Dexmedetomidine protects the uterus against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze the histopathological and biochemical effects of dexmedetomidine on the rat uteri exposed to experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-four female rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 was defined as the control group. An experimental uterine ischemia-reperfusion model was created in Group 2. Group 3 was assigned as the treatment group. Similar uterine ischemia-reperfusion models were created for the rats in Group 3, and then, unlike the other groups, 100 μg/kg of dexmedetomidine was administered intraperitoneally immediately after the onset of reperfusion. In blood biochemical analysis, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured. In the histopathological analyses, endometrial epithelial glandular changes (leukocytosis, cell degeneration) and endometrial stromal changes (congestion, edema) were analyzed using the tissue damage scoring system.

RESULTS

It was observed that IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were significantly suppressed in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p=0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). MDA level was noted as the highest in Group 2. The MDA value in Group 3 was measured at 5.37±0.82, which was significantly decreased compared to Group 2 (p<0.001). An increase in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and GSH-PX) was observed in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p=0.001 and p=0.006, respectively). In our histopathological analysis, a significant improvement in endometrial epithelial glandular and endometrial stromal changes was revealed in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, it has been documented that dexmedetomidine protects the uterine tissue against ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The Effects of Probiotics and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Liver Steatosis Induced in Rats by High-Fructose Corn Syrup

AIMS

This study was designed to reveal the effect of probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids in a fatty liver model in rats induced by high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS).

METHODS

In the study, 40 male Wistar Albino rats were used, and these rats were divided into five groups. HFCS was added to the drinking water (30% solution) of four groups (Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5) for three weeks, and the animals were fed ad libitum. At the end of three weeks, the rats in Groups 3, 4, and 5 were administered omega-3 fatty acids (400 mg/kg) and probiotics (1.5 × 10⁹ cfu/mL/day) with the gavage method for four weeks. The body weights of rats were weighed and recorded before starting the experiment, at the end of the third week, and before the animals were sacrificed at the last week, all at the same hour. By subtracting the remaining amount of food and water from the daily food and water amount, the amount of food and water consumed was calculated. These values were recorded for seven weeks. At the end of the seven weeks, the rats were sacrificed after blood specimens and tissues were taken.

RESULTS

Analyzing the changes in the food intake of each group within itself throughout the experiment, it was observed that there was an increase in the food intake in the control group; from the starting week to the last week, the food intake amount of the HFCS group began to decrease particularly after the second week; and it began to decrease after the third week in the groups that were administered probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids. The changes in the sacrifice weights in the HFCS + omega-3 fatty acid, HFCS + probiotic, and HFCS + probiotic + omega-3 fatty acid groups were found to be lower than that in the HFCS group. The maximum levels of glucose, ALT, ALP, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and AST were found to be in the HFCS group. It was determined that the minimum mean steatosis level was in the control group, while the maximum steatosis level was in the HFCS group.

CONCLUSIONS

As a result, there was a protective effect of probiotic and omega-3 fatty acid.

Milrinone ameliorates ischaemia-reperfusion injury in experimental testicular torsion/detorsion rat model

This experimental study aims to evaluate the efficacy of milrinone against ischaemia-reperfusion injury due to testicular torsion/detorsion. Group 1 was defined as the control group. Testicular torsion/detorsion model was performed in Group 2. Group 3 had similar procedures to the rats in Group 2. In addition, 0.5 mg/kg of milrinone was administered intraperitoneally immediately after testicular torsion in Group 3. Histopathological examinations indicated a dramatic improvement in terms of inflammation, haemorrhage, oedema, congestion, Cosentino and Johnson scores in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p = .037, p = .045, p = .018, p = .040, p = .033 and p = .03 respectively). Blood biochemical analyses, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels increased significantly in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p = .001, p = .024 and p < .001). Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels decreased in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p = .001, p = .018, p < .001, p = .036 and p = .002 respectively). Tissue biochemical analyses determined an increase in SOD and GSH-px activity in Group 3 compared to Group 2, while PC and MDA levels were reduced (p = .001, p < .001, p = .038 and p < .001 respectively). Milrinone attenuates ischaemia-reperfusion injury that causes highly harmful effects due to testicular torsion/detorsion.

Protective effects of dexmedetomidine on ischaemia-reperfusion injury in an experimental rat model of priapism

The study aimed to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine against ischaemia-reperfusion injury occurring after priapism in a model of induced-priapism in rats. A total of 18 male rats were randomised into three groups. Group 1 was the control group. A priapism model was performed rats in Group 2 and then ischaemia-reperfusion injury was evaluated. Group 3 had similar procedures to the rats in Group 2. Rats in Group 3 additionally had 100 μg/kg dexmedetomidine administered intraperitoneally immediately after reperfusion. Blood and tissue samples were analysed. Biochemical analysis of blood samples revealed a decrease in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 Beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p:.04, p:.009 and p:.009, respectively). Similarly, the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) level was in Group 2 (p:.002). The levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were significantly higher in Group 3 than that of Group 2 (p:.037 and p:.045, respectively). Direct microscopic examinations revealed positive changes in desquamation, oedema, inflammation and vasocongestion scores in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p:.007, p:.008, p:.007 and p:.006, respectively). Dexmedetomidine has a protective effect against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in penile tissue.

The effects of pirfenidone on ischaemia-reperfusion injury in testicular torsion-induced rat model

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of pirfenidone against ischaemia-reperfusion injury occurring after detorsion in rats with induced testicular torsion model. Group 1 was assigned as the control group. Group 2 first had testis torsion performed, and then, testicular detorsion was performed. Group 3 had similar procedures to the rats in Group 2. Rats in Group 3 additionally had 325 mg/kg pirfenidone administered immediately after ischaemia. The blood samples were analysed spectrophotometrically. To determine the intensity of tissue injury, haemorrhage, oedema and congestion levels were evaluated with direct microscopic investigation of testis. Seminiferous tubule architecture, spermatogenesis processes and germ cell maturation were graded by Johnsen and Cosentino scoring systems. In Group 3, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities increased compared with Group 2 (p:.03 and p:.049 respectively). Additionally, the mean malondialdehyde (MDA) value was higher in Group 2 compared with the other groups (p:.001). Histopathological investigation of rats in Group 3 identified positive changes in haemorrhage, oedema and congestion levels compared with Group 2 (p:.031, p:.048, p:.044 respectively). Similarly, Johnsen and Cosentino scores were positively affected in Group 3 (p:.033, p:.032 respectively). Pirfenidone is protective against testicular oxidative damage.

Investigation of ICAM-1 levels in hypertensive patients with fragmented QRS complexes

Objective: Fragmented QRS (fQRS) detected on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) has been demonstrated to be a marker of myocardial fibrosis. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a protein which plays an important role in fibro-inflammatory processes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between ICAM-1 levels and the presence of fQRS in hypertensive patients.Methods: Ninety consecutive patients who were diagnosed with hypertension were included in the study. ECG and transthoracic echocardiography were performed to all patients. fQRS was defined as additional R' wave or notching/splitting of S wave in two contiguous ECG leads. Serum ICAM-1 levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of fQRS.Results: A total of 90 patients (female, 65%; mean age: 54.6 ± 8.5 years) were included in the study. fQRS was detected on ECG recordings of 47 (52.2%) patients. The demographic characteristics were similar between the groups. Left atrial diameter (p = .003), interventricular septal thickness (p = .013), posterior wall thickness (p = .01), left ventricular mass (p = .002), left ventricular mass index (p < .001), left ventricular hypertrophy (p = .001), and ICAM-1 levels (p < .001) were found to be significantly increased in fQRS(+) group. In multivariate analysis, only high ICAM-1 level was observed to be an independent predictor for the presence of fQRS (odds ratio: 1.029; 95%Confidence Interval: 1.013-1.045, p < .001).Conclusion: A significant association exists between serum ICAM-1 levels and the presence of fQRS in hypertensive patients. The presence of fQRS may be used as an indicator of inflammation in hypertensive patients.

Fragmented QRS complexes are a marker of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease

OBJECTIVE

Carboxy-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (PICP) is a marker of extracellular collagen synthesis. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) has been demonstrated as a marker of myocardial fibrosis. The present objective was to investigate the association between serum PICP concentration and presence of fQRS on ECG in hypertensive patients.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with previously or newly diagnosed hypertension were included. fQRS was defined as the presence of additional R-wave (R'), or notching of R- or S-waves, or the presence of fragmentation in 2 contiguous ECG leads. Serum PICP levels were measured by ELISA method.

RESULTS

The study group consisted of 90 hypertensive patients (74% females, with a mean age of 54.7±8.5 years). Of these patients, 47 (52.2%) had fQRS on ECG. Age (p=0.121) and gender distribution (p=0.625) were similar in patients with or without fQRS. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis yielded a strong predictive ability of PICP levels for the presence of fQRS (area under the curve: 0.850; 95% CI: 0.772-0.929; p<0.0001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, PICP levels were strongly and independently associated with the presence of fQRS (OR: 1.938; 95% CI: 1.398-2.688).

CONCLUSION

Serum PICP level is a strong and independent predictor of fQRS. Discriminative performance of serum PICP levels for the presence of fQRS is high. The present results are the first to demonstrate that fQRS may indicate myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertension.

Evaluation of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzyme polymorphisms in celiac disease patients

Celiac disease (CD) is a multifactorial, inflammatory small bowel disorder characterized by nutrient malabsorption resulting from mucosal damage, the latter induced by cereal products like barley, oat, and wheat. Oxidative stress has previously been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of CD. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of polymorphisms that affects the structure of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), with levels being dependent on the amount of oxidative stress and whether or not there is an association with the mutations DQA1*0501, DQB1*0201, and DRB1*04 that are frequently reported for CD. SOD and GSH-Px polymorphisms were investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 265 cases. Of the 117 cases that had at least one of DQA1*0501, DQB1*0201, or DRB1*04, 98 (83.75%) also had SOD enzyme polymorphisms and 68 (58.12%) also had GSH-Px polymorphisms. In conclusion, although the etiology of CD is not yet entirely clear, many mechanisms have been suggested. This study supports the notion that SOD and GSH-Px polymorphisms are involved in CD development, even though our findings were not statistically significant, and, furthermore, are influenced at various levels. SOD polymorphisms and activities were more frequently identified than those of GSH-Px.

The protective effects of endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ-123 in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in rats

Endothelin-1 has been shown to increase neuronal activity and glutaminergic synaptic transmission by endothelin-A receptors (ETAR) in the nucleus tractus solitarius neurons that play an important role in epileptic seizures. Therefore, BQ-123 as an ETAR antagonist might attenuate neuronal excitability and glutaminergic synaptic transmission. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the protective effect of acute BQ-123 treatment against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced tonic–clonic seizures. Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, PTZ, and PTZ + BQ-123 groups. BQ-123 (3 mg/kg, intravenously) was administered for 15 min before injecting with PTZ (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). We determined a delay resulting from BQ-123 in “duration of the seizure onset.” “Number of rats with major seizure” also decreased according to scoring with video camera in PTZ + BQ-123 group. In BQ-123-treated group, there were eight rats without a major seizure, but only one rat had a delayed major seizure. The brain tissue glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly decreased in the PTZ and PTZ + BQ-123 groups. According to the results of the control group, there was a significant increase in the protein carbonyl levels of the PTZ group and a significant increase in the nitric oxide levels of the PTZ + BQ-123 group. Histological examination showed an increase in the number of neuronal hyperchromatic nucleus especially in hippocampal gyrus dentatus region of BQ-123-treated group. We concluded that BQ-123 impeded the formation and spread of seizure to a great degree. The beneficial effects of BQ-123 were comparatively supported with biochemical parameters and histological examinations.

ERM proteins of the lens

Ezrin and radixin and protein 4.1 were detected in the lens of the eye. These proteins were mainly present in the young elongating cortical fiber cells and localized to the plasma membranes. Moesin was not detected. Ezrin, radixin, and protein 4.1 provide another means whereby actin is linked to the plasma membrane in addition to the known adherens junctions in the lens.

Paralemnin of the lens

Paralemmin was identified in the chicken lens as a protein with mol. wt 65 kDa and a splice variant of 60 kDa, both soluble in Triton X-100. Paralemmin is localized to the plasma membrane of fiber cells, and was not detected in the annular pad cells. Thus in the chick lens it is another feature of fiber cell differentiation. Its localization to the short side of the fiber cell and the sites of fiber cell interlocking suggests that paralemmin may play a role in the development of such interdigitating processes.

Associated proteins of lens adherens junction

Cytoplasmic proteins associated with adherens junctions were identified in the chicken ocular lens. The catenins, alpha, beta, and gamma, were present in epithelial and fiber cells, although their pattern of distribution changed with fiber cell differentiation. The sharp decline in alpha-catenin with fiber cell formation and the increasing Triton-insolubility of N-cadherin suggests that another subtype of alpha-catenin exists in the lens.

Heat shock proteins of adult and embryonic human ocular lenses

We investigated the presence and distribution of heat shock proteins, HSP-70 [Horwitz, J. 1992. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89:10449-10453], HSP-40, HSc-70, HSP-27, and alphabeta-crystallin in different regions of adult and fetal human lenses and in aging human lens epithelial cells. This study was undertaken because heat shock proteins may play an important role in the maintenance of the supramolecular organization of the lens proteins. Human adult and fetal lenses were dissected to separate the epithelium, superficial cortex, intermediate cortex, and nucleus. The water soluble and insoluble protein fractions were separated by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to nitrocellulose paper. Specific antibodies were used to identify the presence of heat shock proteins in distinct regions of the lens. HSP-70 [Horwitz, 1992], HSP-40, and HSc-70 immunoreactivity was mainly detected in the epithelium and superficial cortical fiber cells of the adult human lens. The small heat shock proteins, HSP-27 and alphabeta-crystallin were found in all regions of the lens. Fetal human lenses showed immunoreactivity to all heat shock proteins. An aging study revealed a decrease in heat shock protein levels, except for HSP-27. The presence of HSP-70 [Horwitz, 1992], HSP-40, and HSc-70 in the epithelium and superficial cortical fiber cells imply a regional cell specific function, whereas the decrease of heat shock protein with age could be responsible for the loss of optimal protein organization, and the eventual appearance of age-related cataract.

Expression of cathepsins B, D and L in mouse corneas infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

C57BL/6J naïve and immunized mice were intracorneally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed to detect cathepsin gene expression and the results were further confirmed by immunoblot analysis. The enzymatic activities of cathepsins B, D and L were measured by peptidase assays. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out to localize the expression of the cathepsins. Cathepsins B, D and L were detected in the normal cornea by RT-PCR. A peptidase assay revealed activities of all three cathepsins under normal physiological conditions. In naïve mice, enzymatic activities of cathepsins B, D and L were all significantly enhanced when the corneas were infected with P. aeruginosa and the peak of the induction appeared around day 6 postinfection. Immunoblot analysis showed increased expression of cathepsins B, D and L. The infected corneal samples from immunized mice exhibited much lower induction of enzymatic activities compared to those from naïve mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of cathepsins in the normal cornea was restricted to the epithelial tissue while the induced expression of cathepsins was predominantly in the substantia propria. Our data revealed up-regulated enzymatic activities of cathepsins B, D and L in the naïve corneas infected with P. aeruginosa, which correlated well with the inflammatory response. Immunization of mice against P. aeruginosa attenuated the inducing effect on cathepsin expression caused by infection. The time sequence for induction of cathepsin proteins and enzymatic activities suggests a mechanism of host proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix resulting in corneal destruction after P. aeruginosa infection.

Expression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases 4, 5, and 6 in mouse corneas infected with P. aeruginosa

PURPOSE

To investigate the expression and regulation of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) 4, 5, and 6 in the mouse corneas infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

METHODS

C57BL/6J mice were intracorneally infected with P. aeruginosa. The expression of MT4-, MT5-, and MT6-MMP was detected at both the mRNA and protein levels by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to localize the expression of MT4- and MT5-MMP in the mouse corneas.

RESULTS

Expression of MT4- and MT5-MMP was detected in the normal (uninfected) cornea by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. When infected with P. aeruginosa, the corneas showed significant induction of each MT-MMP. Localization of MT4- and MT5-MMP revealed that the expression of MT5-MMP was restricted to the epithelial tissue in the normal cornea, whereas the induced expression of MT4- and MT5-MMP was predominantly in the substantia propria, which contained most of the infiltrating cells. MT6-MMP expression was not detected in the uninfected cornea but was upregulated in the infected corneas.

CONCLUSIONS

Expression of MT4-, MT5-, and MT6-MMP was induced in corneas infected with P. aeruginosa. Immunohistochemistry showed predominant immunoreactivity of MT4- and MT5-MMP in the substantia propria. Previous histologic studies have revealed different patterns of inflammatory cell infiltration with an increased number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) during the early stage of inflammation and increased macrophages during the late stage. These results indicate a good correlation between the overexpression of the MT-MMPs in the infected corneas and the inflammatory response-that is, leukocyte infiltration-indicating that inflammatory cells such as macrophages and PMNs may play a role in the upregulation of MT-MMPs during corneal infection, which in turn can cause the destruction of corneal tissue.

Heat shock proteins of chicken lens

The presence of heat shock proteins HSP-40, HSP-70, and HSc-70 in adult and embryonic chicken lenses were determined. The epithelium, cortex, and nucleus of adult chicken lens were separated and tested for the presence of heat shock proteins (hsps) by western blot, using specific antibodies for HSP-40, HSP-70, and HSc-70. Water soluble (WSF) and water insoluble fractions (WIF) of embryonic chicken lenses were isolated and tested for the presence of HSP-40, HSP-70, and HSc-70 by immunoblot. Embryonic chicken lens sections were also analyzed for the presence of heat shock proteins by immunofluorescence technique. Data obtained from these experiments revealed that HSP-40, HSP-70, and HSc-70 are present in all areas of both adult and embryonic chicken lens. Presence of hsps protein in the deep cortex and nucleus is intriguing as no detectable metabolic activities are reported in this area. However it can be proposed that hsps HSP-40, HSP-70, and HSc-70 can interact with protein of these areas and protect them from stress induced denaturation.

Plasminogen Activators and Inhibitors in the Corneas of Mice Infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

PURPOSE

To characterize the presence of plasminogen activators and their inhibitors in the corneas during the inflammatory response in naïve and immunized mice intracorneally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

METHODS

RT-PCR was used to detect gene expression for plasminogen activators and their inhibitors in naïve and immunized mice. Immunoblot analysis, zymography, and ELISA were used to demonstrate the syntheses of these proteins.

RESULTS

Naïve mice intracorneally infected with P. aeruginosa showed a temporally enhanced expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2 (PAI-1 and PAI-2), over a several-day holding period. Immunized mice demonstrated a lower and shorter expression of these factors over the same period. Expression of these factors at the mRNA and protein levels may have been due to enzymes and inhibitors present in inflammatory cells and in resident corneal cells.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show a correlation between the overexpression of the PA system in infected naïve mice as part of the inflammatory response, with eventual ocular destruction. Immunized mice exhibit a more balanced and shorter expression of the PA system, which may contribute to the restoration of corneal clarity.

A heat shock transcription factor like protein in the nuclear matrix compartment of the tissue cultured mammalian lens epithelial cell

This investigation characterizes a prominent nuclear matrix protein isolated from tissue cultured mouse lens epithelial cells. The nuclear matrix protein was isolated using a modified Penman technique. Total nuclear matrix proteins were further separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The SDS-PAGE profile of the nuclear matrix proteins displayed a prominent doublet band at 60 kDa region. Nonequilibrium 2D gel electrophoresis revealed that this protein is a basic nuclear protein. This 60 kDa protein was further characterized by comparing its internal peptide amino acid sequence with known protein sequence using the BLAST technique, and this study demonstrated that 60 kDa nuclear matrix protein displays significant sequence similarity with Xenopus Laevis heat shock transcription factor. We also raised antibodies against 60 kDa nuclear matrix protein. Immunofluorescence, studies showed that this 60 kDa nuclear matrix protein preferably decorates nucleus, and puncted pattern of fluorescence suggest presence of this protein in the discrete areas of the nucleus. Heat shock transcription factors upregulate synthesis of heat shock proteins and many of these protein act as molecular chaperones. Thus, presence of a nuclear matrix protein with significant sequence similarity with heat shock transcription factor suggests sustained heat shock protein synthesis in the mouse lens cells.

Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases in mice intracorneally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

PURPOSE

To establish the presence of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) in the cornea and their expression in naive and immunized mice intracorneally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

METHODS

Naive (unimmunized) and immunized C57BL/6J mice were infected with P. aeruginosa, and gene expression of MT-MMPs were detected by RT-PCR. Immunoblot analysis and immunostaining were also used to characterize the MT-MMP response in both sets of animals.

RESULTS

Expression of MT1-MMP, MT2-MMP, and MT3-MMP (MMP 14, 15, and 16) was detected by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Of the three MT-MMPs detected, MT1-MMP exhibited the greatest expression at protein levels. In general, a bell-shaped curve was obtained for each of the MT-MMPs in naive mice, but all of them showed much less expression in the immunized mice. MT1-MMP was localized in the epithelial tissue of the cornea, whereas MT2-MMP and MT3-MMP were mainly found in the interface between the epithelium and substantia propria.

CONCLUSIONS

MT1-MMP was detected and expressed to a greater extent in naive mice than MT2-MMP and MT3-MMP. Peak expression of all three MT-MMPs showed a good correlation with the overall inflammatory response.

Nonchromatin nuclear proteins of mammalian lens epithelial cells

The nuclear matrix (NM) proteins of six tissue cultured lens epithelial cell lines and one embryonic rabbit epidermal cell line were analyzed to determined possible tissue and species specificity of these proteins. The NM proteins were isolated by the modified Penman technique. The tissue cultured cells were pulsed with [35S] methionine and nuclear matrix proteins were fractionated by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. The 2-D gels were dried and autoradiographed. The relative abundance of spot patterns of nuclear matrix proteins of different cells were compared. The data from these experiments revealed that all the examined cell lines have distinct spot patterns, however, all of NM profile showed a spot pattern in the 45 kDa region with acidic pH. Some of these spots cross-reacted with anti-vimentin antibodies, whereas a prominent protein spot in this region did not cross react with either vimentin or actin antibodies. The observed variations in the NM protein patterns of lens epithelial cells may reflect tissue and species specificity and also a role in the regulatory properties of these nuclear proteins in the eye tissue development.

Sequence-specific DNA binding activities of nuclear matrix proteins of mammalian lens epithelial cells

This study examines matrix and nonmatrix nuclear proteins of the rabbit lens epithelial cells. The nuclear matrix proteins were isolated by modified Penman technique, which requires presence of detergents and nucleases, whereas nonmatrix nuclear proteins were obtained by high salt extraction. The data from these experiments revealed presence of DNA binding activities for SP-1 and OCT-1 proteins in both matrix and non-matrix compartments of rabbit lens epithelial cells. Comparison of the relative abundance of SP-1 and OCT-1 binding activities in nuclear matrix and nonmatrix fractions suggest the distribution between these two compartments is cell type specific and possibly related to the control of cell growth.

NCAM of the mammalian lens

NCAM is present in the plasma membranes of human and rat lens epithelial cells and superficial fiber cells. The predominant isoform in epithelial cells is NCAM 140, while NCAM 120 appears only in the superficial fiber cells. The immunofluorescence patterns are consistent with a decreasing concentration of NCAM associated with fiber cell differentiation.

Reversal of the limited proteolysis of MP26 during the reversal and prevention of the galactose cataract in rat lenses

The reversal and prevention of the galactose-induced cataract in rats were employed to study their effects on the acceleration of the limited proteolysis of MP26 into MP23-24 previously observed in cataractous lenses of galactose-fed animals. Lenses of rats on a cataract reversal-diet demonstrated the reversal of MP23-24 and MP26 levels to control levels in the clearing cortical areas but not in remaining cataractous nuclear areas. Acceleration of the limited proteolysis of MP26 was observed in the nucleus but not the cortex in the clear lenses of animals on a cataract prevention-diet. The results demonstrated that the limited proteolysis of MP26 may form part of a gradual aging process that although not directly (causally) related to cataractogenesis may at least be accelerated by cataractogenic agents or conditions.

Enolase in the avian and turtle lens

Enolase is a dimeric enzyme of molecular weight of 100,000 daltons, which plays an important role in the glycolytic cycle. The aim of this study was to characterize the enzyme of the chicken lens epithelium and to compare its distribution in different regions of the chicken, duck and turtle lens. Enolase of the chicken lens epithelium was found to be an enzymatically active dimeric protein of molecular weight 100,000 daltons and representing alpha-enolase. It is a major component of the epithelium comprising 4%, 12% and 46% of the water-soluble protein of chicken, duck and turtle epithelium respectively. Enolase is found in trace amount in the fiber cells of the chicken and duck, but is retained in much greater concentration in the turtle fiber mass as a predominantly inactive enzyme.

Ankyrin of the ocular lens

Ankyrin was identified in the human, bovine and chicken lens as a protein of molecular weight 216 kilodaltons. It is specifically extracted from association with the fiber cell plasma membranes by high-ionic-strength salt solution and is predominantly found in young fiber cells. A protein which is unrelated to plakoglobin, protein 4.1 or ankyrin is also specifically extracted by high-salt solution.

NCAM in the differentiation of embryonic lens tissue

The role of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)2 in ocular lens differentiation was investigated in chicken embryos. Changes in expression of NCAM were documented by immunohistology of frozen sections. This analysis revealed that NCAM diminished during lens fiber differentiation, in contrast to the gap junction-associated protein MP26 which became more abundant. The form of NCAM expressed was determined by Western blot analysis of proteins extracted from the different regions of the Embryonic Day 6 lenses. All regions expressed NCAM with an apparent molecular weight of 140 kDa and relatively low levels of polysialylation. The function of NCAM in lens differentiation was investigated using antibodies that inhibit NCAM-mediated adhesion. Two parameters that change during maturation of the lens epithelial cells were monitored: the thickness of the tissue, indicating the length of lens cells, and the particle arrangement of gap junctions, reflecting the state of junctional differentiation. When epithelial cell explants of Embryonic Day 6 lenses were cultured for 5 days, the cells elongated and displayed an increase in the loose, random intramembranous particle arrangements characteristic of maturing lens fiber gap junctions. When the explants were cultured in the presence of anti-NCAM Fabs, the epithelia were thinner than in matched controls and had particle arrangements characteristic of a less mature state. The expression of NCAM during lens differentiation and the effects of attenuating NCAM function suggest that adhesion mediated by NCAM is an essential event in lens cell differentiation.

N-cadherin of the human lens

N-cadherin was identified in the human lens by its immunological specificity, and concanavalin-A (Con-A) binding. The 135 kd glycoprotein was partially purified from human lens plasma membranes by Con-A affinity column chromatography. In the newborn lens, N-cadherin is distributed equally in amount between cortical and nuclear membranes. It is markedly decreased in the nuclear membranes of the 2 year-old lens and was no longer detectable in the nucleus of 15 yr-old and older lenses (15 yrs - 86 yrs). Such nuclear loss of N-cadherin is consistent with similar findings in the chicken and bovine lens. At all ages, N-cadherin was readily detected in cortical fiber-cells. When expressed as a ratio to MP26 content, the amount of N-cadherin of the total fiber mass declines at least 4-fold from newborn to 15 years of age, and remains stable thereafter. Homogenization of bovine lenses in the presence of Ca++ resulted in a marked loss of the protein, suggestive of degradation by a calcium-activated protease. The loss of N-cadherin with aging in fiber cells suggests either an alteration in the mode of membrane adhesion of these cells, or a decline in adhesiveness of nuclear as compared to cortical fiber-cells.

Human beta crystallins: regional and age related changes

The composition of human beta-crystallins displayed specific changes with age and region of the lens. 27 kD and 29 kD human beta-crystallin subunits were singled out for study. The 29 kD beta-crystallin subunit constituted approximately 10% of the total lens crystallins at 8 months of fetal life. Its accumulation decreased steadily to 3.3% during postnatal year 1, to 0.5% by year 5 and to 0.3% thereafter. At all postnatal ages, however, it persisted mainly in the superficial fibers. Thus in a 17-years old lens it made up 1.3% of the superficial fiber soluble protein but was already absent from deep cortical and nuclear fibers. The 27 kD subunit increased steadily from 3.5% at 8 months fetal to 7% at year 5; it then decreased steadily to 1.2% in the 86-year old lens. It persisted in all regions of the lens but decreased markedly in the deep cortical and nuclear fibers with increasing age beginning at 5-17 years of age. Studies on the oligomeric structure of human beta-crystallin must take into account age-related changing quantitative patterns in the subunit polypeptide composition of this lens protein.

Limited proteolysis of MP26 in lens fiber plasma membranes of the galactose-induced cataract in the rat

Lenses of rats maintained on a 50% galactose diet displayed the development of a progressive cataract which was cortical at 3-11 days, and progressively internalized (nuclear as well) and mature at 16-20 days of feeding. Lens fiber plasma membranes were isolated from female rats subjected to the galactose diet and from controls at 11, 19, and 31 days of feeding, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Examination of the fiber plasma membranes from whole lenses of galactose-fed rats demonstrated the limited proteolysis of MP26 into MP23-24, in both the cortical and mature stages of the resultant cataracts. The limited proteolysis of MP26 was first evident in the lens cortex at 11 days of galactose feeding, and was evident as well, and more severe in proportion, in the lens nucleus at 19 days of feeding. The greatest proportion in MP26 limited proteolysis was observed in whole lenses at 31 days of galactose feeding. The regional progression of MP26 limited proteolysis closely paralleled the morphological progression of the galactose-induced cataract in the rat. The proportion of lens MP26 which underwent limited proteolysis into MP23-24 increased the longer the animals were kept on the galactose diet.

Limited proteolysis of MP26 in lens fiber plasma membranes of the U18666A-induced cataract in rats

Most of the animals treated with U18666A every other day beginning at one-day of age developed permanent nuclear cataracts by 3-4 weeks of age. Lens fiber plasma membranes were isolated from cortical and nuclear areas of untreated controls, treated but clear, and treated cataractous lenses, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. MP26 was the major intrinsic polypeptide in the plasma membranes of both cortical and nuclear fibers of control lenses. MP26 was largely replaced by MP23-24 in the plasma membranes of nuclear fibers of treated but clear lenses, and in the membranes of both cortical and nuclear fibers of cataractous lenses.

Two-dimensional gel analysis of chick lens proteins

Two-dimensional analyses of the chick lens water-soluble and water-insoluble proteins were conducted according to the method of O'Farrell (1975). The results define the isoelectric properties of the water-soluble and the urea-soluble polypeptides and demonstrate differences in composition for cortical and nuclear proteins. Chick lens vimentin consists of at least two isoelectric variants, and its breakdown products were identified. Chick lens actin is primarily of the gamma-type. The 47 K polypeptide specific for fiber cells shows considerable charge heterogeneity, and its most acidic component is found primarily in the nuclear fiber cells. This study also shows that apparently single bands resolved by one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the urea-soluble fraction consists of different proteins, and that the composition of such bands may further be altered by ph. This is especially relevant to the composition of the 47 and 50 K bands.

Lipid composition of chick lens fiber cell gap junctions

Chick lens fiber cell gap junctions were isolated to homogeneity by the urea-deoxycholate method, characterized ultrastructurally and biochemically, and their lipid composition determined by quantitative thin layer chromatography (TLC). The junctions were estimated to comprise about 52% of the lens fiber plasma membrane. Unlike the junctions of other organs, the lens gap junctions were found to contain sphingomyelin. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio was 2.1 for total fiber membranes but 3.1 for the fiber gap junctions. The levels of major phospholipids in decreasing order were SPH, PC, PE, PI for fiber junctions and PE, SPH, PC, PI for total fiber membranes. The gap junctions were found to contain about 57% of the total fiber cholesterol and 53% of the total fiber sphingomyelin. The high cholesterol and sphingomyelin content suggests that lens fiber gap junctions constitute highly rigid membrane regions conferring significant constraints to the movement of their intramembrane particles (connexons) in the plane of the membrane. The findings help to explain the resistance to the crystallization of their connexons, observed so far only in lens gap junctions.

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice: encephalitogenicity of mouse central myelin basic proteins

Two co-extractable myelin basic proteins (MBP) were isolated and purified from mouse brain and designated: large (L), estimated to be composed of 160-164 amino acid residues, and small (S), estimated to contain 114-115 residues. The two proteins migrate separately in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in a pattern similar to rat MBP-S and MBP-L; mouse MBP-L resembles rat MBP-L, human, bovine and guinea pig MBP by PAGE and by amino acid analysis. This report demonstrates for the first time that mouse MPB-L alone, and not mouse MBP-S, is encephalitogenic for guinea pigs and mice.

Polypeptides of the lens fibre cell intracellular matrix

The cytoskeletal proteins of the vertebrate lens fibre cell comprise polypeptides raging in mol.wt from 43,000 to 250,000 daltons. The main intermediate filament polypeptide of the pickerel, Northern frog, chick, bovine, and human lens has a mol.wt of 54,000 daltons. Peptide analysis revealed that the chick 54,000 dalton protein was more similar to the bovine protein than to the pickerel protein.

Purification and properties of the hemagglutinin from Wistaria floribunda seeds

Extracts of Wistaria floribunda seeds contain separable erythroagglutinating and lymphocyte mitogenic activities. We wish to report the purification and characterization of the erythroagglutinating lectin of these seeds. A phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) extract of the ground seeds was made to 50% ethanol and the precipitate, which contained both the agglutinin and mitogen, was dissolved in PBS. The erythroagglutinating activity was adsorbed onto insoluble polyleycyl derivatized A + H active hog gastric mucin. After desorption with 0.2 M D-galactose and removal of the sugar by dialysis, the eluate displayed three protein bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major component represented 85% of the mixture. Immunoelectrophoresis of the mixture demonstrated immunochemical identity among the proteins. Gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 resulted in purification of the major component. Based upon the composition and subunit molecular weight, it was concluded that the three components represent a dimer, tetramer, and octamer of a single glycopolypeptide chain of 28 000. The erythroagglutinin has a pI at pH 5.4 and one cystine per dimeric unit.