1
|
Outram S, Graves JL, Powell J, Wolpert C, Haynie KL, Foster MW, Blanchard JW, Hoffmeyer A, Agans RP, Royal CD. Genes, Race, and Causation: US Public Perspectives About Racial Difference. Race Soc Probl 2018; 10:79-90. [PMID: 33281994 PMCID: PMC7717494 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-018-9223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised that the increase in popular interest in genetics may herald a new era within which racial inequities are seen as 'natural' or immutable. In the following study, we provide data from a nationally representative survey on how the US population perceives general ability, athleticism, and intellect being determined by race and/or genetics and whether they believe racial health inequities to be primarily the product of genetic or social factors. We find that self-described race is of primary importance in attributing general ability to race, increasing age is a significant factor in attributing athleticism and intellect to genes and race, and education is a significant factor in decreasing such racially and genetically deterministic views . Beliefs about the meaning of race are statistically significantly associated with respect to the perception of athletic abilities and marginally associated with the perception of racial health inequalities being either socially or genetically derived. Race, education, socioeconomic status, and concepts of race were frequently found to be multiplicative in their statistical effects. The persistent acceptance of a genetically and racially deterministic view of athleticism among the White and older population group is discussed in respect to its social impact, as is the high level of agreement that general abilities are determined by race among non-White respondents and those of lower socioeconomic status. We argue that these findings highlight that both biological and non-biological forms of understanding race continue to play a role into the politics of race and social difference within contemporary US society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Outram
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Joseph L Graves
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Jill Powell
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Chantelle Wolpert
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Kerry L Haynie
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Morris W Foster
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Jessica W Blanchard
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Anna Hoffmeyer
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Robert P Agans
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Charmaine Dm Royal
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blanchard JW, Tallbull G, Wolpert C, Powell J, Foster MW, Royal C. Barriers and Strategies Related to Qualitative Research on Genetic Ancestry Testing in Indigenous Communities. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2017; 12:169-179. [PMID: 28434393 DOI: 10.1177/1556264617704542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conducting genetics-related research with populations that have historically experienced considerable harm and little benefit from genetics research poses unique challenges for understanding community-based perceptions of new genetic technologies. This article identifies challenges and strategies for collecting qualitative data on the perceptions of direct-to-consumer (DTC) Genetic Ancestry tests (GAT) among diverse Indigenous communities. Based on a 3-year project related to perceptions, attitudes, and values associated with genetic ancestry testing among diverse Indigenous communities in Oklahoma, the engagement process revealed specific opportunities to improve the process of qualitative data collection related to GAT, and more broadly, to conduct genetics-related research with Indigenous communities in culturally and methodologically appropriate ways. Priority areas include issues related to participant recruitment and tribal advisory boards, challenges of self-identification as a recruitment mechanism, and the necessity of including Indigenous researchers in all aspects of the research process.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ozga AT, Sankaranarayanan K, Tito RY, Obregon-Tito AJ, Foster MW, Tallbull G, Spicer P, Warinner CG, Lewis CM. Oral microbiome diversity among Cheyenne and Arapaho individuals from Oklahoma. Am J Phys Anthropol 2016; 161:321-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Ozga
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma 73019
| | | | - Raúl Y. Tito
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma 73019
| | | | | | - Gloria Tallbull
- Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma 73019
| | - Paul Spicer
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma 73019
- Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma 73019
| | | | - Cecil M. Lewis
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma 73019
- Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma 73019
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, Peltonen L, Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, Peltonen L, Dermitzakis E, Schaffner SF, Yu F, Peltonen L, Dermitzakis E, Bonnen PE, Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, de Bakker PIW, Deloukas P, Gabriel SB, Gwilliam R, Hunt S, Inouye M, Jia X, Palotie A, Parkin M, Whittaker P, Yu F, Chang K, Hawes A, Lewis LR, Ren Y, Wheeler D, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Barnes C, Darvishi K, Hurles M, Korn JM, Kristiansson K, Lee C, McCarrol SA, Nemesh J, Dermitzakis E, Keinan A, Montgomery SB, Pollack S, Price AL, Soranzo N, Bonnen PE, Gibbs RA, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Keinan A, Price AL, Yu F, Anttila V, Brodeur W, Daly MJ, Leslie S, McVean G, Moutsianas L, Nguyen H, Schaffner SF, Zhang Q, Ghori MJR, McGinnis R, McLaren W, Pollack S, Price AL, Schaffner SF, Takeuchi F, Grossman SR, Shlyakhter I, Hostetter EB, Sabeti PC, Adebamowo CA, Foster MW, Gordon DR, Licinio J, Manca MC, Marshall PA, Matsuda I, Ngare D, Wang VO, Reddy D, Rotimi CN, Royal CD, Sharp RR, Zeng C, Brooks LD, McEwen JE. Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations. Nature 2010; 467:52-8. [PMID: 20811451 DOI: 10.1038/nature09298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2019] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite great progress in identifying genetic variants that influence human disease, most inherited risk remains unexplained. A more complete understanding requires genome-wide studies that fully examine less common alleles in populations with a wide range of ancestry. To inform the design and interpretation of such studies, we genotyped 1.6 million common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1,184 reference individuals from 11 global populations, and sequenced ten 100-kilobase regions in 692 of these individuals. This integrated data set of common and rare alleles, called 'HapMap 3', includes both SNPs and copy number polymorphisms (CNPs). We characterized population-specific differences among low-frequency variants, measured the improvement in imputation accuracy afforded by the larger reference panel, especially in imputing SNPs with a minor allele frequency of <or=5%, and demonstrated the feasibility of imputing newly discovered CNPs and SNPs. This expanded public resource of genome variants in global populations supports deeper interrogation of genomic variation and its role in human disease, and serves as a step towards a high-resolution map of the landscape of human genetic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
-
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jonassaint CR, Santos ER, Glover CM, Payne PW, Fasaye GA, Oji-Njideka N, Hooker S, Hernandez W, Foster MW, Kittles RA, Royal CD. Regional differences in awareness and attitudes regarding genetic testing for disease risk and ancestry. Hum Genet 2010; 128:249-60. [PMID: 20549517 PMCID: PMC2940428 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the lay public’s awareness and attitudes concerning genetic testing and what factors influence their perspectives. The existing literature focuses mainly on ethnic and socioeconomic differences; however, here we focus on how awareness and attitudes regarding genetic testing differ by geographical regions in the US. We compared awareness and attitudes concerning genetic testing for disease risk and ancestry among 452 adults (41% Black and 67% female) in four major US cities, Norman, OK; Cincinnati, OH; Harlem, NY; and Washington, DC; prior to their participation in genetic ancestry testing. The OK participants reported more detail about their personal ancestries (p = 0.02) and valued ancestry testing over disease testing more than all other sites (p < 0.01). The NY participants were more likely than other sites to seek genetic testing for disease (p = 0.01) and to see benefit in finding out more about one’s ancestry (p = 0.02), while the DC participants reported reading and hearing more about genetic testing for African ancestry than all other sites (p < 0.01). These site differences were not better accounted for by sex, age, education, self-reported ethnicity, religion, or previous experience with genetic testing/counseling. Regional differences in awareness and attitudes transcend traditional demographic predictors, such as ethnicity, age and education. Local sociocultural factors, more than ethnicity and socioeconomic status, may influence the public’s awareness and belief systems, particularly with respect to genetics.
Collapse
|
6
|
Foster MW. Looking for race in all the wrong places: analyzing the lack of productivity in the ongoing debate about race and genetics. Hum Genet 2009; 126:355-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
7
|
Foster MW, Gilby IC, Murray CM, Johnson A, Wroblewski EE, Pusey AE. Alpha male chimpanzee grooming patterns: implications for dominance "style". Am J Primatol 2009; 71:136-44. [PMID: 19025996 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In social primates, individuals use various tactics to compete for dominance rank. Grooming, displays and contact aggression are common components of a male chimpanzee's dominance repertoire. The optimal combination of these behaviors is likely to differ among males with individuals exhibiting a dominance "style" that reflects their tendency to use cooperative and/or agonistic dominance tactics. Here, we examine the grooming behavior of three alpha male chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We found that (1) these males differed significantly in their tendency to groom with other males; (2) each male's grooming patterns remained consistent before, during and after his tenure as alpha, and (3) the three males tended to groom with high- middle- and low-ranking partners equally. We suggest that body mass may be one possible determinant of differences in grooming behavior. The largest male exhibited the lowest overall grooming rates, whereas the smallest male spent the most time grooming others. This is probably because large males are more effective at physically intimidating subordinates. To achieve alpha status, a small male may need to compensate for reduced size by investing more time and energy in grooming, thereby ensuring coalitionary support from others. Rates of contact aggression and charging displays conformed to this prediction, suggesting that each male exhibited a different dominance "style."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- The Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carabin H, Keesee MS, Machado LJ, Brittingham T, Williams L, Sonleitner NK, Anderson KG, Cajina A, Foster MW. Estimation of the prevalence of AIDS, opportunistic infections, and standard of care among patients with HIV/AIDS receiving care along the U.S.-Mexico border through the Special Projects of National Significance: a cross-sectional study. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2008; 22:887-95. [PMID: 19025483 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2007.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is high demand for care among the Hispanic population in states along the U.S.-Mexico border. The objective is to describe the standard of care received by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH/A) at enrollment into one of five Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) Sites located along the U.S.-Mexico border. This cross-sectional study describes the presence of opportunistic infections (OIs), AIDS status and two types of standard of care received by 707 PLWH/A participating in SPNS. Patients receiving care through SPNS in one of the five sites between June 1, 2002 and December 31, 2003 were invited to participate to the medical chart review component of the study. The association between sociodemographic variables and the prevalence of OIs and AIDS at enrollment was estimated using multivariate hierarchical logistic models. More than one quarter of the 707 participants had at least one OI recorded and 58% of new and 60% of existing patients had AIDS at enrollment in SPNS. The association between being Hispanic and having higher prevalence of OI and AIDS at entry varied by SPNS site. Standard of care was well followed overall. This is the first study describing HIV stage and OI prevalences and standard of care in PLWH/A in all U.S.-Mexico bordering states. Being of Hispanic ethnicity may not fully explain discrepancy in access to care along the border.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Carabin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Marguerite S. Keesee
- K20 Center for Educational and Community Renewal, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Linda J. Machado
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Timothy Brittingham
- Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Lynda Williams
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Nancy K. Sonleitner
- Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice. The University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, Tennessee
| | - Kermyt G. Anderson
- Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Adan Cajina
- Health Resources and Services Administration, HIV/AIDS Bureau, Special Projects of National Significance, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Morris W. Foster
- Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The sequencing and genotyping of personal genomes by commercial services outside traditional clinical settings may help to shape the expectations of research subjects and patients regarding control of and responsibility for the information contained in their DNA. A greater sense of individual ownership of personal genomic information could replace overly complex and paternalistic institutional proxies for the protection of personal genotype and sequence data, and also could encourage research participants and patients to become better educated regarding genetic contributors to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris W Foster
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Anthropology, 455 W Lindsey, Rm 505C, Norman, OK 73019, USA, Tel.: +1 405 325 2491; Fax: +1 405 325 7386
| | - Richard R Sharp
- Department of Bioethics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44193, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Frazer KA, Ballinger DG, Cox DR, Hinds DA, Stuve LL, Gibbs RA, Belmont JW, Boudreau A, Hardenbol P, Leal SM, Pasternak S, Wheeler DA, Willis TD, Yu F, Yang H, Zeng C, Gao Y, Hu H, Hu W, Li C, Lin W, Liu S, Pan H, Tang X, Wang J, Wang W, Yu J, Zhang B, Zhang Q, Zhao H, Zhao H, Zhou J, Gabriel SB, Barry R, Blumenstiel B, Camargo A, Defelice M, Faggart M, Goyette M, Gupta S, Moore J, Nguyen H, Onofrio RC, Parkin M, Roy J, Stahl E, Winchester E, Ziaugra L, Altshuler D, Shen Y, Yao Z, Huang W, Chu X, He Y, Jin L, Liu Y, Shen Y, Sun W, Wang H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xiong X, Xu L, Waye MMY, Tsui SKW, Xue H, Wong JTF, Galver LM, Fan JB, Gunderson K, Murray SS, Oliphant AR, Chee MS, Montpetit A, Chagnon F, Ferretti V, Leboeuf M, Olivier JF, Phillips MS, Roumy S, Sallée C, Verner A, Hudson TJ, Kwok PY, Cai D, Koboldt DC, Miller RD, Pawlikowska L, Taillon-Miller P, Xiao M, Tsui LC, Mak W, Song YQ, Tam PKH, Nakamura Y, Kawaguchi T, Kitamoto T, Morizono T, Nagashima A, Ohnishi Y, Sekine A, Tanaka T, Tsunoda T, Deloukas P, Bird CP, Delgado M, Dermitzakis ET, Gwilliam R, Hunt S, Morrison J, Powell D, Stranger BE, Whittaker P, Bentley DR, Daly MJ, de Bakker PIW, Barrett J, Chretien YR, Maller J, McCarroll S, Patterson N, Pe'er I, Price A, Purcell S, Richter DJ, Sabeti P, Saxena R, Schaffner SF, Sham PC, Varilly P, Altshuler D, Stein LD, Krishnan L, Smith AV, Tello-Ruiz MK, Thorisson GA, Chakravarti A, Chen PE, Cutler DJ, Kashuk CS, Lin S, Abecasis GR, Guan W, Li Y, Munro HM, Qin ZS, Thomas DJ, McVean G, Auton A, Bottolo L, Cardin N, Eyheramendy S, Freeman C, Marchini J, Myers S, Spencer C, Stephens M, Donnelly P, Cardon LR, Clarke G, Evans DM, Morris AP, Weir BS, Tsunoda T, Mullikin JC, Sherry ST, Feolo M, Skol A, Zhang H, Zeng C, Zhao H, Matsuda I, Fukushima Y, Macer DR, Suda E, Rotimi CN, Adebamowo CA, Ajayi I, Aniagwu T, Marshall PA, Nkwodimmah C, Royal CDM, Leppert MF, Dixon M, Peiffer A, Qiu R, Kent A, Kato K, Niikawa N, Adewole IF, Knoppers BM, Foster MW, Clayton EW, Watkin J, Gibbs RA, Belmont JW, Muzny D, Nazareth L, Sodergren E, Weinstock GM, Wheeler DA, Yakub I, Gabriel SB, Onofrio RC, Richter DJ, Ziaugra L, Birren BW, Daly MJ, Altshuler D, Wilson RK, Fulton LL, Rogers J, Burton J, Carter NP, Clee CM, Griffiths M, Jones MC, McLay K, Plumb RW, Ross MT, Sims SK, Willey DL, Chen Z, Han H, Kang L, Godbout M, Wallenburg JC, L'Archevêque P, Bellemare G, Saeki K, Wang H, An D, Fu H, Li Q, Wang Z, Wang R, Holden AL, Brooks LD, McEwen JE, Guyer MS, Wang VO, Peterson JL, Shi M, Spiegel J, Sung LM, Zacharia LF, Collins FS, Kennedy K, Jamieson R, Stewart J. A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 2007; 449:851-61. [PMID: 17943122 DOI: 10.1038/nature06258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3275] [Impact Index Per Article: 192.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
-
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road MEM275, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Strategies for protecting historically disadvantaged groups have been extensively debated in the context of genetic variation research, making this a useful starting point in examining the protection of social groups from harm resulting from biomedical research. We analyze research practices developed in response to concerns about the involvement of indigenous communities in studies of genetic variation and consider their potential application in other contexts. We highlight several conceptual ambiguities and practical challenges associated with the protection of group interests and argue that protectionist strategies developed in the context of genetic research will not be easily adapted to other types of research in which social groups are placed at risk. We suggest that it is this set of conceptual and practical issues that philosophers, ethicists, and others should focus on in their efforts to protect identifiable social groups from harm resulting from biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Sharp
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, TX 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Emerging technologies make genomic analyses more efficient and less expensive, enabling genome-wide association and gene-environment interaction studies. In anticipation of their results, funding agencies such as the US National Institutes of Health and the Wellcome Trust are formulating guidelines for sharing the large amounts of genomic data that are generated by the projects that they sponsor. Data-sharing policies can have varying implications for how disease susceptibility and drug-response research will be pursued by the scientific community, and for who will benefit from the resulting medical discoveries. We suggest that the complex interplay of stakeholders and their interests, rather than single-issue and single-stakeholder perspectives, should be considered when deciding genomic data-sharing policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Foster MW. Everything old is new again, including systems biology. Am J Bioeth 2007; 7:85-6; discussion W7-9. [PMID: 17455010 DOI: 10.1080/15265160701221350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morris W Foster
- Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Among bioethicists and members of the public, genetics is often regarded as unique in its ethical challenges. As medical researchers and clinicians increasingly combine genetic information with a range of non-genetic information in the study and clinical management of patients with common diseases, the unique ethical challenges attributed to genetics must be re-examined. A process of genetic routinisation that will have implications for research and clinical ethics, as well as for public conceptions of genetic information, is constituted by the emergence of new forms of genetic medicine, in which genetic information is interpreted in a multifactorial frame of reference. Although the integration of genetics in medical research and treatment may be a helpful corrective to the mistaken assumptions of genetic essentialism or determinism, the routinisation of genetics may have unintended consequences for the protection of genetic information, perceptions of non-genetic information and the loss of genetic research as a laboratory for exploring issues in research and clinical ethics. Consequently, new ethical challenges are presented by the increasing routinisation of genetic information in both biomedical and public spheres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 455 W Lindsey, Rm 505C, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Sharp
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The Cancer Genome Atlas--formerly the Human Cancer Genome Project--provides an opportunity for considering how social concerns about resource allocation are interrelated with practical decisions about specific research strategies--part of a continuing convergence between scientific and public evaluations of priorities for biomedical research funding. For example, the manner, order, and extent that The Cancer Genome Atlas selects tumor types and populations to be sampled will determine who benefits most from its findings. Those choices will be determined on the basis of both scientific and social values. By soliciting public involvement and conducting rigorous policy analysis in the design of large scientific projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas, cancer researchers can help democratize the allocation of scientific resources and foster public confidence in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris W Foster
- Center for Applied Social Research, the Cancer Institute, and University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Foster MW, Sharp RR. Ethical issues in medical-sequencing research: implications of genotype-phenotype studies for individuals and populations. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15 Spec No 1:R45-9. [PMID: 16651368 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances and declining costs in sequencing technology will result in increasing number of studies with individual sequence data linked to phenotypic information, which has been dubbed medical sequencing. At least some of this linked information will be publicly available. Medical sequencing raises ethical issues for both individuals and populations, including data release and identifiability, adequacy of consent, reporting research results, stereotyping and stigmatization, inclusion and differential benefit and culturally and community-specific concerns. Those issues are reviewed, along with possible solutions to them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Lost in the debate over the use of racial and ethnic categories in biomedical research is community-level analysis of how these categories function and influence health. Such analysis offers a powerful critique of national and transnational categories usually used in biomedical research such as "African-American" and "Native American." Ethnographic research on local African-American and Native American communities in Oklahoma shows the importance of community-level analysis. Local ("intra-community") health practices tend to be shared by members of an everyday interactional community without regard to racial or ethnic identity. Externally created ("extra-community") practices tend to be based on the existence of externally-imposed racial or ethnic identities, but African-American and Native American community members show similar patterns in their use of extra-community practices. Thus, membership in an interactional community seems more important than externally-imposed racial or ethnic identity in determining local health practices, while class may be as or more important in accounting for extra-community practices.
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Foster MW, Sharp RR. Will investments in biobanks, prospective cohorts, and markers of common patterns of variation benefit other populations for drug response and disease susceptibility gene discovery? Pharmacogenomics J 2005; 5:75-80. [PMID: 15668730 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Foster MW, Sharp RR. Will investments in large-scale prospective cohorts and biobanks limit our ability to discover weaker, less common genetic and environmental contributors to complex diseases? Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:119-22. [PMID: 15687047 PMCID: PMC1277853 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the size of prospective cohorts and biobanks is one approach to discovering previously unknown contributors to complex diseases, but it may come at the price of concealing contributors that are less common across all the participants in those larger studies and of limiting hypothesis generation. Prospective cohorts and biobanks constitute significant, long-term investments in research infrastructure that will have ongoing consequences for opportunities in biomedical research for the foreseeable future. Thus, it is important to think about how these major additions to research infrastructure can be designed to be more productive in generating hypotheses for novel environmental contributors to complex diseases and to help identify genetic and environmental contributors that may not be common across the larger samples but are more frequent within local or ancestral subsets. Incorporating open-ended inquiries and qualitative information about local communal and ecologic contexts and the political, economic, and other social structures that affect health status and outcome will enable qualitative hypothesis generation in those localized contexts, as well as the collection of more detailed genealogic and family health history information that may be useful in designing future studies. Using communities as building blocks for larger cohorts and biobanks presents some practical and ethical challenges but also enhances opportunities for interdisciplinary, multilevel investigations of the multifactorial contributors to complex diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Abstract
The renewed emphasis on population-specific genetic variation, exemplified most prominently by the International HapMap Project, is complicated by a longstanding, uncritical reliance on existing population categories in genetic research. Race and other pre-existing population definitions (ethnicity, religion, language, nationality, culture and so on) tend to be contentious concepts that have polarized discussions about the ethics and science of research into population-specific human genetic variation. By contrast, a broader consideration of the multiple historical sources of genetic variation provides a whole-genome perspective on the ways i n which existing population definitions do, and do not, account for how genetic variation is distributed among individuals. Although genetics will continue to rely on analytical tools that make use of particular population histories, it is important to interpret findings in a broader genomic context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, 455 W. Lindsey, Room 505C, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Wang N, Zhou X, Tan FK, Foster MW, Arnett FC, Chakraborty R. Genetic signatures of pre-expansion bottleneck in the Choctaw population of Oklahoma. Am J Phys Anthropol 2004; 124:373-9. [PMID: 15252865 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous research showed that the Choctaw Indians of Oklahoma exhibit considerable linkage disequilibria (LD) in a number of regions of the genome that has allowed genetic fine mapping for potential susceptibility genes for the autoimmune connective tissue disease scleroderma, or systemic sclerosis (SSc). In principle, such enhanced background LD in the Choctaws could be caused by population bottleneck event(s) followed by recent population expansion. This investigation utilizes genome-scan data on 175 dinucleotide loci from 76 Choctaw individuals to seek genetic evidence of the demographic history of the Choctaw Nation. Of the 175 loci examined, 105 are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The average unbiased homozygosity over the 105 loci for the Choctaws (29.3%) is significantly higher than that in the European descent group (20.9%); and when adjusted for sample-size differences, the Choctaw also exhibit a significantly smaller number of segregating alleles (6.65 vs. 8.14) at these loci. Both of these observations are consistent with the trend expected in an isolated population. Comparison of the allele size variance and gene diversity yields an imbalance index (lnbeta) of 0.811 in the Choctaw. Of the 105 loci examined, 93 exhibit excess expected homozygosity in comparison to the expectations of a stepwise mutation model in a population of constant size. Taken together, these observations are consistent with a signature of the recent population size expansion of the Choctaws, preceded by bottleneck event(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Center for Genome Information, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Foster MW, Aston CE. A practice approach for identifying previously unsuspected environmental contributors to systemic lupus erythematosus and other complex diseases. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111:593-7. [PMID: 12676621 PMCID: PMC1241450 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Existing medical records and health surveys provide insights into potential environmental contributors to complex chronic diseases. Those recognizable risks (e.g., workplace exposures and behaviors including smoking) do not, however, exhaust the domain of potential environmental contributors. Qualitative ethnographic investigation can be used to generate statistically testable hypotheses about environmental contributors to complex disease that otherwise would not be recognized as such. Consequently, we can empirically specify lifestyle beliefs and behaviors usually summarized by proxy identities such as race, ethnicity, gender, class, and culture. The investigation of potential environmental contributors to complex diseases may be particularly useful in confirming or disconfirming suggestive or established linkages and for indicating the kind of gene-environment interaction that may be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris W Foster
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Over the past century, genetics has experienced a tension between the view that racial and ethnic categories are biologically meaningful and the view that these social classifications have little or no biological significance. That tension continues to inform genomics and is evident in the assembly of biological collections and sequence databases that seek to approximate the genetic variation found in human populations. Although social identities can be useful and convenient proxies of some biological features, for example, in ensuring that genomic resources capture a range of genetic variants found in most human populations, the ways in which geneticists conceptualize the relationship between racial and ethnic identities and genetic variation can be problematic. Inclusion of racial and ethnic identifiers in genomic resources can create risks for all members of those identified populations and influence lay perceptions of the nature of racial and ethnic groups. Thus, the burden of showing the scientific utility of racial and ethic identities in the construction and analysis of genomic resources falls on researchers. This requires that genetic researchers pay as much attention to the social constitution of human populations as presently is paid to their genetic composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sharp RR, Foster MW. Community involvement in the ethical review of genetic research: lessons from American Indian and Alaska Native populations. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110 Suppl 2:145-8. [PMID: 11929722 PMCID: PMC1241157 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.02110s2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The National Bioethics Advisory Commission has proposed that regulatory oversight for research with human subjects be extended beyond the protection of individual research participants to include the protection of social groups. To accomplish this, the commission recommends that investigators and ethics review boards a) work directly with community representatives to develop study methods that minimize potential group harms, b) discuss group implications as part of the informed consent process, and c) consider group harms in reporting research results. We examine the utility of these recommendations in the context of research with American Indian and Alaska Native communities. Because much attention has been given to the question of how best to consult with members of these communities in the design and conduct of research, we believe it behooves investigators to consider the lessons to be learned from research involving American Indians and Alaska Natives. After describing several difficulties surrounding the application of the commission's approach to these research contexts, we propose a research agenda to develop best practices for working with local communities in the ethical assessment of epidemiologic and environmental health research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Sharp
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sharp RR, Foster MW. An analysis of research guidelines on the collection and use of human biological materials from American Indian and Alaskan Native communities. Jurimetrics 2002; 42:165-86. [PMID: 15119331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
American Indian and Alaskan Native communities have expressed concern about the use of human biological materials in research. These concerns have prompted research sponsors and professional organizations to develop guidelines for investigators working with these communities. This paper reviews research guidelines and presents recommendations that reflect "best practices" for working with North American indigenous communities in the collection, storage, and distribution of human biological materials for research. These recommendations strike a reasonable balance between three imperatives in research: (1) minimizing harm, (2) treating sample contributors with respect, and (3) promoting intellectual freedom to pursue a range of research questions. The recommendations can be used in designing appropriate methods of collecting and using human biological materials from members of American Indian and Alaskan Native communities and will likely be applicable to other historically disadvantaged communities as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Sharp
- Program in Environmental Health Policy and Ethics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Social categories such as race and ethnicity have long been used in interpreting patient symptoms, diagnosing disease, and predicting therapeutic response. DNA-based diagnostic tests and pharmacogenetic screens could make these uses of social categories largely irrelevant by allowing clinicians to base diagnosis and treatment decisions on the unique genetic features of individual patients. Despite this attractive vision of individualized care, however, social categories are likely to continue playing a significant role in the coming era of genetic medicine. Current uses of social categories in pharmacogenetic research, for example, illustrate how drug development and marketing will perpetuate the use of social categories such as race and ethnicity. Those uses may unintentionally blunt the precision of genetic technologies and pose new threats to socially identifiable populations. These implications suggest the need for greater caution in using social categories as indicators for specific tests or therapies and for federal legislation to protect against discriminatory uses of individuals' genetic information. In addition, more precise social classifications than those presently in use may allow us to realize the full potential of DNA-based technologies, thus minimizing social disparities in health care. Those more precise social classifications should reflect extended patient pedigrees and not the self-reported claims of racial and/or ethnic affiliation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Foster MW. Neurosis and trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001; 32:54-9. [PMID: 5889059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
33
|
Foster MW, Bian S, Surerus KK, Cowan JA. Elucidation of a [4Fe-4S] cluster degradation pathway: rapid kinetic studies of the degradation of Chromatium vinosum HiPIP. J Biol Inorg Chem 2001; 6:266-74. [PMID: 11315562 DOI: 10.1007/s007750000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible disassembly of the 4Fe-4S cluster in Chromatium vinosum high-potential iron protein (HiPIP) has been investigated in the presence of a low concentration of guanidinium hydrochloride. From the dependence of degradation rate on [H+], it is deduced that at least three protons are required to trigger efficient cluster degradation. Under these conditions the protonated cluster shows broadened Mössbauer signals, but delta EQ (1.1 mm/s) and delta (0.44 mm/s) are similar to the native form. Collapse of the protonated transition state complex, revealed by rapid-quench Mössbauer experiments, occurs with a measured rate constant kobs approximately 0.72 +/- 0.35 s-1 that is consistent with results from time-resolved electronic absorption and fluorescence (kobs approximately 0.4 +/- 0.1 s-1) and EPR (kobs approximately 0.62 +/- 0.18 s-1) measurements. Apparently, guanidinium hydrochloride serves to perturb the tertiary structure of the protein, facilitating protonation of the cluster, but not degradation per se. Release of iron ions occurs even more slowly with kobs approximately 0.07 +/- 0.02 s-1, as determined by the appearance of the g = 4.3 EPR signal. Proton-mediated cluster degradation is sensitive to the oxidation state of the cluster, with the oxidized state showing a two-fold slower rate in acidic solutions as a result of increased electrostatic repulsion with the cluster. Consistent results are obtained from absorption, fluorescence, Mössbauer and EPR measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- Evans Laboratory of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 455 W. Lindsey, Room 515, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Genetic research can present risks to all members of a study population, not just those who choose to participate in research. The authors suggest that community-based reviews of research protocols can help identify and minimize such research-related risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Sharp
- University of Oklahoma at Norman, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Foster MW, Eisenbraun AJ, Carter TH. Genetic screening of targeted subpopulations: the role of communal discourse in evaluating sociocultural implications. Genet Test 1999; 1:269-74. [PMID: 10464656 DOI: 10.1089/gte.1997.1.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeting socially identifiable subpopulations for genetic screening entails the risk of stigmatizing them. The potential for such harm should be considered before programs are initiated. There is an emerging consensus that targeted subpopulations should be actively involved in evaluating these risks. A process of communal discourse engages the community in discussions that reflect both public and private sociocultural contexts in which individual decisions about screening will be made. This allows the subpopulation to address the collective implications of testing in a culturally appropriate way. Communal discourse was used to evaluate the collective implications of genetic testing in two Native American communities. We found that private social units were more influential than public units in reaching communal consensus, that local sociocultural issues were of more concern than were general issues such as employment and insurance discrimination, and that heterogeneity within a subpopulation may be just as significant a consideration in designing a targeted screening program as diversity between subpopulations. Heterogeneity is constructed by using a dichotomy between community-specific and biomedical health representations and practices. How genetic screening is socially constructed using a community's existing dichotomy may be central to its success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Foster MW, Sharp RR, Freeman WL, Chino M, Bernsten D, Carter TH. The role of community review in evaluating the risks of human genetic variation research. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:1719-27. [PMID: 10330360 PMCID: PMC1377916 DOI: 10.1086/302415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The practicality and moral value of community review of human genetic research has become a focus of debate. Examples from two Native American communities are used to address four aspects of that debate: (1) the value of community review in larger, geographically dispersed populations; (2) the identification of culturally specific risks; (3) the potential conflict between individual and group assessments of research-related risks; and (4) the confusion of social categories with biological categories. Our experiences working with these two communities suggest that: (1) successful community review may require the involvement of private social units (e.g., families); (2) culturally specific implications of genetic research may be identifiable only by community members and are of valid concern in their moral universes; (3) community concerns can be incorporated into existing review mechanisms without necessarily giving communities the power to veto research proposals; and (4) the conflation of social and biological categories presents recruitment problems for genetic studies. These conclusions argue for the use of community review to identify and minimize research-related risks posed by genetic studies. Community review also can assist in facilitating participant recruitment and retention, as well as in developing partnerships between researchers and communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tan FK, Stivers DN, Foster MW, Chakraborty R, Howard RF, Milewicz DM, Arnett FC. Association of microsatellite markers near the fibrillin 1 gene on human chromosome 15q with scleroderma in a Native American population. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41:1729-37. [PMID: 9778214 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199810)41:10<1729::aid-art5>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To localize disease genes for scleroderma, or systemic sclerosis (SSc), in a population of Choctaw Native Americans with a high prevalence of SSc, in which there is evidence of a possible founder effect. METHODS A candidate gene approach was used in which microsatellite alleles on human chromosomes 15q and 2q, homologous to the murine tight skin 1 (tsk1) and tsk2 loci, respectively, were analyzed in Choctaw SSc cases and race-matched normal controls for possible disease association. Genotyping first-degree relatives of the cases identified potential disease haplotypes, and haplotype frequencies were obtained by expectation-maximization and maximum-likelihood estimation methods. Simultaneously, the ancestral origins of contemporary Choctaw SSc cases were ascertained using census and historical records. RESULTS A multilocus 2-cM haplotype was identified on human chromosome 15q homologous to the murine tsk1 region, which showed a significantly increased frequency in SSc cases compared with controls. This haplotype contains 2 intragenic markers for the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene. Genealogical studies demonstrated that the SSc cases were distantly related, and their ancestry could be traced back to 5 founding families in the mid-eighteenth century. The probability that the SSc cases share this haplotype due to familial aggregation effects alone was calculated and found to be very low. There was no evidence of any microsatellite allele disturbances on chromosome 2q in the region homologous to the tsk2 locus or the region containing the interleukin-1 family. CONCLUSION A 2-cM haplotype on chromosome 15q that contains FBN1 is associated with scleroderma in Choctaw Native Americans from Oklahoma. This haplotype may have been inherited from common founders about 10 generations ago and may contribute to the high prevalence of SSc that is now seen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F K Tan
- The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Genetic research increasingly focuses on population-specific human genetic diversity. However, the naming of a human population in public databases and scientific publications entails collective risks for its members. Those collective risks can be evaluated and protections can be put in place by the establishment of a dialogue with the subject population, before a research study is initiated. Here we describe an agreement to undertake genetic research with a Native American tribe. We identified the culturally appropriate public and private social units within which community members are accustomed to make decisions about health. We then engaged those units in a process of communal discourse. In their discourses about our proposed study, community members expressed most concern about culturally specific implications. We also found that, in this population, private social units were more influential in communal decision making than were public authorities. An agreement was reached that defined the scope of research, provided options for naming the population in publications (including anonymity), and addressed the distribution of royalties from intellectual property, the future use of archival samples, and specific cultural concerns. We found that informed consent by individuals could not fully address these collective issues. This approach may serve as a general model for the undertaking of population-specific genetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Genetic technologies present unique problems for the practice of informed consent. They provide information that may affect a study participant's family or kindred, which may be identifiable as an ethnic or locally isolated population. That information may be used to construct adverse perceptions of such identifiable populations, including non-participants who may not have been informed of or consented to the analyses. To address collective implications of genetic research, we describe a process that can supplement individual consent. Our approach engages pre-existing social units in discourses about proposed research. Communal discourses can influence individuals' decisions to participate in research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Foster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Parker FT, Foster MW, Margulies DT, Berkowitz AE. Spin canting, surface magnetization, and finite-size effects in gamma -Fe2O3 particles. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:7885-7891. [PMID: 10004794 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.7885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
43
|
Foster MW. Robert Finley Gayle III 1922-1979. Va Med 1979; 106:621-2. [PMID: 380210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|