluate medicinal plants due to their therapeutic potential. The current study delves into the phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, and hepatoprotective effect of Andrographis paniculata. The investigation specifically targets its effectiveness in mitigating liver dysfunction induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in Wistar albino rats, aiming to uncover its promising role as a natural remedy for liver-related ailments. A. paniculata leaf extract was screened for phytoconstituents and antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects in Wistar albino rats against CCl₄-induced liver dysfunction. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds in all extracts. The phenolic concentration ranged from 10.23 to 19.52 mg gallic acid per gram of the sample, while the highest flavonoid concentration was found in the ethanol fraction (8.27 mg rutin equivalents per gram). The antioxidant activity varied from 10.23 to 62.23. GC-MS analysis identified several phytochemicals including octadecanoic acid, stigmasterol, phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, and others. Effects of the ethanol extract of A. paniculata were evaluated in four groups of animals. Biochemical estimations of serum glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamine pyruvate transaminase, and serum bilirubin were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the CCl₄-treated group. Treatment with 300 mg/kg b.w. of the ethanol extract of A. paniculata significantly (p < 0.05) decreased these serum enzymes. Lipid peroxidation levels in carbon tetrachloride-treated animals showed a substantial (p < 0.05) rise when compared to untreated animals, while the lipid peroxidation levels were considerably (p < 0.05) reduced after treatment with ethanol extract at 300 mg/kg b.w. Liver biochemical catalase activities were significantly reduced in the carbon tetrachloride-treated animals. The results of this study conclusively demonstrate that A. paniculata extracts are a rich source of phytochemicals and possess significant antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and hepatoprotective properties.

Thymoquinone Ameliorates Carfilzomib-Induced Renal Impairment by Modulating Oxidative Stress Markers, Inflammatory/Apoptotic Mediators, and Augmenting Nrf2 in Rats

Chemotherapy-induced kidney damage is an emerging problem that restricts cancer treatment effectiveness. The proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (CFZ) is primarily used to treat multiple myeloma and has been associated with severe renal injury in humans. CFZ-induced nephrotoxicity remains an unmet medical need, and there is an urgent need to find and develop a nephroprotective and antioxidant therapy for this condition. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a bioactive compound that has been isolated from Nigella sativa seeds. It has a wide range of pharmacological properties. Therefore, this experimental design aimed to study the effectiveness of TQ against CFZ-induced renal toxicity in rats. The first group of rats was a normal control (CNT); the second group received CFZ (4 mg/kg b.w.); the third and fourth groups received TQ (10 and 20 mg/kg b.w.) 2 h before receiving CFZ; the fifth group received only TQ (20 mg/kg b.w.). This experiment was conducted for 16 days, and at the end of the experiment, blood samples and kidney tissue were collected for biochemical assays. The results indicated that administration of CFZ significantly enhanced serum marker levels such as BUN, creatinine, and uric acid in the CFZ group. Similarly, it was also noticed that CFZ administration induced oxidative stress by reducing antioxidants (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD) and increasing lipid peroxidation. CFZ treatment also enhanced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α production. Moreover, CFZ increased caspase-3 concentrations and reduced Nrf2 expression in the CFZ-administered group. However, treatment with 10 and 20 mg/kg TQ significantly decreased serum markers and increased antioxidant enzymes. TQ treatment considerably reduced IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and caspase-3 concentrations. Overall, this biochemical estimation was also supported by histopathological outcomes. This study revealed that TQ administration significantly mitigated the negative effects of CFZ treatment on Nrf2 expression. Thus, it indicates that TQ may have utility as a potential drug to prevent CFZ-induced nephrotoxicity in the future.

Trastuzumab-Mediated Cardiotoxicity and Its Preventive Intervention by Zingerone through Antioxidant and Inflammatory Pathway in Rats

Trastuzumab (TZB) is a new medicine, used to treat cancers of the breast and stomach. However, the cardiotoxic potential of this drug edges out its clinical advantages. The present study was designed to find out the effect of zingerone against trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity in rats. In this study, five groups of rats with eight animals in each group were used. Group 1 was treated with normal saline, as a normal control (NC); Group 2 was treated with TZB (6 mg/kg/week-for five weeks) intraperitoneally as a toxic control. Groups 3 and 4 were pre-treated with zingerone (50 and 100 mg/kg, as per their body weight orally) along with five doses of TZB for five weeks, and Group 5 was treated with zingerone (100 mg/kg, body weight orally) as a control. TZB treatment showed cardiotoxicity as evidenced by increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased level of glutathione (GSH), and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-s- transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Zingerone pre-treatment significantly decreased the levels of AST, CK-MB, LDH, and LPO and increased GSH and antioxidant enzymes content toward their normal level. In the TZB-alone administered group, inflammatory cytokines (IL-2 and TNF-α) levels were also elevated. Pre-treatment with zingerone restored the level of IL-2 and TNF-α toward normal level. The current findings undoubtedly demonstrated zingerone's cardioprotective nature against TZB-mediated cardiotoxicity in rats with the evidence of histopathological recall.

Capsaicin Ameliorates the Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Inhibiting Free Radicals Generation, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Apoptotic Pathway in Rats

Cyclophosphamide is an antineoplastic agent that has a broad range of therapeutic applications; however, it has numerous side effects, including cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, chili peppers contain a substance called capsaicin, having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, this research paper focuses on the potential mechanism of capsaicin’s cardioprotective activity against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity by measuring the expression of oxidative and inflammatory marker such as interleukins and caspases. The following groups of rats were randomly assigned: only vehicle given for 6 days (control group); cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg intraperitoneal on 4th day only (positive control group); capsaicin 10 mg/kg orally given for 6 days followed by cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg on 4th day of treatment; capsaicin 20 mg/kg orally for six days followed by cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg on 4th day of treatment; and maximum amount of capsaicin alone (20 mg/kg) orally for six days. Using ELISA kits, it was found that the cyclophosphamide administration significantly increased the levels of lactate dehydrogenase, troponin-I (cardiac cell damage marker), lipid peroxidation, triglyceride, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and caspase 3. However, it markedly reduced the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione levels. Both doses of capsaicin could reverse cardiac cell damage markers, as shown by a significant decline in (lactate dehydrogenase and troponin-I). In addition, capsaicin significantly reduced the cytokine levels (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), caspase 3, lipid peroxidation, and triglycerides. However, capsaicin treatment significantly raised the antioxidant content of enzymes such as glutathione and catalase. The capsaicin-treated group restored the oxidative parameter’s imbalance and generated considerable protection against cardiomyocyte harm from cyclophosphamide in male Wistar rats. These protective effects might be beneficial against the negative impacts of cyclophosphamide when used to treat cancer and immune-mediated diseases.

Ethnopharmacological evaluation of Poppy seed oil in combination with Tramadol on behavioral paradigm and on dopamine, and cytokines levels

OBJECTIVE

The present study was taken up to evaluate the combination of two drugs in the management of behavioral disorders such as locomotor activity, muscle relaxation, analgesic, and anxiolytic activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the methodology, Wistar rats weighing (150-180 g) were divided into six groups of 6 each (n=6). All the animals (groups II to VI) were subjected to stress and analyzed for anxiolytic activity using an elevated plus maze. The animals were treated for 28 days with poppy seed oil in lower and higher doses (1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg), tramadol in lower and higher doses (1.5 and 3 mg/kg) as individual groups, and one group with a combination of both drugs in lower doses.

RESULTS

The results depicted showed that the combined treatment had significantly (**p <0.001) improvised behavior deficits, extemporized, and diminished anxiety-like attitude in rats, and showed the analgesic property in a significant manner. The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were evaluated in the serum and were observed to be lessened the values of both in a significant manner with the co-administration of both the test drugs. The dopamine concentrations were also determined in the serum, which disclosed a decline (**p <0.001) significantly.

CONCLUSIONS

It was concluded from the results that a combined effect of drugs might be beneficial in the management of behavioral disorders and pain management.

Spectral characterization and biological evaluation of biomolecules from the peels of three orange fruits: a comparative study

The present work was designed to investigate the presence of bioactive chemicals in the reaction mixtures (RMs) of peels of Valencia, Mandarin, and African navel oranges, through GC-MS and FT-IR studies. Limonene, a unique compound, is present in the RMs of the three orange peels. Moreover, hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester was identified in the RMs of all the three-orange peels. The RM of Mandarin orange exhibited potent cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 ATCC human breast cancer cells (HBC). All the three RMs exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against the human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Salmonella choleraesis (ATCC 10708), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 299).

Hepatoprotective potential of diosmin against hepatotoxic effect of isoniazid and rifampin in wistar rats

OBJECTIVE

The treatment of tuberculosis with isoniazid and rifampin is associated with hepatocellular damage. Therefore, the study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of diosmin against hepatotoxic effect of isoniazid and rifampin in Wistar rats.

METHODS

Hepatotoxicity was induced by administering isoniazid and rifampin (100 mg/kg), whereas diosmin was given as treatment control. Markers of liver function (ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin), inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β), apoptosis (caspase-3), oxidative stress parameters (LPO, GSH, CAT and SOD) and histological changes in liver were assessed in normal, hepatotoxic control and treatment groups.

RESULTS

The administration of isoniazid and rifampin significantly increased markers of liver dysfunction (ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin), cytokines (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β) and apoptosis (caspase-3). However, daily dosing of diosmin significantly reduced these markers of liver dysfunction, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis to near normal levels. Additionally, markers of hepatocellular oxidative stress parameters were significantly altered as evident from increased LPO level and decreased endogenous antioxidants such as GSH, SOD and CAT in isoniazid-and rifampin-treated hepatotoxic group. It was observed that diosmin treatment reduced high levels of LPO and demonstrated significant improvement in antioxidant levels. Histological studies of liver also supported our biochemical findings, which are also manifested as diosmin treatment exhibited protection against hepatocellular degeneration and inflammation.

CONCLUSION

Results of the present study demonstrate hepatoprotective potential of diosmin against isoniazid-and rifampin-treated hepatotoxicity. Thus, we conclude that diosmin may be used along with anti-tubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampin) in tuberculosis patients to overcome their hepatotoxic adverse effect.

Zingerone Attenuates Carfilzomib-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats through Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Cytokine Network

Carfilzomib (CFZ) is an anticancer medication acting as a selective proteasome inhibitor. However, it can cause cardiovascular problems, increasing mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to investigate whether zingerone (ZRN) could help reduce carfilzomib-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Rats were divided into five groups of six animals each. The first group received normal saline as a control (NC); the second group received multiple doses (six) of CFZ (4 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (IP); the third and fourth groups received zingerone (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg oral) along with six doses of CFZ for 16 days; and the fifth group received only 100 mg/kg zingerone orally. Hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress, and histopathological studies confirmed the findings of CFZ-induced cardiotoxicity. We found that ZRN significantly attenuated the effects of CFZ on oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant properties of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Additionally, ZRN reduces inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic markers, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and caspase-3. Overall, zingerone prevents carfilzomib-induced cardiotoxicity in rats, as evidenced by histopathological studies.

Physical characterization and wound healing properties of Zamzam water

The objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of Zamzam water, holy water for Muslims and consumed for its medicinal value. The present study demonstrates the physicochemical characterization and wound healing property of Zamzam water. The physicochemical characterization of Zamzam water samples was analyzed for dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, redox potential, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and zeta size. The microbial quality of Zamzam water was also assessed by exposing water samples to open air. In this work, Zamzam water was also screened for the medicinal value through wound healing properties in Wistar rats. Zamzam water exhibited a unique physicochemical characterization with high levels of dissolved oxygen, zeta potential, polydispersity index, redox potential, total dissolved solids, and conductivity before exposure to open air. After open air exposure, Zamzam water resisted the growth of bacteria. The wound healing properties of Zamzam water in vivo showed a 96% of healing effect on 12th day observation. The wound healing was achieved by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokine such as interleukin -1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α). Followed by the level of apoptosis markers caspase-9 and caspase-3 were reduced. The present study proved that Zamzam water is a good-quality water and showed excellent wound healing property. Therefore, Zamzam water can be used for pharmaceutical formulations.

Modulatory effect of zingerone against STZ-nicotinamide induced type-2 diabetes mellitus in rats

The objective of this research was to explore the role of zingerone on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin level, oxidative biochemical markers and histological alterations in β-cells of type-2 diabetic rats. The outcome of this study illustrates reduction in glucose and insulin levels significantly in zingerone-treated diabetic groups. Lipid parameters were resumed to normal in zingerone-treated diabetic group as demonstrated by significant reduction in triglycerides, cholesterols (total, low-density and very low-density) levels along with significant increase high-density cholesterols levels. Zingerone-treated diabetic groups exhibited significant reduction in LPO levels and restoration of GSH contents. Administration of zingerone to treated diabetic groups indicated improvement in antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GR, GST, SOD and CAT). Administration of zingerone to treated diabetic groups minimized degeneration of pancreatic β-cells as witnessed from histopathological studies. Our results demonstrate that zingerone modulates hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, oxidative biochemical markers and degenerative changes in β-cells of treated diabetic groups.

Spectral analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies of bioactive principles from the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius, a common tree of Jazan, Saudi Arabia

The objective of the present study was to analyse the bioactive compounds of the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). The GC-MS analysis of the hot methanolic extract of the leaves (HMEL) of C. lancifolius exhibited the bioactive compounds such as 1-(3-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzyl) iso quinoline, morphin-4-ol-6,7-dione, 1-bromo-N-methyl-, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, 2,2':4',2"-terthiophene, ethyl iso-allocholate, caryophyllene oxide, campesterol, epiglobulol, cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3á,5à)-, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) and oleic acid, eicosyl ester. The FT-IR analysis of HMEL of C. lancifolius showed a unique peak at 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-1 representing coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. The HMEL of C. lancifolius was actively inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells MCF-7 ATCC at the concentration of 72.66 ± 8.21 µg/ml as IC50 value. The HMEL of C. lancifolius also revealed a good spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cultures screened in this work. The activity observed has shown more or less similar effects against screened bacteria. However, the magnitude of potentiality was significantly lesser compared to standard ciprofloxacin disc at p< 0.001 level (99% confidence intervals). Furthermore, the study demonstrating the bioactive compounds can be isolated from the leaves of C. lancifolius.

Effect of thymoquinone on high fat diet and STZ-induced experimental type 2 diabetes: A mechanistic insight by in vivo and in silico studies

The aim was to investigate whether thymoquinone (TQ) attenuates hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance in experimental type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg) in high fat diet (HFD) rats. The levels of glucose, insulin, area under curve (AUC) of glucose, lipid profile parameters, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and dipeptidyl peptidase peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) were evaluated in HFD + STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats. TQ treatment significantly reduced elevated levels of glucose, AUC of glucose, insulin, and DPP-IV in diabetic-treated groups. In addition, TQ treatment significantly reduced high levels of triglycerides (TG) and cholesterols (total, low-density and very low-density lipoprotein) accompanied by significant augmentation in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in diabetic-treated groups. However, TQ treatment significantly improved insulin sensitivity in diabetic-treated groups, which was confirmed by increased level of PPARγ and decreased level of HOMA-IR. Molecular docking of TQ exhibited substantial binding affinity with PPARγ and DPP-IV target proteins, which is supported by in vivo results. These results demonstrate that TQ attenuates hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance by counteracting hyperinsulinemia, improving lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and inhibiting DPP-IV. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: T2DM results in relentless hyperglycemia which eventually progress to a state of insulin resistance. TQ is an active principle compound found in Nigella sative seed, having myriad of traditional medicinal values. Administration of TQ significantly prevented hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and inhibited DPP-IV in experimental type 2 diabetes. The in vivo results are also supported by molecular docking study of PPARγ and DPP-IV target proteins. Thus, we hypothesize that TQ can be used as an alternative natural drug in the management of hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance in T2DM.

Solvent extraction, spectral analysis and antibacterial activity of the bioactive crystals of Sargassum aquifolium (Turner) C.Agardh from Red Sea

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and anti-bacterial properties of the bioactive principles of Sargassum aquifolium (Turner) C.Agardh, a brown seaweed in Red sea of Jazan province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Crystals were obtained from the petroleum ether extract of Sargassum aquifolium and subjected to chemical tests, FTIR spectroscopic analysis and NMR analysis to identify their chemical composition, and to study their antibacterial properties against selected human pathogenic bacteria. In addition, GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the bioactive compounds in the crude petroleum ether extract. Results of the antibacterial effect of the crystal analyte showed a wide spectrum of activity against the screened human pathogenic bacteria.

Antidiabetic potential of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract in type 2 diabetic rats, and its mechanism of action

Purpose: To explore the antidiabetic potential of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in type 2 diabetic rats, and the underlying mechanisms.Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 40 mg/kg was given to high fat diet (HFD)- fed rats to induce type 2 diabetes. M. oleifera leaf extract at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg were given to 3 groups of type 2 diabetic rats. The area under curve (AUC) of glucose and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R) were calculated using appropriate formulas, whereas levels of glucose,insulin, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα) were assayed using ELISA kits.Results: The leaf extract of M. oleifera significantly reduced the levels of glucose, insulin and cytokines in treated type 2 diabetic groups (p < 0.05). DC group had significantly increased AUC for glucose, whereas the extract-treated groups showed significant  decrease in glucose AUC. There was significant decrease in insulin sensitivity parameters, as indicated by increase in HOMA-R and decrease in PPARγ levels in the DC group (p < 0.05). However, treatment with the M. oleifera extract reversed this trend via marked decrease in HOMA-R level and significant rise in PPARγ level. In contrast, the extract had no effect on DPP-IV concentration in diabetic treated groups (p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results indicate that M. oleifera leaf extract mitigates hyperglycemia in type 2 DM by modulating hyperinsulinemia, PPARγ and inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the extract is a potential source of drug for the management of type 2 DM. Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Diabetes mellitus, Streptozotocin, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV

Thymoquinone and fluoxetine alleviate depression via attenuating oxidative damage and inflammatory markers in type-2 diabetic rats

The study was designed to find out the effect of thymoquinone (TQ) alone and combination of TQ + fluoxetine in depression of type-2 diabetic rats. Glucose level was significantly decreased in TQ alone treated group, whereas no significant change was recorded when TQ was combined with fluoxetine. Administration of TQ alone and combination of TQ and fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility time, increased latency to immobility and increased locomotor activity. Treatment with TQ alone significantly decreased level of TBARS, increased GSH and restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GR & CAT). However, TQ and fluoxetine combination reduced TBARS level, increased GSH content but no change in the antioxidant enzymes activities. Inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6 & TNF-α) levels were significantly reduced after the administration of TQ alone and TQ + fluoxetine. The study suggests that combination of TQ and fluoxetine can be used to control depression in type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Hepatoprotective Potential of Sargassum muticum against STZ-Induced Diabetic Liver Damage in Wistar Rats by Inhibiting Cytokines and the Apoptosis Pathway

Liver inflammation and necrosis are the foremost problems interlinked with diabetes mellitus (DM). The methanolic extract of Sargassum muticum (MESM) plays a hepatoprotective role in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced hepatic injury. In this study, STZ exposure induced diabetes that augmented hepatic damage, which was reflected in serum enzyme markers, the cytokine network, and caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels in Group 2. Exposure to the MESM tremendously modulated the levels of hepatic enzyme markers ALP, ACP, ALT, and AST in Groups 3 and 4. The cytokine network was well regulated by suppressing the release of cytokines, and the levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were also reduced in Groups 3 and 4. The present study suggests that MESM treatment at 200 and 500 mg protected the liver and also minimizes the glucose level. Thus, the MESM plays a key role in rejuvenating the liver and can modulate diabetes's pathogenic effect by reducing the glucose level.

The combination of canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid ameliorates insulin resistance and cardiac biomarkers via modulation of inflammatory cytokines in type 2 diabetic rats

The present study was carried out with the hypothesis that combination of canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid may have potential effect on insulin level, insulin resistance, cardiac biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines and histological studies in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 2 DM was induced by injecting nicotinamide (120 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min before STZ (60 mg/kg) injection. Canagliflozin (5 and 10 mg/kg) and omega-3 fatty acid (300 mg/kg) were given for 28 days after confirmation of diabetes. Biochemical estimations revealed elevated levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-R and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic group. Daily dosing of alone canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid slightly reduced elevated levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-R and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, and TNFα), whereas canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid combination has reduced these biochemical parameters significantly when compared with diabetic group. Similarly in diabetic group the levels of cardiac biomarkers such as lipid profile, LDH, CKMB and troponin were significantly increased. Elevated levels of cardiac biomarkers were significantly reduced after daily dosing of alone canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid. Canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid combination has offered better improvement in cardiac biomarkers compared to alone canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid. Histopathological analysis also supported the above hypothesis that combination therapy (canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid) offered better protection against degenerative changes in β-cells of pancreas as compared to alone treatment with these drugs. Thus the present study revealed that canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid can be used as potential combination therapy in type 2 DM along with cardiac complication.

Zinc deficiency tolerance in maize is associated with the up-regulation of Zn transporter genes and antioxidant activities

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for the growth and development of plants. However, Zn deficiency is a common abiotic stress causing yield loss in crop plants. This study elucidates the mechanisms of Zn deficiency tolerance in maize through physiological and molecular techniques. Maize lines tolerant (PAC) and sensitive (DAC) to Zn deficiency were examined physiologically and by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Proteins, H₂ O₂ , SOD, POD, membrane permeability and gene expression (using real-time PCR) of roots and shoots of both maize lines were assessed. Zn deficiency had no significant effect on root parameters compared with control plants in PAC and DAC but showed a substantial reduction in shoot parameters in DAC. AAS showed a significant decrease in Zn concentrations in both roots and shoots of DAC but not PAC under Zn deficiency, implying that Zn deficiency tolerance mechanisms exist in PAC. Consistently, total protein and membrane permeability were significantly reduced in DAC but not PAC in both roots and shoots under Zn deficiency in comparison with Zn-sufficient plants. Real-time PCR showed that expression of ZmZIP1, ZmZIP4 and ZmIRT1 transporter genes significantly increased in roots of PAC, but not in DAC due to Zn deficiency compared with controls. The H₂ O₂ concentration dramatically increased in roots of DAC but not PAC. Moreover, tolerant PAC showed a significant increase in POD and SOD activity due to Zn deficiency, suggesting that POD- and SOD-mediated antioxidant defence might provide tolerance, at least in part, under Zn deficiency in PAC. This study provides an essential background for improving Zn biofortification of maize.

Therapeutic potential of Vanillylacetone against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing the serum marker, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in Swiss albino mice

The aim of this research was to investigate the therapeutic potential of Vanillylacetone against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced hepatotoxicity in mice through understanding the serum marker, oxidative stress mechanism and cytokine networks. Carbon tetrachloride is highly hepatotoxic used as research based on animal model. The mice were classified into five groups and each had eight mice. Group-I was controlled and the vehicle was given orally. Group-II was toxic and carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg) twice a week for 15 days was administered by intra-peritoneal injections. Group- III and IV were pre-treated with Vanillylacetone 50 & 100 mg kg^-1 body weight given every day p.o. while, Group-V received only Vanillylacetone (100 mg kg^-1 body weight) for 15 days orally. The finding indicates that the administration of CCl₄ causes significant elevation of enzyme markers, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine and apoptotic markers in Group-II as compared to Group-I. The administration of Vanillylacetone (50 and100 mg kg^-1) significantly suppresses the elevated serum enzymes, oxidative stress (TBARS), an inflammatory cytokine (IL2 and TNFα) and apoptotic markers (Caspase-3 and 9) in Group-III and IV as compared to Group-II. It was also noticed that the higher dose of Vanillylacetone (100 mg) is more effective than lower dose of Vanillylacetone (50 mg). There were no significant changes observed with higher dose of Vanillylacetone (100 mg kg^-1) in Group-V as compared to Group-I. Histopathological analysis also supported the above findings. Overall, this results shows that Vanillylacetone has a good antioxidant and therapeutic properties which can help in preventing the chemically (CCl₄) induced hepatotoxicity.

Neuroprotective effects of Zingerone against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced brain mitochondrial toxicity in Swiss albino mice

The present study targeted the brain mitochondria dysfunction in Swiss albino mice through carbon tetrachloride intoxication and its treatment with Zingerone. It is proposed that brain mitochondria is the main organelle responsible for oxidative stress by producing  reactive oxygen species (ROS). Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups; Group-1 was control; Group-2 was carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) toxic (1.5mg kg-1 bm i.p two days in a week.); Group-3 was pretreated with Zingerone (100 mg kg-1 b.m)  a day before  the administration of CCl4 and Group-4 was only Zingerone (100 mg kg-1 bm) given orally for 15days once in a day. At the end of the experiment mice were sacrificed and mitochondria were isolated from brain. Isolated brain mitochondria were further analyzed for oxidative stress marker. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content was increased significantly by CCl4 administration in Group-II as compared to the control Group-I, while the antioxidant (GSH) and other antioxidant enzyme GPx , GR, and CAT was depleted significantly in CCl4 treated Group-II as compare to control Group-I. Zingerone protected the  toxicity of brain mitochondria by reducing the lipid peroxidation and enhancing the antioxidant enzyme in Group-III and there was no significant changes were noticed in Group-IV as  compared to Group-I. Overall results showed the potential effects of Zingerone in protecting the neuronal cell loss by oxidative stress. Thus, the  present study indicated that the Zingerone may be used as the potential therapeutic tools for the prevention of CCl4 induced brain mitochondrial toxicity.  

Remediation of cadmium toxicity in field peas (Pisum sativum L.) through exogenous silicon

Cadmium (Cd) is an important phytotoxic element causing health hazards. This work investigates whether and how silicon (Si) influences the alleviation of Cd toxicity in field peas at biochemical and molecular level. The addition of Si in Cd-stressed plants noticeably increased growth and development as well as total protein and membrane stability of Cd-stressed plants, suggesting that Si does have critical roles in Cd detoxification in peas. Furthermore, Si supplementation in Cd-stressed plants showed simultaneous significant increase and decrease of Cd and Fe in roots and shoots, respectively, compared with Cd-stressed plants. At molecular level, GSH1 (phytochelatin precursor) and MTA (metallothionein) transcripts predominantly expressed in roots and strongly induced due to Si supplementation in Cd-stressed plants compared with Cd-free conditions, suggesting that these chelating agents may bind to Cd leading to vacuolar sequestration in roots. Furthermore, pea Fe transporter (RIT1) showed downregulation in shoots when plants were treated with Si along with Cd compared with Cd-treated conditions. It is consistent with the physiological observations and supports the conclusion that alleviation of Cd toxicity in pea plants might be associated with Cd sequestration in roots and reduced Cd translocation in shoots through the regulation of Fe transport. Furthermore, increased CAT, POD, SOD and GR activity along with elevated S-metabolites (cysteine, methionine, glutathione) implies the active involvement of ROS scavenging and plays, at least in part, to the Si-mediated alleviation of Cd toxicity in pea. The study provides first mechanistic evidence on the beneficial effect of Si on Cd toxicity in pea plants.

REPEATED EXPOSURE OF SODIUM TELLURITE ON THE RAT LIVER AND ON THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF THE METALLOID-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY

Tellurium (Te) is a semiconductor and is frequently doped with copper, tin, gold or silver. It is also used to color glass and ceramics and is one of the primary ingredients in blasting caps. Te is little known about its biological activity but it is well known for toxic to human and animals. It has inhibited the lipids profiles and oxidative stress in the brain of the mice. Sodium tellurite 4.15, 8.3 and 16.6 mg/kg (1/20, 1/10 and 1/5 of LD₅₀, respectively) was given to male Wistar rats orally in saline for a period of 15 days. On day 16, the blood was collected and the livers were dissected out for biochemical assays. The hepatotoxicity biomarkers [biliru- bin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] were ele- vated significantly and dose dependently in the serum of Te treated groups as compared to control group. The content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in Te treated groups was increased significantly and dose- dependently as compared to control group. Conversely, the content of glutathione and activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) were decreased significantly in Te treated groups as compared to control group. No data of effect of inorganic Te compounds on the liver toxicity of rats are available. The aim of the present study was to evalu- ate the hepatotoxicity of inorganic Te compounds. In conclusion, Te accelerated hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in liver tissue of rats.

REPEATED EXPOSURE OF SODIUM TELLURITE ON THE RAT LIVER AND ON THE POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF THE METALLOID-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY

Tellurium (Te) is a semiconductor and is frequently doped with copper, tin, gold or silver. It is also used to color glass and ceramics and is one of the primary ingredients in blasting caps. Little is known about Te biological activity but it is well known for toxicity to human and animals. It has inhibited the lipids profiles and oxidative stress in the brain of mice. Sodium tellurite 4.15, 8.3 and 16.6 mg/kg (1/20, 1/10 and 1/5 of LD50, respectively) was given to male Wistar rats orally in saline for a period of 15 days. On day 16, the blood was collected and the livers were dissected out for biochemical assays. The hepatotoxicity biomarkers [bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] were elevated significantly and dose dependently in the serum of Te treated groups as compared to control group. The content of thiobarbituric reactive substances in Te treated groups was increased significantly and dose-dependently as compared to control group. Conversely, the content of glutathione and activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) were decreased significantly in Te treated groups as compared to control group. No data of inorganic Te compounds on the liver toxicity of rats are available. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of inorganic Te compound. In conclusion, Te accelerated hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in liver tissue of rats.

Correlation between Troponin-I and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Level in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients with Heart Failure

Troponins are regarded as markers of choice for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). But B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level is also elevated in AMI and is a quantitative biochemical marker related to the extent of infarction and the left ventricle systolic dysfunction. Thus, BNP has prognostic value. In this study, we investigate the correlation of Troponin-I with BNP levels in patients presenting with AMI with or without Acute Heart Failure. Rationale of this study is to see, whether quantitative Troponin alone can serve for both diagnosis and prognosis of AMI Patients with heart failure or not. This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital from January 2014 to December 2014. Total 100 patients were studied and divided into two groups - 50 patients in each group. Group I: Patients with first attack of acute myocardial infarction (without heart failure) & Group II: Patients with first attack of acute myocardial infarction with acute heart failure. Mean Troponin-I of Group I and Group II were 3.10±2.68 and 62.93±32.75ng/ml respectively & mean BNP value of Group I and Group II were 20.96±14.18 and 615.65±249.27pg/ml respectively. In this study, it was shown that the levels of BNP had positive correlation with Troponin-I levels, with medium strength of association (r=0.734, p<0.05). Echocardiography shows that patients with high BNP level has low ejection fraction (LVEF) and patients with low BNP level has preserved ejection fraction (LVEF). Thus, the present study shows that the higher the Troponin-I levels, the higher the BNP levels in first attack of AMI patients and the more severe the heart failure (more severe left ventricle dysfunction). There is positive correlation between Troponin-I and BNP levels in first attack of AMI patients with acute heart failure.

In Vitro Antibacterial Spectrum of Sodium Selenite against Selected Human Pathogenic Bacterial Strains

The objective of this investigation was to predict the antibacterial properties of sodium selenite against selected human pathogens. A group of six human bacterial pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella planticola were utilized for screening. The spectrum of activity was qualified based on zone of inhibition. Our study demonstrated that sodium selenite exhibits a strong spectrum of activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella planticola. The spectrum of activity was compared with standard ciprofloxacin disc (5 μg/disc) and observed to have satisfactory effect.

Cathinone, an active principle of Catha edulis, accelerates oxidative stress in the limbic area of swiss albino mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cathinone hydrochloride is an active principle of the khat plant (Catha edulis) that produces pleasurable and stimulating effects in khat chewers. To the best of our knowledge no data of cathinone on oxidative stress in limbic areas of mice is available. This is the first study of cathinone on oxidative stress in limbic areas of the brain in Swiss albino male mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The animals were divided into four groups. Group-I was the control group and received vehicle, while groups-II to IV received (-)-cathinone hydrochloride (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg body wt., i.p.) once daily for 15 days.

RESULTS

The level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was elevated dose-dependently and was significant (p<0.05, p<0.01) with doses of 0.25 and 0.5mg/kg body wt. of cathinone as compared to control group. In contrast, the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) was decreased significantly (p<0.01, p<0.001) with doses of 0.25 and 0.5mg/kg body wt. of cathinone as compared to control group. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GR, GST, CAT, and SOD) was also decreased dose-dependently: the decreased activity of GPx, GR, catalase and SOD was significant with doses of 0.25 and 0.5 mg of cathinone as compared to control group, while the activity of GST was decreased dose-dependently and was significant with 0.5mg of cathinone as compared to control group.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that the cathinone generated oxidative stress hampered antioxidant enzymes, glutathione and lipid peroxidation.

Cardioprotective effect of green tea extract on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats

The in vivo antioxidant properties of green tea extract (GTE) were investigated against doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiotoxicity in rats. In this experiment, 48 Wistar albino rats (200-250 g) were divided into eight groups (n = 6). Control group received normal saline for 30 days. Cardiotoxicity was induced by DOX (20 mg/kg ip.), once on 29th day of study and were treated with GTE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) for 30 days. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), cytochrome P450 (CYP), blood glutathione, tissue glutathione, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were evaluated along with histopathological studies. DOX treated rats showed a significant increased levels of AST, CK, LDH, LPO and CYP, which were restored by oral administration of GTE at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for 30 days. Moreover, GTE administration significantly increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione s-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), in heart, which were reduced by DOX treatment. In this study, we have found that oral administration of GTE prevented DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by accelerating heart antioxidant defense mechanisms and down regulating the LPO levels to the normal levels.

Antitumor properties of two traditional aromatic rice genotypes (Kalijira and Chinigura)

OBJECTIVE

Methanol extract of bran and unpolished grain of two traditional aromatic rice genotypes viz. Kalijira and Chinigura were assayed for their activity on the growth and initiation of crown-gall tumors on potato disks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A. tumefaciens) strain AtSl0105, AtTa0112, and AtAc0114 were used as the tumor forming agent. Collected rice was separated to bran and unpolished grain by different milling processes and made into fine powder before extracting using methanol. Antitumor assay of plant extracts was performed according to standard potato disc bioassay. Disc diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer Method) was used to screen A. tumefaciens sensitivity test.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated a high correlation between the ability of aromatic rice to inhibit the initiation and growth of crown-gall tumors on potato disks. Maximum tumor inhibitions were observed against the strain AtSl0105 by Kalijira bran (73.91%) and Chinigura bran (69.56%). Both unpolished grains showed significant effect (Kalijira 57.43%, Chinigura 55.53%) to inhibit the tumor.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that aromatic rice (Kalijira and Chinigura) might be a potential source of antitumor agent that can be used for further drug development for tumor treatment.

Elimination and detection of viruses in meristem-derived plantlets of sweetpotato as a low-cost option toward commercialization

Viral diseases affecting sweetpotato are the most devastating and cause up to 98 % yield loss. In this paper, we report, meristem culture, graft transmission and virus indexing for management of viral pathogens in seven elite sweetpotato cultivars. Plantlets were developed in vitro from the apical meristematic dome with one to two leaf primordia. Mericlones were grafted on virus-sensitive indicator plant Ipomoea setosa and no viral disease symptoms were seen on I. setosa leaves in most cases. This indicates that no viruses translocated from meristem-derived scions to the virus-sensitive root stock. On the other hand, most of the non-tested traditional planting material induced distinct disease symptoms upon grafting, which revealed the presence of one or more viruses in it. About 85 % of mericlones recovered from 0.3-0.5 mm size meristem were tested as virus free, whereas it is difficult to culture meristems smaller than 0.3 mm due to dissection damage and too small a size. Virus-tested mericlones were further micropropagated and transferred to the field. Only few plants were found to be diseased in the R1 field trial. Root yield in the R2 generation was increased significantly when compared with non-tested control plants. During field exposure, only a low percentage of healthy plants were found infected with viruses when managed in a net house. This implies that viral vectors were present during the growing season and reinfection could be effectively reduced by net house management. We concluded that this low-cost technique of producing virus-tested planting material would significantly boost the yield through efficient removal of yield-reducing pathogens.

Toxicological properties of several medicinal plants from the Himalayas (India) against vectors of malaria, filariasis and dengue

The leaves of five plants namely Nyctanthes arbortistis (Oleaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae), Boenininghusenia albiflora (Rutaceae), Valeriana hardwickii (Valerianaceae) and Eupatorium odoratum (Asteraceae) were selected for the first time from the Garhwal region of north west Himalaya to investigation its toxicological properties against mosquito vectors of malaria, filariasis and dengue. In a laboratory study, using different polarity solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol) were tested against important larvae of malaria, filariasis and dengue vectors in India. It was observed that petroleum ether fraction of all selected plant possess good larvicidal properties than other solvent fraction. The LC(50) values of isolates from Nyctanthes arbortistis (HAR-1), C. roseus (CAT-1), B. albiflora (BOA-1), V. hardwickii (SUG-1) and E. odoratum (EUP-1) against Anopheles stephensi were 185 ppm, 150 ppm, 105 ppm, 225 ppm and 135 ppm, respectively. The results therefore suggest that the fraction code BOA-1 has excellent larvicidal properties and could be incorporated as botanical insecticides against mosquito vectors with high safety to nontarget organisms. The same fraction was tested against adult vectors of malaria, filariasis and dengue, but no mortality was observed.

Control of coliform bacteria detected from diarrhea associated patients by extracts of Moringa oleifera

The aims of this study were to determine the total population of coliform bacteria in the samples collected from diarrhea associated patients from the local area of Bangladesh and to examine the antibacterial efficacy of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) against the isolated coliform bacteria. The coliform bacteria detected in these samples by some microbial-biochemical tests such as Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens. The total isolation rate of coliform bacterial species was ranged from 38.01-3.51%. At the concentration of 300 ig/disc, the organic extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf exhibited a remarkable antibacterial effect against all the tested bacterial pathogens. The zones of inhibition against all the tested bacterial pathogens were found in the range of 8.0 to 23.2 mm, along with their respective minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 62.5-1000 ig/mL. The results obtained in this study suggest that the extracts from Moringa oleifera leaf can be a source of natural antimicrobials with potential applications in pharmaceutical industry to control coliform bacteria.

Screening of Trichoderma Isolates as a Biological Control Agent against Ceratocystis paradoxa Causing Pineapple Disease of Sugarcane

In this study, dual culture, poison agar, and direct methods were used to assess the ability of Trichoderma virens IMI-392430, T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431, T. harzianum IMI-392432, T. harzianum IMI-392433, and T. harzianum IMI-392434 to control Ceratocystis paradoxa, which causes the pineapple disease of sugarcane. The highest percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) values were observed with T. harzianum IMI-392432 using two dual culture methods, 63.80% in Method I and 80.82% in Method II. The minimum colony overgrowth time was observed with T. harzianum IMI-392432 and the maximum was observed with T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431. Different concentrations of different day-old metabolites of Trichoderma isolates were tested against mycelial growth of C. paradoxa. The highest PIRG (84.685%) exhibited at 80% concentration of 30-day-old metabolites of T. harzianum IMI-392432 using the modified bilayer poison agar method. In the direct assay method the maximum mycelial growth weight (PIGW) was observed at the same concentration and the same day-old metabolites of T. harzianum IMI-392432. This study showed that Trichoderma isolates have a good antagonistic effect on C. paradoxa mycelial growth and T. harzianum IMI-392432 has the most potential to control the pineapple disease pathogen.

Insecticidal activity of Valeriana jatamansi (Valerianaceae) against mosquitoes

A root extract of Valeriana jatamansi (code BAL-O) exhibited larvicidal and adulticidal activity against different mosquito species. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of BAL-O against larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles culicifacies, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus were 68.1, 42.8, 51.2, 53.8, and 80.6 mg/liter, respectively. The LC50 and the 90% lethal concentration against adult An. stephensi, An. culicifacies, Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus were 0.14, 0.16, 0.09, 0.08, and 0.17 and 0.24, 0.34, 0.25, 0.21, and 0.28 mg/cm2, respectively. The median knock-down time and 90% knock-down time of the fraction were 13, 13, 12, 13, and 18 and 24, 25, 21, 20, and 42 min against An. stephensi, An. culicifacies, Ae. aegypti, An. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively, using 0.28 mg/cm2 impregnated papers. The median effective time and 90% effective time against An. stephensi at 4 degrees C were 46.6 and 8.7 days, and at 29 degrees C, 25.5 and 5.6 days, respectively. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of BAL-O showed 2-butanone,4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-l-yl) (10.11%), patchouli alcohol (8.55%), cubenol (5.97%), caryophyllene oxide (5.46%), cadinol (5.23%), and aristolene (5.19%).

Genetic basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The genetic basis of heterosis was studied through mid-parent, standard variety and better parent for 11 quantitative traits in 17 parental lines and their 10 selected hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The characters were plant height, days to flag leaf initiation, days to first panicle initiation, days to 100% flowering, panicle length, flag leaf length, days to maturity, number of fertile spikelet/panicle, number of effective tillers/hill, grain yield/10-hill, and 1000-grain weight. In general the hybrids performed significantly better than the respective parents. Significant heterosis was observed for most of the studied characters. Among the 10 hybrids, four hybrids viz., 17Ax45R, 25Ax37R, 27Ax39R, 31Ax47R, and 35Ax47R showed highest heterosis in 10-hill grain yield/10-hill. Inbreeding depression of F2 progeny was also studied for 11 characters of 10 hybrids. Both positive and negative inbreeding depression were found in many crosses for the studied characters, but none was found significant. Selection of good parents was found to be the most important for developing high yielding hybrid rice varieties.

Analysis of external optical feedback characteristics of asymmetric, quarter-wave-shifted, distributed-feedback semiconductor lasers

External optical feedback sensitivity is analyzed for a quarter-wave-shifted, index-coupled, distributed-feedback semiconductor laser with asymmetries in reflectivity of facets and in the position of a lambda/4 phase shift. Proper asymmetric structures can withstand higher levels of external optical feedback compared with symmetric structures. However, the mode discrimination and yield are reduced for asymmetric lasers because of statistical variation of the corrugation phases at the reflecting facets.