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Pinterova‐Leca N, Horsley RR, Danda H, Žídková M, Lhotková E, Šíchová K, Štefková K, Balíková M, Kuchař M, Páleníček T. Naphyrone (naphthylpyrovalerone): Pharmacokinetics, behavioural effects and thermoregulation in Wistar rats. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12906. [PMID: 32378298 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Naphthylpyrovalerone (naphyrone) is a pyrovalerone cathinone that potently inhibits monoamine transporters and provides stimulatory-entactogenic effects. Little is known about the safety of naphyrone or its effects in vivo, and more research is needed to acquire knowledge about its fundamental effects on physiology and behaviour. Our objective was to investigate naphyrone's pharmacokinetics, acute toxicity, hyperthermic potential and stimulatory and psychotomimetic properties in vivo in male Wistar rats. Pharmacokinetics after 1 mg/kg subcutaneous (sc.) naphyrone were measured over 6 h in serum, the brain, liver and lungs. Rectal temperature (degree Celsius) was measured over 10 h in group-versus individually housed rats after 20 mg/kg sc. In the behavioural experiments, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg of naphyrone was administered 15 or 60 min prior to testing. Stimulation was assessed in the open field, and sensorimotor processing in a prepulse inhibition (PPI) task. Peak concentrations of naphyrone in serum and tissue were reached at 30 min, with a long-lasting elevation in the brain/serum ratio, consistent with observations of lasting hyperlocomotion in the open field and modest increases in body temperature. Administration of 20 mg/kg transiently enhanced PPI. Naphyrone crosses the blood-brain barrier rapidly and is eliminated slowly, and its long-lasting effects correspond to its pharmacokinetics. No specific signs of acute toxicity were observed; therefore, clinical care and harm-reduction guidance should be in line with that available for other stimulants and cathinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Pinterova‐Leca
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Rachel R. Horsley
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Danda
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Monika Žídková
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Lhotková
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Klára Šíchová
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Štefková
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Marie Balíková
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague Prague Czech Republic
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Páleníček T, Lhotková E, Žídková M, Balíková M, Kuchař M, Himl M, Mikšátková P, Čegan M, Valeš K, Tylš F, Horsley RR. Emerging toxicity of 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI): Pharmacokinetics, behaviour, thermoregulation and LD50 in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 69:49-59. [PMID: 27083855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MDAI (5,6-Methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane) has a reputation as a non-neurotoxic ecstasy replacement amongst recreational users, however the drug has been implicated in some severe and lethal intoxications. Due to this, and the fact that the drug is almost unexplored scientifically we investigated a broad range of effects of acute MDAI administration: pharmacokinetics (in sera, brain, liver and lung); behaviour (open field; prepulse inhibition, PPI); acute effects on thermoregulation (in group-/individually-housed rats); and systemic toxicity (median lethal dose, LD50) in Wistar rats. Pharmacokinetics of MDAI was rapid, maximum median concentration in serum and brain was attained 30min and almost returned to zero 6h after subcutaneous (sc.) administration of 10mg/kg MDAI; brain/serum ratio was ~4. MDAI particularly accumulated in lung tissue. In the open field, MDAI (5, 10, 20 and 40mg/kg sc.) increased exploratory activity, induced signs of behavioural serotonin syndrome and reduced locomotor habituation, although by 60min some effects had diminished. All doses of MDAI significantly disrupted PPI and the effect was present during the onset of its action as well as 60min after treatment. Unexpectedly, 40mg/kg MDAI killed 90% of animals in the first behavioural test, hence LD50 tests were conducted which yielded 28.33mg/kg sc. and 35mg/kg intravenous but was not established up to 40mg/kg after gastric administration. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) with brain oedema was concluded as a direct cause of death in sc. treated animals. Finally, MDAI (10, 20mg/kg sc.) caused hyperthermia and perspiration in group-housed rats. In conclusion, the drug had fast pharmacokinetics and accumulated in lipohilic tissues. Behavioural findings were consistent with mild, transient stimulation with anxiolysis and disruption of sensorimotor processing. Together with hyperthermia, the drug had a similar profile to related entactogens, especially 3,4-metyhlenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA). Surprisingly subcutaneous MDAI appears to be more lethal than previously thought and its serotonergic toxicity is likely exacerbated by group housing conditions. MDAI therefore poses greater risks to physical and mental health than recognised hitherto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; 3(rd) Medical faculty, Charles University in Prague, Ruská 87, 110 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Lhotková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Žídková
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Studničkova 4, 128 21 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Balíková
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Studničkova 4, 128 21 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology & Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Himl
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology & Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Mikšátková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology & Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čegan
- Masaryk hospital in Ústí nad Labem, Sociální péče 3316/12A, 401 13 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Valeš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Tylš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; 3(rd) Medical faculty, Charles University in Prague, Ruská 87, 110 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Rachel R Horsley
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
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