Consensus and development of document for management of stabilized acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in India

Aim

Ensuring adherence to guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) is an effective strategy to reduce mortality and readmission rates for heart failure (HF). Use of a checklist is one of the best tools to ensure GDMT. The aim was to develop a consensus document with a robust checklist for stabilized acute decompensated HF patients with reduced ejection fraction. While there are multiple checklists available, an India-specific checklist that is easy to fill and validated by regional and national subject matter experts (SMEs) is required.

Methodology

A total of 25 Cardiology SMEs who consented to participate from India discussed data from literature, current evidence, international guidelines and practical experiences in two national and four regional meetings.

Results

Recommendations included HF management, treatment optimization, and patient education. The checklist should be filled at four time points- (a) transition from intensive care unit to ward, (b) at discharge, (c) 1st follow-up and (d) subsequent follow-up. The checklist is the responsibility of the consultant or the treating physician which can be delegated to a junior resident or a trained HF nurse.

Conclusion

This checklist will ensure GDMT, simplify transition of care and can be used by all doctors across India. Institutions, associations, and societies should recommend this checklist for adaptability in public and private hospital. Hospital administrations should roll out policy for adoption of checklist by ensuring patient files have the checklist at the time of discharge and encourage practice of filling it diligently during follow-up visits.

Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the hydraulic (filtration) efficiency of a residential swimming pool

Hydraulic or filtration efficiency of residential swimming pools, quantified in terms of residence time characteristics, is critical to disinfection and thus important to public health. In this study, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model together with Eulerian and Lagrangian-based techniques are used for investigating the residence time characteristics of a passive tracer and particles in the water, representative of chemicals and pathogens, respectively. The flow pattern in the pool is found to be characterized by dead zone regions where water constituents may be retained for extended periods of times, thereby potentially decreasing the pool hydraulic efficiency. Two return-jet configurations are studied in order to understand the effect of return-jet location and intensity on the hydraulic efficiency of the pool. A two-jet configuration is found to perform on par with a three-jet configuration in removing dissolved constituents but the former is more efficient than the latter in removing or flushing particles. The latter result suggests that return-jet location and associated flow circulation pattern have an important impact on hydraulic efficiency. Thus return-jet configuration should be incorporated as a key parameter in the design of swimming pools complementing current design standards.

Isotopic study of intraseasonal variations of plant transpiration: an alternative means to characterise the dry phases of monsoon

The isotopic characteristics of plant transpired water are strongly controlled by soil evaporation process, primarily by relative humidity. The monsoon system is characterised by large variability of several atmospheric parameters; the primary one being the rainfall, which in turn, modulates the relative humidity. Due to the strong dependency of transpiration on relative humidity, it is expected that this process would vary in accordance with the active and break periods of the monsoon season, which are known to produce cycles of humid and relatively dry phases during a monsoon season. To study the transpiration process, an experiment was conducted wherein rainwater and transpired water were collected from a few plants and analyzed for their isotopic ratios during the summer monsoon seasons of 2016 and 2017. The difference between the isotopic characteristics of the transpired water and rain water is expected to be nominally positive, however, a large variability was observed. This difference is found to be high (low) during the reduced (enhanced) humidity conditions and varies in tandem with the break and active phases of the monsoon season. This characteristic feature may thus be used to delineate the dry and wet phases of monsoon on local to regional scale.

Transport of Liposome Encapsulated Drugs in Voxelized Computational Model of Human Brain Tumors

There are many obstacles in the transport of chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor cells that lead to irregular and non-uniform uptake of drugs inside tumors. The study of these transport problems will help with accurate prediction of drug transport and optimizing treatment strategy. To this end, liposome mediated drug delivery has emerged as an excellent anticancer therapy due to its ability to deliver drugs at site of action and reducing the chances of side effects to the healthy tissues. In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on realistic vasculature of human brain tumor is presented. This model utilizes dynamic contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) data to account for heterogeneity in tumor vasculature. Porosity of the interstitial space inside the tumor and normal tissue is determined voxel-wise by processing the DCE-MRI images by general tracer kinetic model (GTKM). The CFD model is applied to predict transport of two different types of liposomes (stealth and conventional) in tumors. The amount of accumulated liposomes is compared with accumulated free drug (doxorubicin) in the interstitial space. Simulation results indicate that stealth liposomes accumulate more and remain for longer periods of time in tumors as compared with conventional liposomes and free drug. The present model provides us a qualitative and quantitative examination on the transport and deposition of liposomes as well as free drugs in actual human brain tumors.

Perfusion kinetics in human brain tumor with DCE-MRI derived model and CFD analysis

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death all over the world. Among the strategies that are used for cancer treatment, the effectiveness of chemotherapy is often hindered by factors such as irregular and non-uniform uptake of drugs inside tumor. Thus, accurate prediction of drug transport and deposition inside tumor is crucial for increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic treatment. In this study, a computational model of human brain tumor is developed that incorporates dynamic contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) data into a voxelized porous media model. The model takes into account realistic transport and perfusion kinetics parameters together with realistic heterogeneous tumor vasculature and accurate arterial input function (AIF), which makes it patient specific. The computational results for interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), interstitial fluid velocity (IFV) and tracer concentration show good agreement with the experimental results. The computational model can be extended further for predicting the deposition of chemotherapeutic drugs in tumor environment as well as selection of the best chemotherapeutic drug for a specific patient.

Targeted radiotherapy enhancement during electronic brachytherapy of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) using controlled release of gold nanoparticles

Several studies have demonstrated low rates of local recurrence with brachytherapy-based accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). However, long-term outcomes on toxicity (e.g. telangiectasia) and cosmesis remain a major concern. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dosimetric feasibility of using targeted non-toxic radiosensitizing gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for localized dose enhancement to the planning target volume (PTV) during electronic brachytherapy APBI while reducing normal tissue toxicity. We propose to incorporate GNPs into a micrometer-thick polymer film on the surface of routinely used lumpectomy balloon applicators and provide subsequent treatment using a 50 kVp Xoft device. An experimentally determined diffusion coefficient was used to determine space-time customizable distribution of GNPs for feasible in-vivo concentrations of 7 mg/g and 43 mg/g. An analytical approach from previously published work was employed to estimate the dose enhancement due to GNPs as a function of distance up to 1 cm from the lumpectomy cavity surface. Clinically significant dose enhancement values of at least 1.2, due to 2 nm GNPs, were found at 1 cm away from the lumpectomy cavity wall when using electronic brachytherapy APBI. Higher customizable dose enhancement was also achieved at other distances as a function of nanoparticle size. Our preliminary results suggest that significant dose enhancement can be achieved to residual tumor cells targeted with GNPs during APBI with electronic brachytherapy.

Analysis of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter from a tertiary care setting in North India

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is a worldwide concern as cause of serious nosocomial infections. We analysed 140 non-duplicate Acinetobacter sp. isolates from hospitalised patients in a tertiary care centre; 87% were MDR and 20% (28/140) meropenem resistant. Metallo-β-lactamase was produced by 16 of these, detected by ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid disc synergy test. AmpC β-lactamase and efflux pump were present in 17 and 4 of the meropenem-resistant Acinetobacter, respectively. 9/16 MBL-positive isolates carried genes for carbapenem resistance as shown by polymerase chain reaction.

Caregiver characteristics and economic cost of home-based care: a case study of Maun and Gumare villages in North West District, Botswana

The home-based care programme in Botswana was initiated partly to augment hospital or clinical care by reducing the healthcare costs associated with chronic illnesses such as HIV/AIDS. A number of studies have pointed to the psyco-social impacts of home based care, however there has been few attempts to quantify the direct and indirect costs associated with home based care. This study was carried out in the North West District of Botswana, which is noted for a relatively larger proportion of households with critically ill persons. The objectives of the study were to identify the characteristics of the caregivers and their patients; to estimate the direct and indirect costs of home-based care; and to estimate caregivers' willingness to pay for care services. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire addressed to 120 primary caregivers and analyzed using SPSS. The economic cost of caregiving was estimated using the replacement cost method. The annual value per caregiver was estimated at P31 320 (US$4818.46). The study also revealed that more often than not, women are involved in caregiving activities.

Remineralizing efficacy of silver diamine fluoride and glass ionomer type VII for their proposed use as indirect pulp capping materials - Part II (A clinical study)

Aim:

To evaluate in vivo the remineralizing efficacy of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), glass ionomer Type VII (GC VII) and calcium hydroxide (Dycal).

Materials and Methods:

60 subjects in the age group of 18-35 years, matching the inclusion criteria and having deep carious lesions in the permanent first and second molars were selected. The teeth were aseptically opened under rubber dam and after gross caries removal, approximately 0.4mg of soft discolored dentin was removed with a sharp spoon excavator from the mesial or distal aspect of the cavity. The test material was randomly selected and applied in a thickness of 1.5-2mm and the cavity sealed with cavit. The patients were followed up at regular intervals with radiographic evaluation at 12 weeks. At 3 months the temporary restoration was removed and dentin samples were collected from the other half of the cavity which was left in the first appointment. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Colorimetric test using UV-vis spectrometer and potentiometric titration were used for determining calcium, phosphorous and fluoride respectively.

Results:

Almost equivalent rise in the percentage of calcium level was seen in GC VII and Ca(OH)₂ groups, followed by SDF group. Highest percentage rise in phosphate ions was seen in GC VII group followed by SDF group and Ca(OH)₂ group. Highest percentage of fluoride rise was seen in GC VII group followed by SDF group and Ca(OH)₂ group.

Conclusions:

The results indicated that both GC VII and SDF can be potential indirect pulp capping materials.

An ex vivo study to evaluate the remineralizing and antimicrobial efficacy of silver diamine fluoride and glass ionomer cement type VII for their proposed use as indirect pulp capping materials - Part I

AIM

Indirect pulp capping (IPC) preserves the pulp vitality by disinfecting and remineralizing remaining carious dentin. In the present study, glass ionomer (GC, FUJI VII) and silver diamine fluoride (SDF) were tested and compared to calcium hydroxide for their antimicrobial efficacy and remineralizing potential.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Dentin disks prepared from 45 freshly extracted first premolars were divided into three groups (n = 15). Each disk was cut into two equal parts, in which one half formed the control. Thirty dentin samples were used for ion estimation and the other 15 for microhardness testing. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, colorimetric and potentiometric titration analyses were performed for calcium, phosphate and fluoride ion detection, respectively. The antimicrobial efficacy was analyzed using pure culture of Streptococcus mutans and mixed flora.

RESULTS

Increase in the levels of calcium and phosphate ions was the highest in calcium hydroxide group. Both SDF and GC VII groups showed significant increase in fluoride ion levels. Samples treated with GC VII showed maximum increase in micro hardness. The highest zone of bacterial inhibition was found with SDF group.

CONCLUSIONS

This in vitro study documented the remineralizing, re-hardening and antimicrobial efficacy of both SDF and GC VII and hence can act as effective IPC materials.

Cardiovascular disease in live related renal transplantation

Cardiovascular disease has become the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients, although its pathogenesis and treatment are poorly understood. Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and graft dysfunction both play an important role in development of post transplant cardiovascular events. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease was studied in stable kidney transplant patients on cyclosporine based triple immunosuppression in relation to the various risk factors and post transplant cardiovascular events. Analysis of 562 post transplant patients with stable graft function for 6 months, the patients were evaluated for cardiovascular events in post transplant period. Pre and post transplant risk factors were analyzed using the COX proportional hazard model. 174 patients had undergone pre transplant coronary angiography, 15 of these patients underwent coronary revascularization (angioplasty in 12, CABG in 3). The prevalence of CAD was 7.2% in transplant recipients. Of 42 patients with CAD 31 (73.8%) had cardiovascular event in post transplant period. Age > or = 40 yrs, male sex, graft dysfunction, diabetes as primary renal disease, pre transplant cardiovascular event, chronic rejection showed significant correlation in univariate analysis and there was significant between age > or = 40 years (OR = 2.16 with 95% CI, 0.977-4.78) S creatinine > or = 1.4 mg % (OR = 2.40 with 95% CI, 1.20 - 4.82), diabetes as primary disease (OR with 95% CI 3.67, 3.2-14.82), PTDM (OR 3.67, 95% CI 1.45-9.40), pre-transplant cardiovascular disease (OR 4.14, 95% CI .38-13.15) with post transplant cardiovascular event on multivariate analysis. There was poor patient and graft survival among those who suffered post transplant cardiovascular event. The incidence of cardiovascular disease continues to be high after renal transplantation and modifiable risk factors should be identified to prevent occurrence of events in post transplant period.

Degradation and failure of field emitting carbon nanotube arrays

It has been observed experimentally that the collective field emission from an array of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) exhibits fluctuation and degradation, and produces thermal spikes, resulting in electro-mechanical fatigue and failure of CNTs. Based on a new coupled multiphysics model incorporating the electron-phonon transport and thermo-electrically activated breakdown, a novel method for estimating accurately the lifetime of CNT arrays has been developed in this paper. The main results are discussed for CNT arrays during the field emission process. It is shown that the time-to-failure of CNT arrays increases with the decrease in the angle of tip orientation. This observation has important ramifications for such areas as biomedical X-ray devices using patterned films of CNTs.

2₄-SEMA as a sensitive and offset compensated SLF sequence

Separated Local Field (SLF) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the determination of structure and dynamics of oriented systems such as membrane proteins oriented in lipid bilayers and liquid crystals. Of many SLF techniques available, Polarization Inversion Spin Exchange at Magic Angle (PISEMA) has found wide application due to its many favorable characteristics. However the pulse sequence suffers from its sensitivity to proton resonance frequency offset. Recently we have proposed a new sequence named 2(4)-SEMA (J. Chem. Phys. 132 (2010) 134301) that overcomes this problem of PISEMA. The present work demonstrates the advantage of 2(4)-SEMA as a highly sensitive SLF technique even for very large proton offset. 2(4)-SEMA has been designed for obtaining reliable dipolar couplings by switching the magic-angle spin-lock for protons over four quadrants as against the use of only two quadrants in PISEMA. It is observed that for on-resonance condition, 2(4)-SEMA gives rise to signal intensity comparable to or slightly higher than that from PISEMA. But under off-resonance conditions, intensities from 2(4)-SEMA are several fold higher than those from PISEMA. Comparison with another offset compensated pulse sequence, SAMPI4, also indicates a better intensity profile for 2(4)-SEMA. Experiments carried out on a single crystal of (15)N labeled N-acetyl-dl-valine and simulations have been used to study the relative performance of the pulse sequences considered.

Acute childhood morbidities in rural Wardha: some epidemiological correlates and health care seeking

BACKGROUND

In India, common morbidities among children under 3 years of age are fever, acute respiratory infections, diarrhea. Effective early management at the home level and health care-seeking behavior in case of appearance of danger signs are key strategies to prevent the occurrence of severe and life-threatening complications.

OBJECTIVES

To find out the prevalence of acute child morbidities, their determinants and health-seeking behavior of the mothers of these children.

SETTING AND DESIGN

The cross-sectional study was carried out in Wardha district of central India.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We interviewed 990 mothers of children below 3 years of age using 30-cluster sampling method. Nutritional status was defined by National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference. Composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) was constructed. Hemoglobin concentration in each child was estimated using the 'filter paper cyanm ethemoglobin method.' Using World Health Organization guidelines, anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentration less than 110 g/L. Post-survey focus group discussions (FGDs) were undertaken to bridge gaps in information obtained from the survey.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The data was analyzed by using SPSS 12.0.1 software package. Chi-square was used to test the association, while odds ratios were calculated to measure the strength of association. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to derive the final model.

RESULTS

Anemia was detected in 80.3% of children, and 59.6% of children were undernourished as indicated by CIAF. The overall prevalence of acute morbidity was 59.9%. Children with mild anemia, moderate anemia and severe anemia had 1.52, 1.61 and 9.21 times higher risk of being morbid, respectively. Similarly, children with single, 2 and 3 anthropometric failures had 1.16, 1.29 and 2.27 times higher risk of being morbid, respectively. Out of 594 (60%) children with at least one of the acute morbidities, 520 (87.5%) sought health care, where majority (66.1%) received treatment from private clinics. The final model suggested that anemia and mother's poor educational status are predictors of childhood morbidity.

CONCLUSIONS

Nutritional anemia and mother's poor educational status are the most important risk factors of acute childhood morbidity. There is need to revitalize existing health care delivery and child health programs in rural India with emphasis on immediate correction of nutritional anemia.

Impact of alcohol on coronary heart disease in Indian men

BACKGROUND

Moderate alcohol consumption is known to be protective against coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the INTERHEART study, a case-control study of acute myocardial infarction (MI) patients, revealed that alcohol consumption in South Asians was not protective against CHD. We therefore planned to study cardiovascular risk factor and CHD prevalence among male alcohol users as compared to age matched lifetime abstainers.

METHODS

The subjects for this study were recruited from a cross-sectional survey carried out among employees and their family members aged 20-69 years in 10 medium-to-large industries from diverse sites in India, using a stratified random sampling technique. Information on education, behavioral, clinical and biochemical risk factors of CHD and alcohol use was obtained through standardized instruments. CHD diagnosis was based on Rose Questionnaire or a prior physician diagnosed CHD.

RESULTS

A total of 4465 subjects were present or past alcohol users. The mean age of alcohol users and lifetime abstainers was 42.8+/-11.0 years and 42.8+/-11.1 years, respectively (p=0.90). Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in alcohol users (128.7+/-17.6 mmHg/80.1+/-11.3 mmHg) as compared to lifetime abstainers (126.9+/-15.9 mmHg/79.5+/-10.3 mmHg, p<0.01). Fasting blood sugar in alcohol users (98.7+/-30.5 mg%) was also significantly higher than lifetime abstainers (96.6+/-26.0 mg%, p<0.01). Total cholesterol was lower in alcohol users (179.1+/-41.1 mg%) as compared to lifetime abstainers (182.7+/-38.2 mg%, p<0.01). HDL cholesterol was higher in alcohol users (42.9+/-10.8 mg%) as compared to lifetime abstainers (41.3+/-10.0 mg%, p<0.01). Body mass index (BMI) was lower in alcohol users as compared to lifetime abstainers (22.7+/-4.1 kg/m2 vs. 24.0+/-3.3 kg/m2, p<0.001). Tobacco use was significantly higher in alcohol users (63.1% vs. 20.7%). The odds ratio (OR) of having CHD after adjusting for tobacco use, BMI and education was 1.4 (95%CI 1.0-1.9) in alcohol users as compared to controls. The OR was 1.2 (95%CI 0.8-1.6) in occasional alcohol users, 1.6 (95%CI 1.0-2.2) in regular alcohol users and 2.1 (95% CI 1.1-3.0) in past alcohol users as compared to controls.

CONCLUSION

We did not observe an inverse (protective) association between alcohol intake and the prevalence of CHD. In contrast, our study indicated an association in the reverse direction, suggesting possible harm of alcohol for coronary risk in Indian men. This relationship needs to be further examined in large, prospective study.