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Greń J, Gorman I, Ruban A, Tylš F, Bhatt S, Aixalà M. Call for evidence-based psychedelic integration. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2024; 32:129-135. [PMID: 38010760 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of psychedelics for various purposes was common in different civilizations throughout human history and has been explored scientifically for more than a century. Although the applications of psychedelics show promise in the treatment of various psychiatric and neurological indications, as well as in facilitation of well-being and personal growth, several psychedelic-related risks and challenges have also been identified. Psychedelic integration (PI) refers to various practices that serve to either minimize harms or maximize benefits associated with psychedelic use. PI is also recognized as a substantial part of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT), following preparation to and facilitation of the psychedelic experience. In the context of clinical/psychotherapeutic practice, several PI models/methods have already been proposed. However, while a number of these models/methods are theory-driven, or have a history of clinical application, each lack any empirical support and thus cannot be described as evidence based. This is to the disadvantage to countless people who had and who will have their psychedelic experiences in various contexts, as the prevalence of using psychedelics increased in recent years and is expected to grow further. Therefore, consistent with general recommendations for developing and implementing evidence-based mental health practices, this article calls for scientific efforts to the development, examination, and evaluation of psychedelic integration models/methods. This article also briefly summarizes the current literature on psychedelic integration, provides a list of exemplary avenues that research on psychedelic integration might take, as well as anticipates and discusses the limitations and challenges of PI-focused research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Greń
- Public Health Department, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology
| | | | | | | | - Snehal Bhatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico
| | - Marc Aixalà
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service
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Greń J, Tylš F, Lasocik M, Kiraly C. Back from the rabbit hole. Theoretical considerations and practical guidelines on psychedelic integration for mental health specialists. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1054692. [PMID: 37904908 PMCID: PMC10613493 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1054692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in and prevalence of the use of psychedelics, as well as the potential benefits and negative consequences associated with psychedelic experiences, create a need for mental health specialists to be able to provide adequate and effective intervention regarding the content and consequences of these experiences, that is, psychedelic integration. At the same time, current graduate training in psychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy, counseling, etc., fails to adequately prepare professionals for such interventions. In order to fill this gap, an international, bottom-up project was established to attempt developing guidelines. This project was conducted by means of literature reviews as well as roundtable discussions among project participants, leading to a consensus on the guidelines' final scope and content. Drawing from the outcomes of this project, this article presents proposed comprehensive guidelines covering both theoretical and practical aspects of psychedelic integration, that are intended to serve as a resource for various mental health specialists who may encounter individuals in need of support considering their psychedelic experiences. These guidelines encompass clinician-friendly information on the effects of psychedelics, a definition of psychedelic integration, the general theoretical considerations linked to utilization of psychedelic experiences in clinical practice, a simple model organizing the course of psychedelic integration practice, as well as an overview of the current models of psychedelic integration, along with a selective presentation of basic and specific interventions derived from various psychotherapeutic approaches that can be employed in the practice of psychedelic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Greń
- Public Health Department, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
- Polish Psychedelic Society, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Tylš
- Psyon - Psychedelic Clinic, Prague, Czechia
- 3rd Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Czech Psychedelic Society, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michał Lasocik
- Polish Psychedelic Society, Warsaw, Poland
- Polish Society of Process Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Csaba Kiraly
- Multidiszciplináris Társaság a Pszichedelikumok Kutatásáért, Budapest, Hungary
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Nikolič M, Viktorin V, Zach P, Tylš F, Dudysová D, Janků K, Kopřivová J, Kuchař M, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Páleníček T. Psilocybin intoxication did not affect daytime or sleep-related declarative memory consolidation in a small sample exploratory analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 74:78-88. [PMID: 37336163 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Psilocybin is investigated as a fast-acting antidepressant used in conjunction with psychotherapy. Intact cognitive functions, including memory, are one of the basic conditions of effective psychedelic-assisted therapy. While cognitive and memory processing is attenuated on various domains during psilocybin intoxication, the effect of psilocybin on the consolidation of memories learned outside of acute intoxication is not known. Thus the main aim of the current study was to test the effects of psilocybin on (A) memory consolidation of previously learned material just after the psilocybin session and (B) on overnight memory consolidation the night just after the psilocybin session. 20 healthy volunteers (10 M/10F) were enrolled in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Effects on declarative memory consolidation in condition (A) The Groton Maze Learning Task and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test were used, and for (B) the Pair Associative Learning Test was used. We did not find psilocybin to improve memory consolidation. At the same time, we did not find psilocybin to negatively affect memory consolidation in any of the tests used. This evidence adds to the safety profile for the use of psilocybin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Nikolič
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague 10, 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Viktorin
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague 10, 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Zach
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague 10, 100 00, Czech Republic; 3rd Sleep Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic; Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Tylš
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague 10, 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Dudysová
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague 10, 100 00, Czech Republic; 3rd Sleep Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Janků
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague 10, 100 00, Czech Republic; 3rd Sleep Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kopřivová
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague 10, 100 00, Czech Republic; 3rd Sleep Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic; Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Brunovský
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague 10, 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague 10, 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague 10, 100 00, Czech Republic.
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Tylš F, Vejmola Č, Koudelka V, Piorecká V, Kadeřábek L, Bochin M, Novák T, Kuchař M, Bendová Z, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Pálení ček T. Underlying pharmacological mechanisms of psilocin-induced broadband desynchronization and disconnection of EEG in rats. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1152578. [PMID: 37425017 PMCID: PMC10325866 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1152578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin is one of the most extensively studied psychedelic drugs with a broad therapeutic potential. Despite the fact that its psychoactivity is mainly attributed to the agonism at 5-HT2A receptors, it has high binding affinity also to 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors and indirectly modulates the dopaminergic system. Psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin, as well as other serotonergic psychedelics, induce broadband desynchronization and disconnection in EEG in humans as well as in animals. The contribution of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms underlying these changes is not clear. The present study thus aims to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms underlying psilocin-induced broadband desynchronization and disconnection in an animal model. Methods Selective antagonists of serotonin receptors (5-HT1A WAY100635, 5-HT2A MDL100907, 5-HT2C SB242084) and antipsychotics haloperidol, a D2 antagonist, and clozapine, a mixed D2 and 5-HT receptor antagonist, were used in order to clarify the underlying pharmacology. Results Psilocin-induced broadband decrease in the mean absolute EEG power was normalized by all antagonists and antipsychotics used within the frequency range 1-25 Hz; however, decreases in 25-40 Hz were influenced only by clozapine. Psilocin-induced decrease in global functional connectivity and, specifically, fronto-temporal disconnection were reversed by the 5-HT2A antagonist while other drugs had no effect. Discussion These findings suggest the involvement of all three serotonergic receptors studied as well as the role of dopaminergic mechanisms in power spectra/current density with only the 5-HT2A receptor being effective in both studied metrics. This opens an important discussion on the role of other than 5-HT2A-dependent mechanisms underlying the neurobiology of psychedelics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Tylš
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Čestmír Vejmola
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vlastimil Koudelka
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Václava Piorecká
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Kadeřábek
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Marcel Bochin
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Novák
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zdeňka Bendová
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Martin Brunovský
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Pálení ček
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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Viktorin V, Griškova-Bulanova I, Voicikas A, Dojčánová D, Zach P, Bravermanová A, Andrashko V, Tylš F, Korčák J, Viktorinová M, Koudelka V, Hájková K, Kuchař M, Horáček J, Brunovský M, Páleníček T. Psilocybin—Mediated Attenuation of Gamma Band Auditory Steady-State Responses (ASSR) Is Driven by the Intensity of Cognitive and Emotional Domains of Psychedelic Experience. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12061004. [PMID: 35743788 PMCID: PMC9225116 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12061004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psilocybin is a classical serotoninergic psychedelic that induces cognitive disruptions similar to psychosis. Gamma activity is affected in psychosis and is tightly related to cognitive processing. The 40 Hz auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) are frequently used as indicators to test the ability to generate gamma activity. Based on previous literature, we studied the impact of psilocybin on 40 Hz ASSR in healthy volunteers. The study was double blind and placebo controlled with a crossover design. A sample of 20 healthy subjects (10M/10F) received psilocybin orally 0.26 mg/kg or placebo. Participants were measured four times in total, one time before ingestion of psilocybin/placebo and one time after ingestion, during the peak of intoxication. A series of 500 ms click trains were used for stimulation. Psilocybin induced a psychedelic effect and decreased 40 Hz ASSR phase-locking index compared to placebo. The extent of the attenuation was related to Cognition and Affect on the Hallucinogen Rating Scale. The current study shows that psilocybin lowers the synchronization level and the amplitude of 40 Hz auditory steady-state responses, which yields further support for the role of gamma oscillations in cognitive processing and its disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Viktorin
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Inga Griškova-Bulanova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 7 Saulėtekio Ave, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: (I.G.-B.); (T.P.)
| | - Aleksandras Voicikas
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 7 Saulėtekio Ave, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Dominika Dojčánová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Zach
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Anna Bravermanová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Andrashko
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Tylš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Korčák
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Michaela Viktorinová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Koudelka
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Kateřina Hájková
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Jiří Horáček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Brunovský
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.G.-B.); (T.P.)
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6
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Vejmola Č, Tylš F, Piorecká V, Koudelka V, Kadeřábek L, Novák T, Páleníček T. Psilocin, LSD, mescaline, and DOB all induce broadband desynchronization of EEG and disconnection in rats with robust translational validity. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:506. [PMID: 34601495 PMCID: PMC8487430 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics are recently gaining a lot of attention as a potential treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Broadband desynchronization of EEG activity and disconnection in humans have been repeatedly shown; however, translational data from animals are completely lacking. Therefore, the main aim of our study was to assess the effects of tryptamine and phenethylamine psychedelics (psilocin 4 mg/kg, LSD 0.2 mg/kg, mescaline 100 mg/kg, and DOB 5 mg/kg) on EEG in freely moving rats. A system consisting of 14 cortical EEG electrodes, co-registration of behavioral activity of animals with subsequent analysis only in segments corresponding to behavioral inactivity (resting-state-like EEG) was used in order to reach a high level of translational validity. Analyses of the mean power, topographic brain-mapping, and functional connectivity revealed that all of the psychedelics irrespective of the structural family induced overall and time-dependent global decrease/desynchronization of EEG activity and disconnection within 1-40 Hz. Major changes in activity were localized on the large areas of the frontal and sensorimotor cortex showing some subtle spatial patterns characterizing each substance. A rebound of occipital theta (4-8 Hz) activity was detected at later stages after treatment with mescaline and LSD. Connectivity analyses showed an overall decrease in global connectivity for both the components of cross-spectral and phase-lagged coherence. Since our results show almost identical effects to those known from human EEG/MEG studies, we conclude that our method has robust translational validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Čestmír Vejmola
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Filip Tylš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Václava Piorecká
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Tomáš Novák
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
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7
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Dudysová D, Janků K, Šmotek M, Saifutdinova E, Kopřivová J, Bušková J, Mander BA, Brunovský M, Zach P, Korčák J, Andrashko V, Viktorinová M, Tylš F, Bravermanová A, Froese T, Páleníček T, Horáček J. The Effects of Daytime Psilocybin Administration on Sleep: Implications for Antidepressant Action. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:602590. [PMID: 33343372 PMCID: PMC7744693 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic agonist psilocybin is a psychedelic with antidepressant potential. Sleep may interact with psilocybin’s antidepressant properties like other antidepressant drugs via induction of neuroplasticity. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of psilocybin on sleep architecture on the night after psilocybin administration. Regarding the potential antidepressant properties, we hypothesized that psilocybin, similar to other classical antidepressants, would reduce rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and prolong REM sleep latency. Moreover, we also hypothesized that psilocybin would promote slow-wave activity (SWA) expression in the first sleep cycle, a marker of sleep-related neuroplasticity. Twenty healthy volunteers (10 women, age 28–53) underwent two drug administration sessions, psilocybin or placebo, in a randomized, double-blinded design. Changes in sleep macrostructure, SWA during the first sleep cycle, whole night EEG spectral power across frequencies in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep, and changes in subjective sleep measures were analyzed. The results revealed prolonged REM sleep latency after psilocybin administration and a trend toward a decrease in overall REM sleep duration. No changes in NREM sleep were observed. Psilocybin did not affect EEG power spectra in NREM or REM sleep when examined across the whole night. However, psilocybin suppressed SWA in the first sleep cycle. No evidence was found for sleep-related neuroplasticity, however, a different dosage, timing, effect on homeostatic regulation of sleep, or other mechanisms related to antidepressant effects may play a role. Overall, this study suggests that potential antidepressant properties of psilocybin might be related to changes in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dudysová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karolina Janků
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Šmotek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Elizaveta Saifutdinova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Kopřivová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jitka Bušková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bryce Anthony Mander
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Martin Brunovský
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Zach
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Jakub Korčák
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | | | - Michaela Viktorinová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Filip Tylš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Bravermanová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tom Froese
- Embodied Cognitive Science Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Horáček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Postránecká Z, Vejmola Č, Tylš F. Psychedelic therapy in the Czech Republic: A theoretical concept or a realistic goal? Journal of Psychedelic Studies 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Čestmír Vejmola
- Czech Psychedelic Society, Klecany, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- 3rd Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Tylš
- Czech Psychedelic Society, Klecany, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- 3rd Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tylš F, Brunovský M, Šulcová K, Kohútová B, Ryznarová Z, Kopeček M. Latent Schizencephaly With Psychotic Phenotype or Schizophrenia With Schizencephaly? A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Clin EEG Neurosci 2019; 50:13-19. [PMID: 29914267 DOI: 10.1177/1550059418781119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although schizencephaly belongs to the class of neurodevelopmental disorders, which are a well-known predisposing factor for psychosis, there is a lack of relevant studies and diagnostic guidelines on this relationship. METHOD A case report of first-episode psychosis with persistent negative symptoms associated with schizencephaly is described and compared with 7 other cases found in the literature. RESULTS We found perinatal pathology, cognitive deficit, and EEG abnormality in a patient with atypical initial symptoms of psychosis such as olfactory hallucinations. Abnormal EEG findings (left frontal spikes and frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity) called for magnetic resonance imaging, which revealed left parieto-occipital closed-lip schizencephaly. The patient exhibited a partial response to low-dose amisulpride treatment. CONCLUSION We conclude that schizencephaly in our patient was at first asymptomatic and later developed into clinically manifest schizophrenia-like disorder. Both magnetic resonance imaging and EEG were essential tools for establishing this diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Tylš
- 1 National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Topolová 748, Czech Republic.,2 The Department of Psychiatry, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Brunovský
- 1 National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Topolová 748, Czech Republic.,2 The Department of Psychiatry, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Šulcová
- 1 National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Topolová 748, Czech Republic.,2 The Department of Psychiatry, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Kohútová
- 1 National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Topolová 748, Czech Republic.,2 The Department of Psychiatry, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Ryznarová
- 1 National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Topolová 748, Czech Republic.,3 Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Kopeček
- 1 National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Topolová 748, Czech Republic.,2 The Department of Psychiatry, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Czech Republic
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Bravermanová A, Viktorinová M, Tylš F, Novák T, Androvičová R, Korčák J, Horáček J, Balíková M, Griškova-Bulanova I, Danielová D, Vlček P, Mohr P, Brunovský M, Koudelka V, Páleníček T. Psilocybin disrupts sensory and higher order cognitive processing but not pre-attentive cognitive processing-study on P300 and mismatch negativity in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:491-503. [PMID: 29302713 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disruption of auditory event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) P300 and mismatch negativity (MMN), electrophysiological markers of attentive and pre-attentive cognitive processing, is repeatedly described in psychosis and schizophrenia. Similar findings were observed in a glutamatergic model of psychosis, but the role of serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors in information processing is less clear. OBJECTIVES We studied ERPs in a serotonergic model of psychosis, induced by psilocybin, a psychedelic with 5-HT2A/C agonistic properties, in healthy volunteers. METHODS Twenty subjects (10M/10F) were given 0.26 mg/kg of psilocybin orally in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. ERPs (P300, MMN) were registered during the peak of intoxication. Correlations between measured electrophysiological variables and psilocin serum levels and neuropsychological effects were also analyzed. RESULTS Psilocybin induced robust psychedelic effects and psychotic-like symptoms, decreased P300 amplitude (p = 0.009) but did not affect the MMN. Psilocybin's disruptive effect on P300 correlated with the intensity of the psychedelic state, which was dependent on the psilocin serum levels. We also observed a decrease in N100 amplitude (p = 0.039) in the P300 paradigm and a negative correlation between P300 and MMN amplitude (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Even though pre-attentive cognition (MMN) was not affected, processing at the early perceptual level (N100) and in higher-order cognition (P300) was significantly disrupted by psilocybin. Our results have implications for the role of 5-HT2A receptors in altered information processing in psychosis and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bravermanová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Viktorinová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Tylš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Novák
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Renáta Androvičová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Korčák
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Balíková
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Inga Griškova-Bulanova
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave 7, 102 57, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dominika Danielová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Vlček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mohr
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Brunovský
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Koudelka
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic. .,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic.
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Hložek T, Uttl L, Kadeřábek L, Balíková M, Lhotková E, Horsley RR, Nováková P, Šíchová K, Štefková K, Tylš F, Kuchař M, Páleníček T. Pharmacokinetic and behavioural profile of THC, CBD, and THC+CBD combination after pulmonary, oral, and subcutaneous administration in rats and confirmation of conversion in vivo of CBD to THC. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:1223-1237. [PMID: 29129557 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and behavioural effects of, and interactions between Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are influenced by dose and administration route. Therefore we investigated, in Wistar rats, effects of pulmonary, oral and subcutaneous (sc.) THC, CBD and THC+CBD. Concentrations of THC, its metabolites 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH, and CBD in serum and brain were determined over 24h, locomotor activity (open field) and sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition, PPI) were also evaluated. In line with recent knowledge we expected metabolic and behavioural interactions between THC and CBD. While cannabinoid serum and brain levels rapidly peaked and diminished after pulmonary administration, sc. and oral administration produced long-lasting levels of cannabinoids with oral reaching the highest brain levels. Except pulmonary administration, CBD inhibited THC metabolism resulting in higher serum/brain levels of THC. Importantly, following sc. and oral CBD alone treatments, THC was also detected in serum and brain. S.c. cannabinoids caused hypolocomotion, oral treatments containing THC almost complete immobility. In contrast, oral CBD produced mild hyperlocomotion. CBD disrupted, and THC tended to disrupt PPI, however their combination did not. In conclusion, oral administration yielded the most pronounced behavioural effects which corresponded to the highest brain levels of cannabinoids. Even though CBD potently inhibited THC metabolism after oral and sc. administration, unexpectedly it had minimal impact on THC-induced behaviour. Of central importance was the novel finding that THC can be detected in serum and brain after administration of CBD alone which, if confirmed in humans and given the increasing medical use of CBD-only products, might have important legal and forensic ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hložek
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Uttl
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kadeřábek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Balíková
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Lhotková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Rachel R Horsley
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Nováková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Šíchová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Štefková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Tylš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Páleníček T, Lhotková E, Žídková M, Balíková M, Kuchař M, Himl M, Mikšátková P, Čegan M, Valeš K, Tylš F, Horsley RR. Emerging toxicity of 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI): Pharmacokinetics, behaviour, thermoregulation and LD50 in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 69:49-59. [PMID: 27083855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MDAI (5,6-Methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane) has a reputation as a non-neurotoxic ecstasy replacement amongst recreational users, however the drug has been implicated in some severe and lethal intoxications. Due to this, and the fact that the drug is almost unexplored scientifically we investigated a broad range of effects of acute MDAI administration: pharmacokinetics (in sera, brain, liver and lung); behaviour (open field; prepulse inhibition, PPI); acute effects on thermoregulation (in group-/individually-housed rats); and systemic toxicity (median lethal dose, LD50) in Wistar rats. Pharmacokinetics of MDAI was rapid, maximum median concentration in serum and brain was attained 30min and almost returned to zero 6h after subcutaneous (sc.) administration of 10mg/kg MDAI; brain/serum ratio was ~4. MDAI particularly accumulated in lung tissue. In the open field, MDAI (5, 10, 20 and 40mg/kg sc.) increased exploratory activity, induced signs of behavioural serotonin syndrome and reduced locomotor habituation, although by 60min some effects had diminished. All doses of MDAI significantly disrupted PPI and the effect was present during the onset of its action as well as 60min after treatment. Unexpectedly, 40mg/kg MDAI killed 90% of animals in the first behavioural test, hence LD50 tests were conducted which yielded 28.33mg/kg sc. and 35mg/kg intravenous but was not established up to 40mg/kg after gastric administration. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) with brain oedema was concluded as a direct cause of death in sc. treated animals. Finally, MDAI (10, 20mg/kg sc.) caused hyperthermia and perspiration in group-housed rats. In conclusion, the drug had fast pharmacokinetics and accumulated in lipohilic tissues. Behavioural findings were consistent with mild, transient stimulation with anxiolysis and disruption of sensorimotor processing. Together with hyperthermia, the drug had a similar profile to related entactogens, especially 3,4-metyhlenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA). Surprisingly subcutaneous MDAI appears to be more lethal than previously thought and its serotonergic toxicity is likely exacerbated by group housing conditions. MDAI therefore poses greater risks to physical and mental health than recognised hitherto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; 3(rd) Medical faculty, Charles University in Prague, Ruská 87, 110 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Lhotková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Žídková
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Studničkova 4, 128 21 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Balíková
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Studničkova 4, 128 21 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology & Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Himl
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology & Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Mikšátková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology & Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čegan
- Masaryk hospital in Ústí nad Labem, Sociální péče 3316/12A, 401 13 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Valeš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Tylš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; 3(rd) Medical faculty, Charles University in Prague, Ruská 87, 110 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Rachel R Horsley
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
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Fujáková M, Páleníček T, Brunovský M, Gorman I, Tylš F, Kubešová A, Řípová D, Krajča V, Horáček J. The effect of ((−)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268), an mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, on EEG power spectra and coherence in ketamine model of psychosis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 122:212-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid contained in hallucinogenic mushrooms, is nowadays given a lot of attention in the scientific community as a research tool for modeling psychosis as well as due to its potential therapeutic effects. However, it is also a very popular and frequently abused natural hallucinogen. This review summarizes all the past and recent knowledge on psilocybin. It briefly deals with its history, discusses the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and compares its action in humans and animals. It attempts to describe the mechanism of psychedelic effects and objectify its action using modern imaging and psychometric methods. Finally, it describes its therapeutic and abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Tylš
- Prague Psychiatric Center, Prague, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- Prague Psychiatric Center, Prague, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Prague Psychiatric Center, Prague, Czech Republic; 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Balíková M, Hložek T, Páleníček T, Tylš F, Viktorinová M, Melicher T, Androvičová R, Tomíček P, Roman M, Horáček J. [Time profile of serum THC levels in occasional and chronic marihuana smokers after acute drog use - implication for drivind motor vehicles]. Soud Lek 2014; 59:2-6. [PMID: 24625019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis consumption has individual influence to cognitive and psychomotor functions of drivers and it has been generally accepted that driving under influence is risky in the perspective of traffic safety. However, rules how to assess fitness to drive are not quite clear. The psychoactive compound delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs cognition, psychomotor behaviour and driving performance in a dose-related manner approximately. After a single drug dose, THC blood concentration peaks within minutes, before the end of smoking, with a subsequent rapid decrease to the analytical limit of detection. Peak euphoria is delayed compared to THC peak blood concentration and physiological and behavioural effects return to baseline within 3-5 hours. In chronic users, the lipophilic THC accumulates in fat tissues, where its slow redistribution into blood is the rate limiting process in its terminal elimination. In our experimental study we have attempted to contribute to this discussion with results obtained from human volunteers - cannabis consumers in Czech Republic. Aim of our study was to document the time profile of serum THC level in occasional and chronic cannabis users. The observational interval covered the time immediately after the drug consumption (an own cigarette/joint) till 24 hours after. Our preliminary results have shown that in occasional users, THC serum levels cannot be detected already 4 hours after usual cannabis dose, whereas in chronic users measurable THC concentrations in serum persist longer. Moreover, some chronic consumers were practically with permanent THC detection during our observation period and also the chronic users consumed higher THC doses significantly related to doses in occasional ones. Presented results of the experimental study with human volunteers confirm a great individual variability of the kinetic profile of THC in blood due to complicated redistribution. The practical forensic question is how long the psychotropic effects of THC can persist after the last drug dose. In chronic users there are well documented indications of long term adverse effects to neurocognitive functions. THC blood level itself can not directly document the intensity of impairment of a driver. Moreover, the concentration of THC in blood at the time of driving is probably substantially higher than at the time of blood sampling. Therefore due to the prevention of traffic risk, some countries adopted per se traffic legislation based on analytical principle with minimum tolerance to illegal drugs in blood of drivers at driving. Low blood concentrations of THC close to the limit of detection of a specific toxicological method (GC-MS or LC-MS) are justified in an effective traffic legislation.
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Páleníček T, Fujáková M, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Gorman I, Balíková M, Rambousek L, Syslová K, Kačer P, Zach P, Bubeníková-Valešová V, Tylš F, Kubešová A, Puskarčíková J, Höschl C. Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of the psychedelic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:75-93. [PMID: 22842791 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of a new synthetic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locomotor effects, prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle reaction (ASR), dopamine and its metabolite levels in nucleus accumbens (NAc), EEG power spectra and coherence in freely moving rats were analysed. Amphetamine was used as a reference compound. RESULTS 2C-B had a biphasic effect on locomotion with initial inhibitory followed by excitatory effect; amphetamine induced only hyperlocomotion. Both drugs induced deficits in the PPI; however they had opposite effects on ASR. 2C-B increased dopamine but decreased 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the NAc. Low doses of 2C-B induced a decrease in EEG power spectra and coherence. On the contrary, high dose of 2C-B 50 mg/kg had a temporally biphasic effect with an initial decrease followed by an increase in EEG power; decrease as well as increase in EEG coherence was observed. Amphetamine mainly induced an increase in EEG power and coherence in theta and alpha bands. Increases in the theta and alpha power and coherence in 2C-B and amphetamine were temporally linked to an increase in locomotor activity and DA levels in NAc. CONCLUSIONS 2C-B is a centrally active compound similar to other hallucinogens, entactogens and stimulants. Increased dopamine and decreased DOPAC in the NAc may reflect its psychotomimetic and addictive potential and monoaminoxidase inhibition. Alterations in brain functional connectivity reflected the behavioral and neurochemical changes produced by the drug; a correlation between EEG changes and locomotor behavior was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Páleníček
- Prague Psychiatric Center, Ústavní 91, 181 03 Bohnice, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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Páleníček T, Fujáková M, Brunovský M, Balíková M, Horáček J, Gorman I, Tylš F, Tišlerová B, Soš P, Bubeníková-Valešová V, Höschl C, Krajča V. Electroencephalographic spectral and coherence analysis of ketamine in rats: correlation with behavioral effects and pharmacokinetics. Neuropsychobiology 2011; 63:202-18. [PMID: 21422767 DOI: 10.1159/000321803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to evaluate the changes in EEG power spectra and EEG coherence in a ketamine model of psychosis in rats. Analyses of behavioral measurements--locomotion and sensorimotor gating--and the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine were also conducted. METHODS Ketamine and norketamine levels in rat sera and brains were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after ketamine 30 mg/kg (i.p.). Ketamine 9 and 30 mg/kg (i.p.) were used in the behavioral and EEG experiments. Locomotor effects in an open field test and deficits in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reaction (PPI ASR) were evaluated in the behavioral experiments. EEG signals were simultaneously recorded from 12 implanted active electrodes; subsequently, an EEG power spectral and coherence analysis was performed. RESULTS Ketamine had a rapid penetration into the brain; the peak concentrations of the drug were reached within 15 min after administration. Ketamine induced marked hyperlocomotion and deficits in the PPI ASR. EEG spectral analysis mainly showed increases in EEG power as well as coherence. These were most robust at 10-15 min after the administration and influenced all parts of the spectrum with ketamine 30 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine at behaviorally active doses induces a robust increase in EEG power spectra and coherence. The maximum levels of change correlated with the kinetics of ketamine.
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