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Yan M, Clarkson T, Walker JC, Alam T, Brock P, Kirk N, Wiggins JL, Jarcho JM. Neural correlates of peer evaluation in irritable adolescents: Linking anticipation to receipt of social feedback. Biol Psychol 2023; 179:108564. [PMID: 37061084 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Elevated irritability during adolescence predicts mental health issues in adulthood. Social interactions commonly elicit symptoms of irritability. Prior research has traditionally examined neural activity during the anticipation of, and immediate reaction to, social feedback separately in irritable adolescents. However, studies suggest that irritable adolescents demonstrate altered brain activation when anticipating feedback, and these alterations may have downstream effects on the neural activity when actually presented with feedback. Thus, the goal of this study was to characterize the influence of irritability on the relationship between brain function during anticipation and receipt of social feedback. We leveraged the Virtual School task to mimic social interactions using dynamic stimuli. Parallel region of interest (ROI) analyses tested effects of anticipatory bilateral amygdala (or dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; dACC) activation on the dACC (or bilateral amygdala) activation during receipt of peer feedback. Parallel exploratory whole-brain analyses were conducted to identify the effects of anticipatory bilateral amygdala or dACC activation on other regions during receipt of peer feedback. In ROI analyses, more vs. less irritable adolescents showed distinct relationships between anticipatory bilateral amygdala activation and dACC activation when receiving predictably mean feedback. Across both whole-brain analyses, anticipatory bilateral amygdala and dACC activation were separately associated with activation in socioemotional regions of the brain during subsequent feedback. These relationships were modulated by irritability, and the valence and predictability of the feedback. This suggests that irritable adolescents may engage in altered emotion processing and regulation strategies, depending on the valence and predictability of social feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yan
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America
| | - T Clarkson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States of America
| | - J C Walker
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America; Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America
| | - T Alam
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America
| | - P Brock
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - N Kirk
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - J L Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America; Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America
| | - J M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States of America
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Meinild Lundby AK, Jacobs RA, Gehrig S, de Leur J, Hauser M, Bonne TC, Flück D, Dandanell S, Kirk N, Kaech A, Ziegler U, Larsen S, Lundby C. Exercise training increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density by enlargement of existing mitochondria and not de novo biogenesis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28580772 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS (i) To determine whether exercise-induced increases in muscle mitochondrial volume density (MitoVD ) are related to enlargement of existing mitochondria or de novo biogenesis and (ii) to establish whether measures of mitochondrial-specific enzymatic activities are valid biomarkers for exercise-induced increases in MitoVD . METHOD Skeletal muscle samples were collected from 21 healthy males prior to and following 6 weeks of endurance training. Transmission electron microscopy was used for the estimation of mitochondrial densities and profiles. Biochemical assays, western blotting and high-resolution respirometry were applied to detect changes in specific mitochondrial functions. RESULT MitoVD increased with 55 ± 9% (P < 0.001), whereas the number of mitochondrial profiles per area of skeletal muscle remained unchanged following training. Citrate synthase activity (CS) increased (44 ± 12%, P < 0.001); however, there were no functional changes in oxidative phosphorylation capacity (OXPHOS, CI+IIP ) or cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity. Correlations were found between MitoVD and CS (P = 0.01; r = 0.58), OXPHOS, CI+CIIP (P = 0.01; R = 0.58) and COX (P = 0.02; R = 0.52) before training; after training, a correlation was found between MitoVD and CS activity only (P = 0.04; R = 0.49). Intrinsic respiratory capacities decreased (P < 0.05) with training when respiration was normalized to MitoVD. This was not the case when normalized to CS activity although the percentage change was comparable. CONCLUSIONS: MitoVD was increased by inducing mitochondrial enlargement rather than de novo biogenesis. CS activity may be appropriate to track training-induced changes in MitoVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.-K. Meinild Lundby
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - R. A. Jacobs
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Department of Biology; University of Colorado; Denver CO USA
| | - S. Gehrig
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - J. de Leur
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - M. Hauser
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - T. C. Bonne
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - D. Flück
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - S. Dandanell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - N. Kirk
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - A. Kaech
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - U. Ziegler
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - S. Larsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. Lundby
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
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Kirk N, Fritzell S, Burstrom B. How did employment and financial strain affect lone mothers’ health around the economic crisis? Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Kirk
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Fritzell
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Burstrom
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lundby C, Montero D, Gehrig S, Andersson Hall U, Kaiser P, Boushel R, Meinild Lundby AK, Kirk N, Valdivieso P, Flück M, Secher NH, Edin F, Hein T, Madsen K. Physiological, biochemical, anthropometric, and biomechanical influences on exercise economy in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:1627-1637. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lundby
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - D. Montero
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - S. Gehrig
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - U. Andersson Hall
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - P. Kaiser
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - R. Boushel
- School of Kinesiology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - A.-K. Meinild Lundby
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - N. Kirk
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - M. Flück
- Universitätsklinik Balgrist; Zürich Switzerland
| | - N. H. Secher
- Department of Anesthesia; The Copenhagen Muscle Research Center; Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Edin
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - T. Hein
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - K. Madsen
- Department of Food & Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
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Kirk N, Norman S, Anderson M, Zakeri R, Rao J. Electronic chest drains–Do they improve patient care? Int J Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shikani A, Kourelis K, Alqudah M, Shikani H, Cope E, Kirk N, Bergstedt D, Basaraba R, Leid J. Multimodality topical therapy for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis: Our experience in thirteen patients with and twelve patients without nasal polyps. Clin Otolaryngol 2013; 38:254-8. [DOI: 10.1111/coa.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Kourelis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Union Memorial Hospital; Baltimore; MD; USA
| | - M.A. Alqudah
- Jordan University of Science & Technology; Irbid; Jordan
| | - H.J. Shikani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore; MD; USA
| | - E. Cope
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff; AZ; USA
| | - N. Kirk
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins; CO; USA
| | - D. Bergstedt
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins; CO; USA
| | - R.J. Basaraba
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins; CO; USA
| | - J.G. Leid
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff; AZ; USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quinn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK.
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Quinn MJ, Kirk N, Slack MC, Harris MD. Remote consequences of transcervical resection of the endometrium. BJOG 2003; 110:87. [PMID: 12504953 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.02804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The purification of a thermostable Caldocellum saccharolyticum beta-glucosidase expressed in Escherichia coli was investigated using heat precipitation of unclarified cell homogenates. Heat treatment at 70 degrees C was capable of purification with respect to cell debris, small particulates and the majority of cell protein, although E. coli proteins were even more efficiently removed at 80 degrees C and above. For thermostable proteins expressed in E. coli, a precipitation temperature of 80 degrees C or greater is recommended for optimal removal of contaminant proteins. In small-scale heating trials, heating rate was found to influence enzyme yield significantly. Losses were minimised when 'flash-heating' was employed. The successful single-step removal of particulates, labile protein and nucleic acids was achieved by simultaneous heat-treatment and polyethyleneimine addition, although the purification achieved was additive rather than synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kirk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
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Abstract
The signal sequences of the MF alpha 1 prepro alpha-factor gene are frequently used to direct secretion of heterologous proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They are often employed together with the MF alpha 1 promoter in secretion vectors, such that this promoter directs the transcription of many heterologous gene cassettes in yeast. Most of the existing literature indicates that the MF alpha 1 promoter is constitutive in MAT alpha cells, although some data suggests that it may be more active in respiratory or late logarithmic fermentative cultures. To identify whether there is a growth rate or medium control over MF alpha 1 promoter activity a strain was constructed with an integrated MF alpha 1 promoter-beta-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter gene fusion. Intracellular beta-galactosidase of this strain during batch culture on glucose, raffinose and acetate showed that MF alpha 1 promoter activity was higher during respiratory growth on acetate as compared to more rapid fermentative growth on glucose or raffinose, a result that might indicate this activity being inversely related to growth rate. Chemostat culture confirmed that growth rate does indeed influence MF alpha 1 promoter activity in glucose-grown cells, the activity of this promoter increasing 2- to 2.5-fold as dilution (growth) rates were reduced from maximal values to 0.2 h-1, but then decreasing with the further decreases in dilution rate needed for fully respiratory growth. Thus a promoter generally thought to be constitutive in MAT alpha cells is nevertheless subject to a complex growth rate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kirk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
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Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was two-fold: 1) to compare the metabolic cost (VO2), heart rate (HR), and self-selected speed of ambulation of trans-tibial amputees (TTAs) with those of non-amputee subjects; and 2) to determine whether a correlation exists between either stump length or prosthesis mass and the energy cost of ambulation at the self-selected ambulation pace of TTAs. Subjects were thirty-nine healthy male non-vascular TTAs between the ages of 22 and 75 years (mean +/- sd = 47 +/- 16). All had regularly used their prosthesis for longer than six months and were independent of assistive ambulation devices. Twenty-one healthy non-amputee males aged 27-47 years (31 +/- 6) served as controls. Subjects ambulated at a self-selected pace over an indoor course, with steady-state VO2, HR, and ambulation speed averaged across minutes seven, eight and nine of walking. Results showed that HR and VO2 for TTAs were 16% greater, and the ambulation pace 11% slower than the non-amputee controls. Significant correlations were not observed between stump length or prosthesis mass, and the energy cost of ambulation. However, when the TTA subject pool was stratified on the basis of long and short stump length, the former sustained significantly lower steady-state VO2 and HR than the latter while walking at comparable pace. These data indicate that stump length may influence the metabolic cost of ambulation in TTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Gailey
- Division of Physiotherapy, University of Miami, Florida 33146
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Cheng L, Kirk N, Piper PW. A small influence of HSP90 levels on the trehalose and heat shock element inductions of the yeast heat shock response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 195:201-7. [PMID: 8363601 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP) induction is only one change elicited in yeast by heat shock. Trehalose is also accumulated, while declining intracellular pH stimulates plasma membrane ATPase activity. Recently the trehalose induction was shown to be regulated by levels of HSP70 and, to a lesser extent, HSP104. Another HSP which might contribute to regulation is HSP90, especially as HSP90 forms complexes with heat shock transcription factor and several of the regulatory proteins of eukaryotic cells. This possibility was investigated using isogenic yeast strains with normal, decreased or elevated HSP90. The results show HSP90 levels having a small negative influence over the heat inductions of trehalose and the heat shock element, a minor effect compared with the major regulation exerted by HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, U.K
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Abstract
Heat-shock induction of heat-shock protein genes is due to a specific promoter element (the heat-shock element, HSE). This study used lacZ under HSE control (HSE-lacZ) to characterize HSE activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells of different physiological states and differing genetic backgrounds. In batch fermentations HSE-lacZ induction by heat shock was maximal in exponential growth, and showed marked decline with the approach to stationary phase. Expression in the absence of heat shock was unaffected by growth phase, indicating that the growth-dependent expression of many yeast heat-shock genes uses promoter elements in addition to the HSE. Heat-induced expression was strongly influenced by the temperature at which cultures were grown. While basal, uninduced expression was constant during growth at different temperatures to 30 degrees C, induction by transfer to 39 degrees C was reduced by increases in growth temperature as low as 18-24 degrees C. Maximal HSE-lacZ induction (30- to 50-fold) was in cultures grown at low temperatures (18-24 degrees C), then heat shocked at 39 degrees C. Ethanol was a poor inducer. Mutations having little effect on HSE-lacZ expression included a respiratory petite; ubi4 (which inactivates the poly-ubiquitin gene); also ubc4 and ubc5 (which each inactivate one of the ubiquitin ligases involved in degradation of aberrant protein). pep4-3 increased both basal and induced beta-galactosidase about two-fold, probably because of slower turnover of this enzyme in pep4-3 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kirk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, U.K
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Shanson DC, Kirk N, Humphrey R. Clinical evaluation of a fluorescent antibody test for the serological diagnosis of streptococcal endocarditis. J Clin Pathol 1985; 38:92-8. [PMID: 3881479 PMCID: PMC499079 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.38.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum fluorescent streptococcal antibody tests were carried out on 71 patients with clinically suspected infective endocarditis, and a final diagnosis of endocarditis was obtained in 46 patients. A serological diagnosis of streptococcal endocarditis was obtained in 10 patients who had persistently negative blood cultures, as fluorescent streptococcal antibody titres equal to or greater than 400 were detected against at least one of four strains of streptococci used as heterologous antigens. There were no false positive fluorescent antibody results with heterologous antigens during tests on 29 patients who had either non-streptococcal endocarditis, a final diagnosis other than endocarditis, or streptococcal sepsis not associated with endocarditis. A negative result with the heterologous antibody test could not, however, exclude a diagnosis of streptococcal endocarditis as six of 11 patients with endocarditis due to Streptococcus viridans or Str bovis confirmed on blood culture had serum fluorescent antibody titres less than 400 against all the heterologous streptococcal antigens tested. Homologous fluorescent streptococcal antibody titres equal to or greater than 400, using the patient's own blood culture isolate as the antigen, were found in the serum samples of 14 of 15 patients with endocarditis caused by viridans streptococci, three patients with enterococcal endocarditis, two patients with endocarditis caused by Str pneumoniae, and one patient with Str bovis endocarditis. In contrast, all five patients who had clinically insignificant streptococcal bacteraemias had serum fluorescent homologous antibody titres of only 100 or less. These results showed that the homologous serum fluorescent streptococcal antibody test could help to decide the clinical importance of a streptococcus which is initially isolated from only one or two of a number of inoculated blood culture bottles.
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