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Gross J, Caceres S, Poch K, Hasan N, Jia F, Epperson L, Lipner E, Vang C, Honda J, Strand M, Calado V, Daley C, Strong M, Davidson R, Nick J. WS08.03 Healthcare-Associated Links in Transmission of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in People with Cystic Fibrosis (HALT NTM): a multicentre study. J Cyst Fibros 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(22)00197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Caceres S, Sanders L, Rysavy N, Poch K, Jones C, Pickard K, Fingerlin T, Marcus R, Malcolm K, Taylor-Cousar J, Nichols D, Nick J, Strand M, Saavedra M. 527: Blood mRNA biomarkers identify inflammatory phenotypes before inhaled antibiotic therapy. J Cyst Fibros 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Strand M, Eng LS, Gammon D. Combining online and offline peer support groups in community mental health care settings: a qualitative study of service users' experiences. Int J Ment Health Syst 2020; 14:39. [PMID: 32514303 PMCID: PMC7260836 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-020-00370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peer support for people with long-term mental health problems is central to recovery-oriented approaches in mental health care. Peer support has traditionally been conducted offline in face-to-face groups, while online groups on the Internet have increased rapidly. Offline and online peer support groups are shown to have differing strengths and weaknesses. However, little is known about how combining the two formats might be experienced by service users, which this paper aims to illuminate. Methods In this exploratory and descriptive study, a recovery-oriented Internet-based portal called ReConnect was used by service users in two mental health communities in Norway for 6–12 months. The portal included an online peer support group which also facilitated participation in local offline peer support groups. Both group formats were moderated by an employed service user consultant. Qualitative data about service users’ experiences were collected through focus groups and individual interviews and inductively analyzed thematically. Results A total of 14 female service users 22–67 years of age with various diagnoses participated in three focus groups and 10 individual interviews. Two main themes were identified: (1) balancing anonymity and openness, and (2) enabling connectedness. These themes are further illustrated with the subthemes: (i) dilemmas of anonymity and confidentiality, (ii) towards self-disclosure and openness, (iii) new friendships, and (iv) networks in the local community. Three of the subthemes mainly describe benefits, while challenges were more implicit and cut across the subthemes. Identified challenges were related to transitions from anonymity online to revealing one’s identity offline, confidentiality, and barriers related to participation in offline peer support groups. Conclusions This study suggests that online and offline peer support groups complement each other, and that combining them is mainly described as beneficial by service users. Identified benefits appeared to arise from service users’ options of one format or the other, or that they could combine formats in ways that suited their individual values and comfort zones. Moderation by a trained service user consultant appeared essential for both formats and can be used systematically to address identified challenges. Combining online and offline peer support groups is a promising concept for facilitating recovery-oriented care and warrants continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Strand
- Department of Digital Health Research, Division of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mental Health Research and Development, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Lillian Sofie Eng
- Department of Digital Health Research, Division of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deede Gammon
- Department of Digital Health Research, Division of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for eHealth Research, University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsö, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Centre for Eating Disorders, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y von Hausswolff-Juhlin
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Centre for Eating Disorders, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lowers HA, Breit GN, Strand M, Pillers RM, Meeker GP, Todorov TI, Plumlee GS, Wolf RE, Robinson M, Parr J, Miller R, Groshong S, Green F, Rose C. Method to characterize inorganic particulates in lung tissue biopsies using field emission scanning electron microscopy. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:475-487. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1449042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Lowers
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - G. N. Breit
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - M. Strand
- Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - R. M. Pillers
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - G. P. Meeker
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - T. I. Todorov
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - G. S. Plumlee
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - R. E. Wolf
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - M. Robinson
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J. Parr
- Division of Pathology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - R. Miller
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S. Groshong
- Division of Pathology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - F. Green
- Department of Pathology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - C. Rose
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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Strand M, Gammon D, Eng LS, Ruland C. Exploring Working Relationships in Mental Health Care via an E-Recovery Portal: Qualitative Study on the Experiences of Service Users and Health Providers. JMIR Ment Health 2017; 4:e54. [PMID: 29138127 PMCID: PMC5705858 DOI: 10.2196/mental.8491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of working relationships between service users and health providers is fundamental in the processes of recovery in mental health. How Internet-based interventions will influence these relationships for persons with long-term care needs, and the measures that can be taken to maintain and enhance working relationships through Internet, is still not well understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to gain insights into how service users and health providers experience their working relationships when they are offered the option of supplementing ongoing collaboration with an e-recovery portal. METHODS In this exploratory and descriptive study, an e-recovery portal was used by service users and their health providers in 2 mental health communities in Norway for at least 6 months and at most 12 months (2015-2016). The portal consists of secure messaging, a peer support forum, and a toolbox of resources for working with life domains including status, goals and activities, network map, crisis plan, and exercises. The portal was owned and managed by the service user while health providers could remotely access parts of the service user-generated content. The participants could use the portal in whatever way they wished, to suit their collaboration. Data from 6 focus groups, 17 individual interviews, and an interview with 1 dyad about their experiences of use of the portal over the study period were inductively coded and thematically analyzed. RESULTS The thematic analysis resulted in 2 main themes: (1) new relational avenues and (2) out of alignment, illustrated by 8 subthemes. The first main theme is about dyads who reported new and enriching ways of working together through the portal, particularly related to written communication and use of the goal module. Illustrative subthemes are ownership, common ground, goals and direction, and sense of presence and availability. The second main theme illuminates the difficulties that arose when service users' and health providers' expectations for portal use were not aligned, and the consequences of not addressing these difficulties. Illustrative subthemes are initiative and responsibility, waiting for the other, feeling overwhelmed, and clarifications and agreements. CONCLUSIONS The degree to which dyads benefited from using the e-recovery portal appeared to be mainly associated with the degree to which the dyads' relations were open and flexible before the portal was introduced. For those who experienced frustrations, the portal may have both exposed and added to suboptimal working relationships. Use of the goal module appeared to strengthen the person-centered nature of collaboration. A key question is how health providers balance between enabling service users' greater control over their care, without relinquishing responsibility for the quality of the working relationship, also when using an e-recovery portal. Implications for implementation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Strand
- Centre for Shared Decision-Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Department of Psychiatry Blakstad, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Asker, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deede Gammon
- Centre for Shared Decision-Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Centre for E-Health Research, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lillian Sofie Eng
- Centre for Shared Decision-Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cornelia Ruland
- Centre for Shared Decision-Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Gammon D, Strand M, Eng LS, Børøsund E, Varsi C, Ruland C. Shifting Practices Toward Recovery-Oriented Care Through an E-Recovery Portal in Community Mental Health Care: A Mixed-Methods Exploratory Study. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19:e145. [PMID: 28465277 PMCID: PMC5434256 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.7524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health care is shifting from a primary focus on symptom reduction toward personal recovery-oriented care, especially for persons with long-term mental health care needs. Web-based portals may facilitate this shift, but little is known about how such tools are used or the role they may play in personal recovery. Objective The aim was to illustrate uses and experiences with the secure e-recovery portal “ReConnect” as an adjunct to ongoing community mental health care and explore its potential role in shifting practices toward recovery. Methods ReConnect was introduced into two Norwegian mental health care communities and used for 6 months. The aim was to support personal recovery and collaboration between service users and health care providers. Among inclusion criteria for participation were long-term care needs and at least one provider willing to interact with service users through ReConnect. The portal was designed to support ongoing collaboration as each service user-provider dyad/team found appropriate and consisted of (1) a toolbox of resources for articulating and working with recovery processes, such as status/goals/activities relative to life domains (eg, employment, social network, health), medications, network map, and exercises (eg, sleep hygiene, mindfulness); (2) messaging with providers who had partial access to toolbox content; and (3) a peer support forum. Quantitative data (ie, system log, questionnaires) were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data (eg, focus groups, forum postings) are presented relative to four recovery-oriented practice domains: personally defined recovery, promoting citizenship, working relationships, and organizational commitment. Results Fifty-six participants (29 service users and 27 providers) made up 29 service user-provider dyads. Service users reported having 11 different mental health diagnoses, with a median 2 (range 1-7) diagnoses each. The 27 providers represented nine different professional backgrounds. The forum was the most frequently used module with 1870 visits and 542 postings. Service users’ control over toolbox resources (eg, defining and working toward personal goals), coupled with peer support, activated service users in their personal recovery processes and in community engagement. Some providers (30%, 8/27) did not interact with service users through ReConnect. Dyads that used the portal resources did so in highly diverse ways, and participants reported needing more than 6 months to discover and adapt optimal uses relative to their individual and collaborative needs. Conclusions Regardless of providers’ portal use, service users’ control over toolbox resources, coupled with peer support, offered an empowering common frame of reference that represented a shift toward recovery-oriented practices within communities. Although service users’ autonomous use of the portal can eventually influence providers in the direction of recovery practices, a fundamental shift is unlikely without broader organizational commitments aligned with recovery principles (eg, quantified goals for service user involvement in care plans).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deede Gammon
- Center for Shared Decision-Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Centre for E-health Research, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Monica Strand
- Center for Shared Decision-Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry Blakstad, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Asker, Norway.,University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lillian Sofie Eng
- Center for Shared Decision-Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Børøsund
- Center for Shared Decision-Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Varsi
- Center for Shared Decision-Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cornelia Ruland
- Center for Shared Decision-Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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Strand M, Gammon D, Ruland CM. Transitions from biomedical to recovery-oriented practices in mental health: a scoping review to explore the role of Internet-based interventions. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:257. [PMID: 28388907 PMCID: PMC5385090 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Internet is transforming mental health care services by increasing access to, and potentially improving the quality of, care. Internet-based interventions in mental health can potentially play a role in transitions from biomedical to recovery-oriented research and practices, but an overview of what this may entail, current work, and issues that need addressing, is lacking. The objective of this study is to describe Internet-based recovery-oriented interventions (referred to as e-recovery) and current research, and to identify gaps and issues relevant to advancing recovery research and practices through opportunities provided by the Internet. Methods Five iterative stages of a scoping review framework were followed in searching and analyzing the literature. A recovery framework with four domains and 16 themes was used to deductively code intervention characteristics according to their support for recovery-oriented practices. Only Internet-based interventions used in conjunction with ongoing care were included. Results Twenty studies describing six e-recovery interventions were identified and originated in Australia, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and USA. The domain supporting personal recovery was most clearly reflected in interventions, whereas the last three domains, i.e., promoting citizenship, organizational commitment and working relationship were less evident. Support for the formulation and follow-up of personal goals and preferences, and in accessing peer-support, were the characteristics shared by most interventions. Three of the six studies that employed a comparison group used randomization, and none presented definitive findings. None used recovery-oriented frameworks or specific recovery outcome measures. Four of the interventions were specific to a diagnosis. Conclusion Research about how technologies might aid in illuminating and shaping recovery processes is in its formative stages. We recommend that future e-recovery research and innovation attend to four dimensions: evidence-supported interventions, new knowledge about personal recovery, values-based approaches and Internet as a facilitator for organizational transformation. The incremental changes facilitated by e-recovery may help propel a shift in mental health care toward recovery-oriented practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Strand
- Centre for Shared Decision Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, Oslo, 0424, Norway. .,Department of Psychiatry Blakstad, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Asker, Norway. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Deede Gammon
- Centre for Shared Decision Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, Oslo, 0424, Norway.,Norwegian Centre for Integrated Care and Telemedicine, University Hospital in North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Cornelia M Ruland
- Centre for Shared Decision Making and Collaborative Care Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, Oslo, 0424, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Strand M, Bulik C, von Hausswolff-Juhlin Y, Gustafsson S. Self-admission to in-patient treatment: Patient experiences of a novel approach in the treatment of severe eating disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe course of an eating disorder is often prolonged and can lead to enduring disability for many years, with some patients requiring lengthy periods of in-patient care. Unfortunately, there is still little evidence concerning the optimal model of in-patient care for these patients.ObjectivesSelf-admission is a novel treatment tool, whereby patients who have high health care utilization are offered the possibility to self-admit to an inpatient ward for up to seven days, because of deteriorating mental health or any other reason. Purposes behind the model are to increase the availability of in-patient care, to promote autonomy and agency, and to decrease total inpatient care utilization.AimsTo investigate whether self-admission can be beneficial for patients with severe eating disorders.MethodsTwo beds out of eleven at a specialist eating disorders inpatient unit were reserved for self-admission of well-known patients. All participants were interviewed about their experiences in the program at 6 months.ResultsParticipants described an increased sense of agency and safety in their everyday lives. Suggestions were also made, such as a more active outreach approach in promoting admission, providing a continual staff contact during the brief admission episode, and offering a similar self-admission model for day treatment.ConclusionsSelf-admission is a viable tool in the treatment of severe eating disorders and can increase quality of life by providing a safety net and promoting agency. However, logistical obstacles must be addressed in order to promote a constructive use.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Fedele DA, McQuaid EL, Faino A, Strand M, Cohen S, Robinson J, Atkins D, Hourihane JO, Klinnert MD. Patterns of adaptation to children's food allergies. Allergy 2016; 71:505-13. [PMID: 26687298 DOI: 10.1111/all.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Families with food allergy (FA) are at risk of reduced quality of life and elevated anxiety. A moderate level of anxiety may be beneficial to sustain vigilance for food avoidance; however, excessive anxiety may increase risk for burden and maladjustment. The current study presents a framework for understanding the patterns of adaptation to FA across families and to identify typologies of families that would benefit from intervention. METHODS Participants included 57 children, 6-12 years old with documented FA, and their mothers. Families were assessed using the Food Allergy Management and Adaptation Scale. Families also completed measures of quality of life, anxiety, FA management, and psychosocial impairment. RESULTS A hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that 56 of the 57 families of food-allergic children were categorized into four groups that differed on their adequacy of family FA management, levels of anxiety, and balanced psychosocial functioning: balanced responders (n = 23; 41%), high responders (n = 25; 45%), and low responders (n = 3; 5%). The fourth group, anxious high responders (n = 5; 9%), was characterized by extremely high maternal FA anxiety scores and low scores for balanced integration of FA management and psychosocial functioning. Families in clusters differed across illness and psychosocial outcome variables. CONCLUSION Families with FA were characterized by patterns of FA management, anxiety, and ability to integrate FA demands into daily life. Identified adaptation patterns correspond with clinical impressions and provide a framework for identifying families in need of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. L. McQuaid
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center; Brown University; Providence RI USA
| | - A. Faino
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - M. Strand
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - S. Cohen
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - J. Robinson
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora CO USA
| | - D. Atkins
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora CO USA
| | | | - M. D. Klinnert
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora CO USA
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Strand M, Sillau S, Grunwald GK, Rabinovitch N. Regression calibration with instrumental variables for longitudinal models with interaction terms, and application to air pollution studies. Environmetrics 2015; 26:393-405. [PMID: 26640396 PMCID: PMC4662860 DOI: 10.1002/env.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we derive forms of estimators and associated variances for regression calibration with instrumental variables in longitudinal models that include interaction terms between two unobservable predictors and interactions between these predictors and covariates not measured with error; the inclusion of the latter interactions generalize results we previously reported. The methods are applied to air pollution and health data collected on children with asthma. The new methods allow for the examination of how the relationship between health outcome leukotriene E4 (LTE4, a biomarker of inflammation) and two unobservable pollutant exposures and their interaction are modified by the presence or absence of upper respiratory infections. The pollutant variables include secondhand smoke and ambient (outdoor) fine particulate matter. Simulations verify the accuracy of the proposed methods under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, National Jewish HealthDenver, CO, U.S.A.
- Department of Biostatistics & Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado DenverDenver, CO, U.S.A.
| | - S Sillau
- Department of Neurology, Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado DenverDenver, CO, U.S.A.
| | - G K Grunwald
- Department of Biostatistics & Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado DenverDenver, CO, U.S.A.
| | - N Rabinovitch
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish HealthDenver, CO, U.S.A.
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Abstract
Objective We aimed to evaluate the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and lung function, exercise endurance, and self-reported activity levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Background Cognitive dysfunction is present in 20%–60% of SLE patients. No studies to date have investigated the inter-relationships between cardiopulmonary factors and cognition in this population. Methods Thirty-seven SLE patients without overt neuropsychiatric histories and 16 healthy controls completed neuropsychological testing, measures of lung function, exercise capacity (distance walked during a timed walk test,1 maximal oxygen uptake2), and exercise questionnaires. Results Thirty-two percent of SLE patients demonstrated cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was correlated with Six-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) ( r = 0.37, p = 0.02) and certain measures of lung function. Also, in SLE patients, self-reported physical activity was correlated with 6MWD ( p = 0.012), but none of the more complex measures of physical activity (VO2max). Conclusions Patients with mild SLE disease activity have cognitive dysfunction associated with certain objective markers of exercise capacity and activity levels. The lack of associations between self-report activity and VO2max suggests the possibility that multiple factors mediate the relationships between perceived and actual physical ability. Additional studies are needed to better understand the relationship between cognition and physical activity in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kozora
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J Zell
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J Swigris
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - M Strand
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - E C Duggan
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - B Make
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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Gammon D, Strand M, Eng LS. Service users' perspectives in the design of an online tool for assisted self-help in mental health: a case study of implications. Int J Ment Health Syst 2014; 8:2. [PMID: 24405765 PMCID: PMC3896741 DOI: 10.1186/1752-4458-8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of persons with lived experiences of mental illness and service use is increasingly viewed as key to improving the relevance and utility of mental health research and service innovation. Guided by the principles of Community-Based Participatory Research we developed an online tool for assisted self-help in mental health. The resulting tool, PsyConnect, is ready for testing in two communities starting 2014. This case study reports from the design phase which entailed clarifying very basic questions: Who is the primary target group? What are the aims? What functions are priorities? Roles and responsibilities? What types of evidence can legitimize tool design decisions? Here we highlight the views of service users as a basis for discussing implications of user involvement for service design and research. CASE DESCRIPTION PsyConnect has become a tool for those who expect to need assistance over long periods of time regardless of their specific condition(s). The aim is to support service users in gaining greater overview and control, legitimacy, and sense of continuity in relationships. It has a personalized "my control panel" which depicts status → process → goals. Functionality includes support for: mapping life domains; medication overview; crisis management; coping exercises; secure messaging; and social support. While the types of evidence that can legitimize design decisions are scattered and indirectly relevant, recent trends in recovery research will be used to guide further refinements. DISCUSSION PsyConnect has undoubtedly become something other than it would have been without careful attention to the views of service users. The tool invites a proactive approach that is likely to challenge treatment cultures that are reactive, disorder-focused and consultation-based. Service user representatives will need to play central roles in training peers and clinicians in order to increase the likelihood of tool usage in line with intentions. Similarly, their influence on tool design has implications for choice of methods for evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Starting down the path of service user involvement in intervention design fosters commitment to follow through in the remaining implementation and research phases. While this can be time-consuming and less meriting for researchers, it is probably vital to increasing the likelihood of success of person-centered service innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deede Gammon
- Norwegian Center for Integrated Care and Telemedicine, University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Nick JA, Sanders LA, Ickes B, Briones NJ, Caceres SM, Malcolm KC, Brayshaw SJ, Chacon CS, Barboa CM, Jones MC, St Clair C, Taylor-Cousar JL, Nichols DP, Sagel SD, Strand M, Saavedra MT. Blood mRNA biomarkers for detection of treatment response in acute pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2013; 68:929-37. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Aschemann-Witzel J, Pérez-Cueto FJA, Strand M, Verbeke W, Bech-Larsen T. [Success factors in public healthy eating campaigns: a case study]. NUTR HOSP 2013; 27:1536-41. [PMID: 23478702 DOI: 10.3305/nh.2012.27.5.5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Public campaigns and interventions are rarely fully evaluated regarding their effectiveness. The analysis of past, successful activities can contribute to the future development of public campaigns and interventions for healthier eating. OBJECTIVES The study of public campaigns and interventions for healthier eating aimed at identifying the underlying success factors and describing their relation. METHODS Interviews were conducted with representatives of 11 cases that had been identified as especially successful in an earlier research step. The interviews were analysed with regard to possible success factors and the latter used to develop a model of success factor interrelation. RESULTS It was found that success of the cases was first, attributed to characteristics of the macro environment or to public private partnerships in the initiation of campaigns, second, to the engagement of social communities, elements of empowerment of the target group and the implementation of social marketing measures, and thirdly, in citizens adoption of the campaign and in accompanying structural changes. CONCLUSIONS The model and identified success factors underline that success can stem from three crucial phases: the set up of a campaign, the conduction and finally, the interrelation with the citizen. The model can serve as a guide in the future development of campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aschemann-Witzel
- MAPP-centre, Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Schmid M, Strand M, Ardal G, Lund A, Hammar A. Prolonged Impairment in Inhibition and Semantic Fluency in a Follow-up Study of Recurrent Major Depression. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 26:677-86. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acr048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Traill WB, Shankar B, Brambila-Macias J, Bech-Larsen T, Aschemann-Witzel J, Strand M, Mazzocchi M, Capacci S, Verbeke W, Perez-Cueto FJA, D'Addesa D, Saba A, Turrini A, Niedźwiedzka B, Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Kijowska V, Piórecka B, Infantes M, Wills J, Smillie L, Chalot F, Lyle D. Interventions to promote healthy eating habits: evaluation and recommendations. Obes Rev 2010; 11:895-8. [PMID: 20202134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although in several EU Member States many public interventions have been running for the prevention and/or management of obesity and other nutrition-related health conditions, few have yet been formally evaluated. The multidisciplinary team of the EATWELL project will gather benchmark data on healthy eating interventions in EU Member States and review existing information on the effectiveness of interventions using a three-stage procedure (i) Assessment of the intervention's impact on consumer attitudes, consumer behaviour and diets; (ii) The impact of the change in diets on obesity and health and (iii) The value attached by society to these changes, measured in life years gained, cost savings and quality-adjusted life years. Where evaluations have been inadequate, EATWELL will gather secondary data and analyse them with a multidisciplinary approach incorporating models from the psychology and economics disciplines. Particular attention will be paid to lessons that can be learned from private sector that are transferable to the healthy eating campaigns in the public sector. Through consumer surveys and workshops with other stakeholders, EATWELL will assess the acceptability of the range of potential interventions. Armed with scientific quantitative evaluations of policy interventions and their acceptability to stakeholders, EATWELL expects to recommend more appropriate interventions for Member States and the EU, providing a one-stop guide to methods and measures in interventions evaluation, and outline data collection priorities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Traill
- Department of Agricultural and Food Economics, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Traill WB, Pérez-Cueto FJA, Shankar B, Brambila-Macias J, Bech-Larsen T, Aschemann-Witzel J, Strand M, Mazzocchi M, Capacci S, D'Addesa D, Saba A, Turrini A, Niedzwiedzka B, Kijowska V, Piorecka B, Infantes M, Wills J, Smillie L, Chalot F, Lyle D, Verbeke W. EATWELL project: approaching European healthy eating policies from a multi-disciplinary perspective. NUTR HOSP 2010; 25:867-868. [PMID: 21336449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
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Rothstein SJ, Dimaio J, Strand M, Rice D. Stable and heritable inhibition of the expression of nopaline synthase in tobacco expressing antisense RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 84:8439-43. [PMID: 16593903 PMCID: PMC299559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense nopaline synthase (nos) (D-nopaline synthase; EC 1.5.1.19) RNA is stably expressed from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in transformed tobacco plants. The expression of a previously introduced wild-type nos gene is inhibited by the antisense RNA, with less nos enzyme activity detected (by a factor of 8-50) depending on the tissue analyzed. The steady-state levels of nos mRNA are reduced in the presence of the antisense RNA, implying that mRNA degradation is probably the main mode of action for the decrease in expression in this system. The antisense RNA-expressing gene and its inhibition of nos expression are shown to be heritable, demonstrating that it is a potentially useful method for the modification of phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Rothstein
- Ciba-Geigy Biotechnology, P. O. Box 12257, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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20
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Abstract
Many issues in DNA barcoding need to be solved before it can reach its goal to become a general database for species identification. While species delimitations are more or less well established in several taxa, there are still many groups where this is not the case. Without the proper taxonomic background/knowledge and corroboration with other kinds of data, the DNA barcoding approach may fail to identify species accurately. The classification and taxonomy of phylum Nemertea (nemerteans, ribbon worms) are traditionally based on morphology, but are not corroborated by an increasing amount of genetic data when it comes to classification either into species or into higher taxa. The taxonomy of the phylum needs to be improved before the full potential of DNA barcoding can be utilized to make sure that valid Linnean names accompany the barcode sequences. We illustrate the problematic situation in the phylum Nemertea by a case study from the genus Cerebratulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sundberg
- Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 463, SE-412 54 Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that insects use pattern recognition molecules to distinguish prokaryotic pathogens and fungi from "self" structures. Less understood is how the innate immune system of insects recognizes endoparasitic Hymenoptera and other eukaryotic invaders as foreign. Here we discuss candidate recognition factors and the strategies used by parasitoids to overcome host defense responses. We suggest that host-parasitoid systems are important experimental models for studying how the innate immune system of insects recognizes foreign invaders that are phylogenetically more closely related to their hosts. The strategies used by parasitoids suggest that insects may employ "hidden-self" recognition molecules for attacking foreign objects intruding the open circulatory system. BioEssays 23:344-351, 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schmidt
- Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
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22
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Abstract
Glycoconjugate-bound fucose, abundant in the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, has been found in the form of Fucalpha1,3GlcNAc, Fucalpha1,2Fuc, Fucalpha1,6GlcNAc, and perhaps Fucalpha1,4GlcNAc linkages. Here we quantify fucosyltransferase activities in three developmental stages of S. mansoni. Assays were performed using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis with detection of radioactive fucose incorporation from GDP-[(14)C]-fucose into structurally defined acceptors. The total fucosyltransferase-specific activity in egg extracts was 50-fold higher than that in the other life stages tested (cercaria and adult worms). A fucosyltransferase was detected that transferred fucose to type-2 oligosaccharides (Galbeta1,4GlcNAc-R), both sialylated (with the sialic acid attached to the terminal Gal by alpha2,3 or 2,6 linkage) and nonsialylated. Another fucosyltransferase was identified that transferred fucose to lactose-based and type-2 fucosylated oligosaccharides, such as LNFIII (Galbeta1,4(Fucalpha1,3)GlcNAcbeta1,3Galbeta1,4Glc). A low level of fucosyltransferase that transfers fucose to no-sialylated type-1 oligosaccharides (Galbeta1,3GlcNAc-R) was also detected. These studies revealed multifucosylated products of the reactions. In addition, the effects of fucose-type iminosugars inhibitors were tested on schistosome fucosyltransferases. A new fucose-type 1-N-iminosugar was four- to sixfold more potent as an inhibitor of schistosome fucosyltransferases in vitro than was deoxyfuconojirimycin. In vivo, this novel 1-iminosugar blocked the expression of a fucosylated epitope (mAb 128C3/3 antigen) that is associated with the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Marques
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
Treatment means in factorial experiments are lattice ordered when there is an increase in mean response as the level of any factor is increased while holding the other factors fixed. Such means occur naturally in many experiments. A nonparametric test for lattice-ordered means involving a Kendall-type statistic will be summarized for k-factor factorial experiments. Specifically, the form of the test statistic and variance under the null hypothesis will be presented. In addition, a normalized version of the test statistic will be discussed and applied to relevant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Department of Statistics, University of California at Los Angeles, Box 951554, Los Angeles, California 90095-1554, USA.
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Ribeiro de Jesus A, Araújo I, Bacellar O, Magalhães A, Pearce E, Harn D, Strand M, Carvalho EM. Human immune responses to Schistosoma mansoni vaccine candidate antigens. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2797-803. [PMID: 10768975 PMCID: PMC97490 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.5.2797-2803.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the naturally occurring immunological responses to the Schistosoma mansoni antigens paramyosin, IrV-5, Sm-23 (MAP-3), and triose phosphate isomerase (MAP-4), a total of 119 subjects from an area of endemicity for schistosomiasis, including "resistant" subjects (n = 17) were evaluated. Specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, and IgA levels for each of the antigens and the cytokine profile in culture supernatants from antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined. Although all the subjects had a high degree of contaminated water exposure, their infection levels were variable (0 to 1,128 eggs/g of stool). There were direct correlations between infection levels and levels of SWAP- and paramyosin-specific IgG1 and IgG4 (P < 0.05). However, an inverse correlation between infection levels and specific IgG2 to IrV-5 (P < 0.01) was observed. The evaluation of the cytokine profile (interleukin 5 [IL-5], IL-10, gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in response to these antigens showed inverse correlations between the degree of infection and IFN-gamma levels in PBMC supernatants stimulated with paramyosin (P < 0.05) and IrV-5 (P < 0.01). Additionally, inverse correlations between the degree of infection and IL-5 levels in MAP-3- and MAP-4-stimulated PBMC supernatants (P < 0.01) were found. Logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust the results of cytokine profile by age. IL-5 production in MAP-3-stimulated PBMC supernatants was associated with lower infection levels (odds ratio = 11.2 [95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 45.8]).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ribeiro de Jesus
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
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25
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Abstract
The project 'The Register and Preventive Programs for Accidents and Injuries' enabled data collection on all the injured who sought medical aid in Koprivnica County (population 61,052), Croatia, since 1992. Children aged 1-4 years are 5.03% of the whole population of the district. Complex injury attributes were analysed. Binary attributes were classified as input: age, gender, place of injury; and output: severity of injury. A new application of information entropy was introduced and applied to the classification of injury-causes attributes. The information entropy was calculated for the classification of input attributes according to the minimum information content. The decision procedure is given as a sequential procedure separating important from unimportant causes of injury at each decision level. Thus a decision tree with increasing entropy, i.e. decreasing determinism, was obtained showing that age (0.5347 N), place (0.6062 N) and gender (0.6105 N) are measurable attributes in child injury ascertainment in a descending pattern. It was shown that this method is, at the same time, an optimal way of using an attribute decision process of injury causes classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Rockefellerova, Croatia
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26
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Karanja DM, Boyer AE, Strand M, Colley DG, Nahlen BL, Ouma JH, Secor WE. Studies on schistosomiasis in western Kenya: II. Efficacy of praziquantel for treatment of schistosomiasis in persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus-1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 59:307-11. [PMID: 9715952 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Praziquantel is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis chemotherapy. Although the exact mechanism of how praziquantel kills schistosomes remains poorly understood, the immune response of the host is an important factor in drug efficacy. It is thus possible that disease states of humans that lead to immunodeficiencies, such as infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), may render praziquantel less effective in treating schistosomiasis. To test this hypothesis, persons with high levels of Schistosoma mansoni infection who were or were not also infected with HIV-1 were treated with a standard regimen of praziquantel and monitored by quantitative fecal examination and plasma circulating cathodic antigen. Both groups responded to praziquantel therapy equally and individuals with low percentages (< 20%) of CD4+ T cells did not differ from individuals with higher CD4 cell percentages. These data demonstrate that persons with HIV-1 infection can be treated effectively for schistosomiasis with praziquantel.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Karanja
- Vector Biology and Control Research Centre, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu
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27
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Abstract
The glycans of schistosomes include many complex carbohydrates that contain fucose. Although the biological functions of these complex carbohydrates are not yet clearly understood, some of these structures are thought to play essential roles in the life cycle of the parasite. Here we present the molecular cloning and characterization of a fucosyltransferase of Schistosoma mansoni with a DNA sequence similarity of 84.6 and 63.7% to mouse and human fucosyltransferase type VII. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA indicated that this S. mansoni fucosyltransferase is the product of a single gene. The schistosome cDNA sequence that we obtained contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 351 amino acids with a predicted molecular size of 40.5 kDa. From the amino acid sequence, we predicted two potential N-linked and one O-linked glycosylation site. Western blot studies of extracts from stably transfected CHO cells showed a band corresponding to the schistosome fucosyltransferase at 50 kDa, suggesting that the enzyme is indeed glycosylated. We further demonstrated the expression and enzymatic activity of the fucosyltransferase in the transfected cells by immunofluorescence studies and flow microfluorimetric analysis, which indicated that the enzyme is capable of synthesizing the SLeX blood group determinant but not the LeX determinant in CHO cells. The identification of a fucosyltransferase type VII in schistosomes further underscores the importance of fucose-containing glycans in schistosome glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Marques
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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28
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Hoffmann KF, Strand M. Molecular characterization of a 20.8-kDa Schistosoma mansoni antigen. Sequence similarity to tegumental associated antigens and dynein light chains. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:14509-15. [PMID: 9169407 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.23.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival of Schistosoma mansoni within the infected host requires the parasite to actively maintain its protective tegument. The components responsible for this maintenance are therefore attractive targets for immunoprophylaxis or chemotherapy. Here we report the molecular characterization of a 20.8-kDa tegumental antigen with sequence similarity to dynein light chains and tegumental associated antigens. A cDNA encoding the 20.8-kDa polypeptide contains an open reading frame of 181 amino acids and predicts an isoelectric point of 7.27. Expression of the 20.8-kDa antigen is developmentally regulated, with the highest concentration found in cercariae. Our data show that the 20.8-kDa polypeptide specifically interacts with a S. mansoni 10.4-kDa dynein light chain that we have previously described (Hoffmann, K. F., and Strand, M. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 26117-26123). Velocity sedimentation analysis of a parasite extract demonstrated that this 10.4-kDa dynein light chain and the 20.8-kDa polypeptide were present in a complex that sedimented at 4.4 Svedberg units. We have also shown by antibody cross-reactivity that a 20.8-kDa homolog of the S. mansoni antigen is present in Schistosoma japonicum, but not in Schistosoma hematobium or Fasciola hepatica. Because the 20.8-kDa polypeptide displays ideal characteristics of a potential vaccine candidate, including (i) expression in the tegument, (ii) significant divergence from mammalian brain cytoplasmic dynein, and (iii) a conserved homolog in S. japonicum, we are currently evaluating its immunoprophylactic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Center for Monoclonal Studies, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Strand M. Effect of mineral nutrition content on oxygen exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in needles of Norway spruce. Tree Physiol 1997; 17:221-230. [PMID: 14759861 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/17.4.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic O(2) evolution at high irradiances (approximately 600-1000 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)) and O(2) uptake in darkness were measured in needles of control, irrigated and irrigated-fertilized trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Measurements were made at 20 degrees C and at high CO(2) concentrations. The results suggest that, at given times of the year, a major part of the variation in gross photosynthesis of current-year and one-year-old needles across treatments is associated with differences in needle N content. Furthermore, the rate of O(2) uptake measured after 5 or 10 min in darkness was positively correlated with both the preceding rate of gross O(2) evolution and the N content in fully expanded current-year needles. Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence, taken simultaneously with measurements of O(2) evolution in current-year sun needles, showed that Stern-Volmer quenching of minimum fluorescence and the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence in the dark- and light-adapted state were strongly correlated with the gross rate of O(2) evolution. This suggests that the increased rate of gross photosynthesis in needles of irrigated-fertilized trees was associated with adjustments in the thermal energy dissipation within photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Wynn TA, Reynolds A, James S, Cheever AW, Caspar P, Hieny S, Jankovic D, Strand M, Sher A. IL-12 enhances vaccine-induced immunity to schistosomes by augmenting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the parasite. J Immunol 1996; 157:4068-78. [PMID: 8892641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of Th1-type cytokines is associated with strong cell-mediated immunity, while Th2-type cytokines typically dominate humoral immune responses. In mice vaccinated a single time with attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the protection induced is associated with Th1 cytokine-dependent, cell-mediated immunity. In contrast, mice vaccinated multiple times display a more Th2-type dominant cytokine response and develop Ab-dependent resistance. We have previously shown that IL-12 enhances cell-mediated immunity in singly vaccinated mice. In the present study, we asked what effects administering IL-12 as an adjuvant would have on the development of a protective humoral response in multiply immunized animals. We found that multiply immunized/IL-12-treated mice displayed a marked increase in resistance to challenge infection, with some animals demonstrating complete protection. The IL-12-vaccinated mice developed strongly polarized Th1 responses but, importantly, also showed significant increases in parasite-specific Ab and, in particular, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG1 isotypes. Passive transfer demonstrated an enhanced ability of serum from these animals to protect naive recipients. In addition, animals vaccinated in the presence of IL-12 also developed macrophages with increased nitric oxide-dependent killing activity against the parasites. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-12, initially described as an adjuvant for cell-mediated immunity, may be used to simultaneously to promote both humoral and cell-mediated protective responses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Wynn TA, Reynolds A, James S, Cheever AW, Caspar P, Hieny S, Jankovic D, Strand M, Sher A. IL-12 enhances vaccine-induced immunity to schistosomes by augmenting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the parasite. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.9.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The production of Th1-type cytokines is associated with strong cell-mediated immunity, while Th2-type cytokines typically dominate humoral immune responses. In mice vaccinated a single time with attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the protection induced is associated with Th1 cytokine-dependent, cell-mediated immunity. In contrast, mice vaccinated multiple times display a more Th2-type dominant cytokine response and develop Ab-dependent resistance. We have previously shown that IL-12 enhances cell-mediated immunity in singly vaccinated mice. In the present study, we asked what effects administering IL-12 as an adjuvant would have on the development of a protective humoral response in multiply immunized animals. We found that multiply immunized/IL-12-treated mice displayed a marked increase in resistance to challenge infection, with some animals demonstrating complete protection. The IL-12-vaccinated mice developed strongly polarized Th1 responses but, importantly, also showed significant increases in parasite-specific Ab and, in particular, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG1 isotypes. Passive transfer demonstrated an enhanced ability of serum from these animals to protect naive recipients. In addition, animals vaccinated in the presence of IL-12 also developed macrophages with increased nitric oxide-dependent killing activity against the parasites. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-12, initially described as an adjuvant for cell-mediated immunity, may be used to simultaneously to promote both humoral and cell-mediated protective responses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - A Reynolds
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - S James
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - A W Cheever
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - P Caspar
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - S Hieny
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - D Jankovic
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - M Strand
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - A Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Motyka V, Faiss M, Strand M, Kaminek M, Schmulling T. Changes in Cytokinin Content and Cytokinin Oxidase Activity in Response to Derepression of ipt Gene Transcription in Transgenic Tobacco Calli and Plants. Plant Physiol 1996; 112:1035-1043. [PMID: 12226431 PMCID: PMC158030 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.3.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic control of cytokinin oxidase by its substrate was investigated in planta using wild-type (WT) and conditionally ipt gene-expressing transgenic (IPT) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) callus cultures and plants. The derepression of the tetracycline (Tc)-dependent ipt gene transcription was followed by a progressive, more than 100-fold increase in total cytokinin content in IPT calli. The activity of cytokinin oxidase extracted from these calli began to increase 16 to 20 h after gene derepression, and after 13 d it was 10-fold higher than from Tc-treated WT calli. An increase in cytokinin oxidase activity, as a consequence of elevated cytokinin levels, was found in detached leaves (8-fold after 4 d) and in roots of intact plants (4-fold after 3 d). The partially purified cytokinin oxidase from WT, repressed IPT, and Tc-derepressed IPT tobacco calli exhibited similar characteristics. It had the same broad pH optimum (pH 6.5-8.5), its activity in vitro was enhanced 4-fold in the presence of copper-imidazole, and the apparent Km(N6-[[delta]2iso-pentenyl]adenine) values were in the range of 3.1 to 4.9 [mu]M. The increase in cytokinin oxidase activity in cytokinin-overproducing tissue was associated with the accumulation of a glycosylated form of the enzyme. The present data indicate the substrate induction of cytokinin oxidase activity in different tobacco tissues, which may contribute to hormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Ke dvoru 15, CZ-16630 Prague 6, Czech Republic (V.M.); Universitat Tubingen, Lehrstuhl fur Allgemeine Genetik, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076, Tubingen, Germany (M.F., T.S.)
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Hoffmann KF, Strand M. Molecular identification of a Schistosoma mansoni tegumental protein with similarity to cytoplasmic dynein light chains. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:26117-23. [PMID: 8824255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.42.26117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The tegument of Schistosoma mansoni contains a number of proteins that presumably function in its maintenance and/or repair against damage incurred from host-mediated humoral immune responses. Here, we show that the schistosome antigen identified by monoclonal antibody 709A2/2 is a cytoplasmic dynein light chain. Dynein light chains are components of dynein, an enzyme complex involved in various aspects of microtubule-based motility. Monoclonal antibody 709A2/2 recognizes two polypeptides, one of 8.9 kDa and a second of 7.6 kDa, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We find that expression of S. mansoni dynein light chain is developmentally regulated and localized to the tegument in the schistosomula, lung stage worms, and adult worms, but is not present in the cercariae or ciliated miracidia. By Northern blot analysis of adult worm RNA, S. mansoni dynein light chain is encoded by a single message of approximately 600 base pairs. A cDNA encoding this polypeptide contains an open reading frame of 89 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of 10.4 kDa. Coprecipitation of an apparent 18.4-kDa antigen with S. mansoni dynein light chain by monoclonal antibody 709A2/2 illustrates that this molecule has an affinity for other proteins. Such interactions may play a role in S. mansoni dynein light chain participation in organelle trafficking in S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Center for Monoclonal Studies, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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35
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Jankovic D, Aslund L, Oswald IP, Caspar P, Champion C, Pearce E, Coligan JE, Strand M, Sher A, James SL. Calpain is the target antigen of a Th1 clone that transfers protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni. J Immunol 1996; 157:806-14. [PMID: 8752932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A CD4+ clone (clone B), characterized as Th1 based on its selective production of IFN-gamma and IL-2, was established from C57Bl/6 mice protectively immunized against Schistosoma mansoni by intradermal vaccination with soluble worm Ags, plus bacillus Calmette Guerin. In agreement with previous results demonstrating an IFN-gamma-dependent cell-mediated protective mechanism in this vaccination model, Ag-elicited peritoneal macrophages from syngeneic recipients of this clone were activated to kill schistosome larvae (schistosomula) in vitro. Moreover, recipients of clone B displayed significant resistance against cercarial challenge. By screening a battery of lambda(gt11) clones from an adult worm cDNA library, one recombinant (25B) was identified that stimulated clone B specifically. Analysis of the 25B cDNA insert revealed a nucleotide sequence identical with that of the large subunit of schistosome calpain, a Ca2+-activated neutral proteinase. By expressing the products of PCR subcloning, we identified a 146-amino acid region of the 25B gene containing immunologic activity equivalent to the whole polypeptide. Overlapping peptides spanning this region were synthesized, and a core epitope was identified with the sequence EWKGAWCDGS. Since clone B responds to supernatants from cultured schistosomula, we postulate that the recognition of calpain released by invading larvae and resulting induction of Th1 cytokines accounts for the protection mediated by the adoptively transferred clone. Our findings thus implicate calpain as a target of protective immunity in schistosomes and provide the first example of a candidate vaccine Ag for this parasite identified on the basis of T cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jankovic
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Jankovic D, Aslund L, Oswald IP, Caspar P, Champion C, Pearce E, Coligan JE, Strand M, Sher A, James SL. Calpain is the target antigen of a Th1 clone that transfers protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.2.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A CD4+ clone (clone B), characterized as Th1 based on its selective production of IFN-gamma and IL-2, was established from C57Bl/6 mice protectively immunized against Schistosoma mansoni by intradermal vaccination with soluble worm Ags, plus bacillus Calmette Guerin. In agreement with previous results demonstrating an IFN-gamma-dependent cell-mediated protective mechanism in this vaccination model, Ag-elicited peritoneal macrophages from syngeneic recipients of this clone were activated to kill schistosome larvae (schistosomula) in vitro. Moreover, recipients of clone B displayed significant resistance against cercarial challenge. By screening a battery of lambda(gt11) clones from an adult worm cDNA library, one recombinant (25B) was identified that stimulated clone B specifically. Analysis of the 25B cDNA insert revealed a nucleotide sequence identical with that of the large subunit of schistosome calpain, a Ca2+-activated neutral proteinase. By expressing the products of PCR subcloning, we identified a 146-amino acid region of the 25B gene containing immunologic activity equivalent to the whole polypeptide. Overlapping peptides spanning this region were synthesized, and a core epitope was identified with the sequence EWKGAWCDGS. Since clone B responds to supernatants from cultured schistosomula, we postulate that the recognition of calpain released by invading larvae and resulting induction of Th1 cytokines accounts for the protection mediated by the adoptively transferred clone. Our findings thus implicate calpain as a target of protective immunity in schistosomes and provide the first example of a candidate vaccine Ag for this parasite identified on the basis of T cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jankovic
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - L Aslund
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I P Oswald
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P Caspar
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - C Champion
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E Pearce
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J E Coligan
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Strand
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S L James
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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37
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Abstract
Female members of the species Schistosoma mansoni require continual interaction with males to achieve sexual maturity [1,2]. The nature of the developmental stimuli provided by the adult male parasite are unknown. Aronstein and Strand have reported that the surface expression of an 86-kDa gynecophoral canal protein, SmGCP, is gender-specific in adult S. mansoni [3]. The antigen shows wide distribution on the surface of adult female worms, but in males surface expression is limited to the gynecophoral canal, the site of direct interaction between the mating pair. Expression of the antigen is undetectable or severely diminished in unmated male worms, suggesting a role for this glycoprotein in schistosome mating and/or egg production. We report here the molecular cloning and sequencing of a cDNA clone, SmGCP, which contains a deduced amino acid sequence of 688 residues with a predicted molecular mass of 79 kDa. SmGCP is encoded by a single RNA transcript of 2.4 kb. Enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans from native SmGCP results in a 7-kDa shift in molecular mass as observed by SDS-PAGE. SmGCP contains multiple short, conserved repeat regions with sequence similarity to the developmentally-regulated neural cell adhesion molecule fasciclin I. Although localized to the schistosome surface, SmGCP lacks a convincing transmembrane region. The identification of a gynecophoral canal-specific antigen may have implications for the reproductive development of schistosomes and may provide a novel target for anti-parasite therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bostic
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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38
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Abstract
THe polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma floridanum produces up to 2000 individuals from a single egg. During the production of individual embryos the original anteroposterior axis of the egg is lost and axial patterning must subsequently be reestablished within each embryo. The mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. In most insects, egg polarity is established during oogenesis and early development takes place in a syncytium. In Drosophila melanogaster, the syncytium is considered essential for establishing the morphogenetic gradients that initiate segmental patterning. However, we found that development of C. floridanum occurs almost exclusively in a cellularized environment. To determine whether the D. melanogaster patterning cascade is conserved in the absence of a syncytium, we analyzed the expression of Even-skipped, Engrailed and Ultrabithorax/Abdominal-A during polyembryonic development. Here we show that in spite of the absence of a syncytium, the elements of the D. melanogaster segmentation hierarchy are conserved. The segment-polarity gene Engrailed and the homeotic genes Ultrabithorax/Abdominal-A are expressed in a conserved pattern relative to D. melanogaster. However, we detect an alteration in the expression of the Even-skipped antigen. Even-skipped is initially expressed in segmentally reiterated stripes and not in the pair-rule pattern as it is in D. melanogaster. We also observe that the expression of these regulatory proteins does not occur during the early proliferative phases of polyembryony. Our results indicate that a syncytium is not required for segmental patterning in this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grbic
- Developmental Biology Program and Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53076, USA
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39
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Abstract
PURPOSE The goals of this study were to learn whether the DOTA chelator was useful for targeting lead radionuclides (203,212 Pb) to cells and tissues invaded by the Rauscher leukemia virus (RVB3) and to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of targeted 212Pb in treating the murine leukemia. METHODS AND MATERIALS Five to 6-week-old BALB/c mice were inoculated i.v. with RVB3. This virus causes marked splenomegaly and death by day 13 and day 70 postinfection, respectively. Biodistribution, tumor targeting, and toxicity studies were performed using varying doses of 212Pb-DOTA-103A. A heavy metal chelator, DMPS, was administered orally and parenterally in two phases of the toxicity study. RESULTS Biodistribution studies showed marked tumor targeting (58% ID/g spleen) in mice treated with 203Pb-103A as compared with mice treated with control antibody B3 (4.6% ID/g spleen). Histologic cure was achieved in all leukemic mice treated with 20 muCi212Pb-103A; however, all of the mice died with leukopenia and secondary++ bacterial infections due to severe bone marrow toxicity. Nonleukemic mice and mice treated with 20 muCi212Pb-B3 experienced less marrow toxicity and longer survival. Coadministration of the heavy metal chelator did not diminish the bone marrow toxicity. CONCLUSION An effective, nonlethal dose could not be established to treat this tumor. The severe bone marrow toxicity associated with this radionuclide may limit its usefulness in systemic radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ruble
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
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40
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Abstract
A 100-kDa astrocyte antigen previously shown to cross-react with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) generated against amino acids (aa) 598 to 609 of the transmembrane protein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1] has now been molecularly characterized and found to be an alpha-actinin (alpha-actinin) related protein. Western blot analyses of human astrocytoma cells fractionated by differential centrifugation and detergent phase separation showed that the antigen was membrane associated. The astrocyte protein was purified to apparent homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography. Amino acid analysis of three peptide fragments obtained by cleavage of the purified 100-kDa protein revealed sequence identities of 77, 83 and 100% to a non-muscle isoform of human alpha-actinin. In addition, the aa 598-609 sequence of gp41 recognized by MAb 781.4, and the aa 581-597 sequence recognized by another cross-reactive MAb 781.3, were 73% and 53% similar to regions of alpha-actinin. This molecular mimicry between gp41 and alpha-actinin was supported by antibody cross-reactivity in Western immunoblot and ELISA analyses. Both anti-gp41 and anti-alpha-actinin MAbs bind to the surface of the human astrocytoma cells as detected by a cell surface binding assay and immunofluorescence. Antibodies made against this immunodominant region of gp41 in the serum and CSF of HIV-infected individuals have access to astrocytes within the CNS. The identification of the astrocyte antigen as an alpha-actinin related protein will allow further work to determine how this immunological cross-reactivity could perturb astrocyte function and contribute to HIV neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Spehar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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41
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Strand M, Earley MC, Crouse GF, Petes TD. Mutations in the MSH3 gene preferentially lead to deletions within tracts of simple repetitive DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:10418-21. [PMID: 7479796 PMCID: PMC40808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.22.10418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes contain tracts of DNA in which a single base or a small number of bases are repeated (microsatellites). Mutations in the yeast DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2, PMS1, and MLH1 increase the frequency of mutations for normal DNA sequences and destabilize microsatellites. Mutations of human homologs of MSH2, PMS1, and MLH1 also cause microsatellite instability and result in certain types of cancer. We find that a mutation in the yeast gene MSH3 that does not substantially affect the rate of spontaneous mutations at several loci increases microsatellite instability about 40-fold, preferentially causing deletions. We suggest that MSH3 has different substrate specificities than the other mismatch repair proteins and that the human MSH3 homolog (MRP1) may be mutated in some tumors with microsatellite instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-3280, USA
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42
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Yuhasz SC, Parry C, Strand M, Amzel LM. Structural analysis of affinity maturation: the three-dimensional structures of complexes of an anti-nitrophenol antibody. Mol Immunol 1995; 32:1143-55. [PMID: 8544863 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(95)00063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Affinity maturation of the immune response to nitrophenol-containing antigens has been extensively investigated. Significant strides made during the past several years with the advent of PCR technology have provided a wealth of biochemical knowledge. Structural investigations of the phenomena have however been limited. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of the Fab fragment of 88C6/12, an anti-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetic acid antibody complexed with the immunizing hapten and with a heteroclitic iodinated hapten. The crystallographic structure of the complexes reveals that the binding is stabilized by a number of hydrogen bonds and extensive van der Waals interactions between the hapten and the antibody. In addition, the Fab binding pocket contains a region of positive electrostatic potential well suited for interaction with the predominant resonance form of the nitrophenyl ring system. The observed heteroclicity towards the iodinated hapten is not a direct result of iodine-protein interactions, but results from the enhanced stability in the iodinated ring of the resonance form that binds the antibody. In addition this investigation provides a rationale for the strong preference for the substitution in the heavy chain from the germ-line gene encoded Trp 33 to Leu 33 in the mature anti-nitrophenol response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Yuhasz
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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43
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Strand M, Lundmark T. Recovery of photosynthesis in 1-year-old needles of unfertilized and fertilized Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) during spring. Tree Physiol 1995; 15:151-158. [PMID: 14965970 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/15.3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic O(2) evolution and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured in 1-year-old needles of unfertilized and fertilized trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) during recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition in northern Sweden. Measurements were made under laboratory conditions at 20 degrees C. In general, the CO(2)-saturated rate of O(2) evolution was higher in needles of fertilized trees than in needles of unfertilized trees over a wide range of incident photon flux densities. Furthermore, the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II, as indicated by the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (F(V)/F(M)) was higher in needles of fertilized trees than in needles of unfertilized trees. The largest differences in F(V)/F(M) between the two treatments occurred before the main recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition in late May. The rate of O(2) evolution was higher in needles of north-facing branches than in needles of south-facing branches in the middle of May. Simultaneous measurements of O(2) exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that differences in the rate of O(2) evolution between the two treatments were paralleled by differences in the rate of PS II electron transport determined by chlorophyll fluorescence. We suggest that, during recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition, the balance between carbon assimilation and PS II electron transport was maintained largely by adjustments in the nonphotochemical dissipation of excitation energy within PS II.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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44
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Abstract
Praziquantel is the drug of choice for human schistosomiasis. The efficacy of this drug is impaired in immune-deficient mice. However, transfer to B cell-depleted mice of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 200-kDa GPI-anchored glycoprotein of S. mansoni restores the effectiveness of praziquantel. In order to characterize this target antigen, we have isolated and sequenced cDNA clones encoding the 200-kDa protein. Three overlapping cDNA clones contained the complete nucleotide sequence. The sequences of five tryptic peptides from the native 200-kDa protein could be matched with regions in the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the isolated clones. This deduced amino acid sequence differed from sequences available in six databases. Praziquantel exposes epitopes on the worm surface that are normally not exposed, and we have shown by immunofluorescent staining that the fusion protein encoded by one of our cDNA clones expresses epitopes that are exposed on the surface of praziquantel-treated worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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45
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Abstract
An antigen expressed by astrocytes in human brain tissue and by various human astrocytoma cell lines was shown to cross-react with a monoclonal antibody generated against amino acids (aa) 584 to 609 of the transmembrane protein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This region is an immunodominant segment of gp41, and high levels of antibodies against this epitope have been detected in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected individuals at all stages of HIV infection. Immunohistochemistry with this monoclonal antibody demonstrated the presence of a cross-reactive antigen in human brain tissue, with an increased frequency and intensity of staining in HIV-positive individuals when compared with HIV-negative controls. By using a panel of HIV-positive and -negative sera, we show that antibodies in HIV-positive serum specifically bound to the surfaces of human astrocytoma cells. HIV-positive sera depleted of antibodies recognizing gp41 aa 584 to 609 showed a significant diminution in cell surface binding. Conversely, the serum antibodies that bound to and were eluted from the aa 584 to 609 peptide also bound to the astrocyte cell surface. To identify the target antigen, the immunoreactivity of three astrocytoma cell lines was examined. By immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled cell lysates and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis, we identified a protein of approximately 100 kDa as the target antigen. Cross-reactive antibodies between HIV proteins and astrocyte epitopes, such as this 100-kDa protein and others previously reported, suggests that an autoimmune response against these target antigens may disrupt the normal functions of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Spehar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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46
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Hawn TR, Strand M. Developmentally regulated localization and phosphorylation of SmIrV1, a Schistosoma mansoni antigen with similarity to calnexin. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:20083-9. [PMID: 8051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential molecular targets of a protective humoral immune response against schistosomiasis have previously been identified based on their enhanced immunogenicity in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercaria as compared to chronically infected mice. One of these antigens, IrV1, has been molecularly cloned and its sequence shown to be similar to the molecular chaperone calnexin. In this investigation, we partially characterized IrV1 from different developmental stages of the schistosome. Immunoprecipitation studies with antibodies raised against a portion of recombinant IrV1 demonstrated its presence in cercaria, schistosomula, and adult worms with an apparent molecular mass on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 90 kDa. There was an approximate 6-fold increase in protein expression level during the cercaria to schistosomula transformation. Consistent with a potential role as a molecular chaperone, IrV1 was associated with several metabolically labeled proteins in co-immunoprecipitation studies with the adult worm tegumental fraction. Similar to calnexin, IrV1 was metabolically labeled with 32P in adult worms on serine and threonine residues and was one of the major phosphoproteins of this stage. This phosphorylation was developmentally regulated and coincided with the transformation of cercaria into schistosomula. The localization was also stage-specific as IrV1 was transported from internal regions of cercaria to the outer tegumental layer of schistosomula. The presence of IrV1 on the surface of schistosomula, an unprecedented localization for this family of endoplasmic reticulum proteins, supports additional studies of the immunoprophylactic potential of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Hawn
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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47
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Abstract
Synthetic peptides derived from the putative immunosuppressive region of HIV-1 gp41 were examined to identify the amino acids required for suppressive activity. The active sequence was similar to the pseudosubstrate regulatory peptide of protein kinase C and to a sequence from the cyclic immune peptides known as defensins. The activity of the gp41 peptides appeared to be dependent upon a structural conformation, possibly a looped motif like that found in defensins. This similarity to defensins, which can insert themselves into lipid bilayers, was further strengthened by demonstrating that gp41 peptides have the ability to associate with liposomes and lymphocyte membranes. These results suggest that the immunosuppressive region of gp41 may participate in the membrane interactions required for viral fusion and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Monell
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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48
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Abstract
We have used two monoclonal antibodies, 128C3/3 and 504B1, to immunolocalize their carbohydrate epitopes in different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Both epitopes contain fucose: mAb 128C3/3, as we have shown previously, recognizes fucose in a novel, possibly internal linkage (Levery et al. 1992) while mAb 504B1, as we show here, bound to the Le(x) epitope, which contains fucose alpha 1-->3 linked to N-acetyl-glucosamine. The tissue expression of these epitopes was strikingly different and both elicit an immune response in infected hosts. The mAb 128C3/3-defined epitope was exposed on the surface of all larval stages but not on adult worms; however, it was found in the excretory system of adult worms of both sexes. In contrast, surface expression of the Le(x) epitope was initiated after the transformation of cercariae to schistosomula and was maintained throughout the adult life in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Köster
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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49
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Abstract
Sm23, a surface protein of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, belongs to the family of "cysteine-rich, hydrophobic proteins," which are expressed on mammalian hematopoietic cells or tumor cells. Sm23 shares the highly conserved hydrophobicity profile of these proteins, which predicts four transmembrane segments, but is in addition linked to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Our results suggest that Sm23 uses both the potential transmembrane domains and the GPI anchor for membrane insertion: (a) Sm23 was not released from the surface after cleavage with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC). (b) In a Triton X-114 phase-separation system, native [3H]ethanolamine- or [35S]methionine-labeled Sm23 partitioned into the detergent phase. Upon removal of the GPI anchor by PIPLC, the majority of the molecules stayed in the detergent-phase as expected of a transmembrane protein. (c) When full-length recombinant Sm23 was transcribed and translated in vitro, the polypeptide chain was inserted into microsomal membranes: Sm23 stayed associated with the membranes when they were incubated with carbonate buffer at pH 11.5, and membrane bound Sm23 was protected from digestion with proteinase K. (d) Recombinant Sm23, when expressed in the baculovirus expression system, was transported to the surface of infected insect cells, and similarly to the native protein it was not released from these cells after cleavage with PIPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Köster
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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50
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Soisson LA, Strand M. Schistosoma mansoni: induction of protective immunity in rats using a recombinant fragment of a parasite surface antigen. Exp Parasitol 1993; 77:492-4. [PMID: 8253163 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1993.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Soisson
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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