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Anak Erison AE, Tan YH, Mubarak NM, Kansedo J, Khalid M, Abdullah MO, Ghasemi M. Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production by using impregnated magnetic biochar derived from waste palm kernel shell. Environ Res 2022; 214:114149. [PMID: 36007570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is renewable, biodegradable, biocompatible (non-toxic) and environmentally friendly, which emits less pollution than traditional fossil-based diesel, making it the most promising and ideal option. However, biodiesel is facing many current issues, mostly related to the utilisation of homogeneous catalytic technology, and this circumstance obstructs its potential development and advancement. Therefore, new pathways for biodiesel production need to be explored, and the aforementioned issues need to be addressed. Recently, a study was conducted on the impregnated magnetic biochar derived from a waste palm kernel shell (PKS) catalyst that can replace conventional catalysts due to its reusability property. Nevertheless, the environmental impacts of impregnated magnetic biochar derived from waste PKS catalyst for biodiesel production are yet to be studied. This study focuses on the evaluation of the life cycle assessment (LCA) of palm-based cooking oil for biodiesel production catalysed by impregnated magnetic biochar derived from waste PKS. Simapro was used in this study to evaluate the impact assessment methodologies. Case 1 (6.64 × 102 Pt) has contributed less to environmental impacts than Case 2 (1.83 × 103 Pt). This indicates purchasing refined palm oil for biodiesel production may reduce environmental impacts by 64% compared to producing biodiesel from raw fruit bunches. In the midpoint assessment, the transesterification process was identified as the hotspot and marine aquatic ecotoxicity as the highest impact category with a value of 1.00 × 106 kg 1,4-DB eq for 1 tonne of biodiesel produced. The endpoint results showed that Case 1 revealed the greatest impact on the transesterification process, with cumulative damage of 461 Pt. Scenario without processing the raw palm fruit bunches to obtained palm oil was better than Case 2. Further research should be conducted on life cycle cost and sensitivity analysis to evaluate the economic feasibility and promote sustainable biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arson Edberg Anak Erison
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yie Hua Tan
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - N M Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Jibrail Kansedo
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Omar Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mostafa Ghasemi
- Chemical Engineering Section, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, 311 Sohar, Oman
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Khan FSA, Mubarak NM, Khalid M, Walvekar R, Abdullah EC, Ahmad A, Karri RR, Pakalapati H. Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and hydroxyapatite nanorods reinforced with polypropylene for biomedical application. Sci Rep 2021; 11:843. [PMID: 33437011 PMCID: PMC7804326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) and hydroxyapatite nanorods (n-HA) were reinforced into polypropylene (PP) with the support of a melt compounding approach. Varying composition of f-MWCNTs (0.1–0.3 wt.%) and nHA (15–20 wt.%) were reinforced into PP, to obtain biocomposites of different compositions. The morphology, thermal and mechanical characteristics of PP/n-HA/f-MWCNTs were observed. Tensile studies reflected that the addition of f-MWCNTs is advantageous in improving the tensile strength of PP/n-HA nanocomposites but decreases its Young’s modulus significantly. Based on the thermal study, the f-MWCNTs and n-HA were known to be adequate to enhance PP’s thermal and dimensional stability. Furthermore, MTT studies proved that PP/n-HA/f-MWCNTs are biocompatible. Consequently, f-MWCNTs and n-HA reinforced into PP may be a promising nanocomposite in orthopedics industry applications such as the human subchondral bone i.e. patella and cartilage and fabricating certain light-loaded implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Saleem Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Miri Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Miri Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E C Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum, and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Harshini Pakalapati
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Brogans, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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Quah RV, Tan YH, Mubarak NM, Kansedo J, Khalid M, Abdullah EC, Abdullah MO. Magnetic biochar derived from waste palm kernel shell for biodiesel production via sulfonation. Waste Manag 2020; 118:626-636. [PMID: 33011540 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to its environment-friendly and replenishable characteristics, biodiesel has the potential to substitute fossil fuels as an alternative source of energy. Although biodiesel has many benefits to offer, manufacturing biodiesel on an industrial scale is uneconomical as a high cost of feedstock is required. A novel sulfonated and magnetic catalyst synthesised from a palm kernel shell (PMB-SO3H) was first introduced in this study for methyl ester or biodiesel production to reduce capital costs. The wasted palm kernel shell (PKS) biochar impregnated with ferrite Fe3O4 was synthesised with concentrated sulphuric acid through the sulfonation process. The SEM, EDX, FTIR, VSM and TGA characterization of the catalysts were presented. Then, the optimisation of biodiesel synthesis was catalysed by PMB-SO3H via the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). It was found that the maximum biodiesel yield of 90.2% was achieved under these optimum operating conditions: 65 °C, 102 min, methanol to oil ratio of 13:1 and the catalyst loading of 3.66 wt%. Overall, PMB-SO3H demonstrated acceptable catalysing capability on its first cycle, which subsequently showed a reduction of the reusability performance after 4 cycles. An important practical implication is that PMB-SO3H can be established as a promising heterogeneous catalyst by incorporating an iron layer which can substantially improve the catalyst separation performance in biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Vern Quah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yie Hua Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jibrail Kansedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E C Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Omar Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Mehmood A, Mubarak NM, Khalid M, Jagadish P, Walvekar R, Abdullah EC. Graphene/PVA buckypaper for strain sensing application. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20106. [PMID: 33208815 PMCID: PMC7675985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Strain sensors in the form of buckypaper (BP) infiltrated with various polymers are considered a viable option for strain sensor applications such as structural health monitoring and human motion detection. Graphene has outstanding properties in terms of strength, heat and current conduction, optics, and many more. However, graphene in the form of BP has not been considered earlier for strain sensing applications. In this work, graphene-based BP infiltrated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was synthesized by vacuum filtration technique and polymer intercalation. First, Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared via treatment with sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Whereas, to obtain high-quality BP, GO was sonicated in ethanol for 20 min with sonication intensity of 60%. FTIR studies confirmed the oxygenated groups on the surface of GO while the dispersion characteristics were validated using zeta potential analysis. The nanocomposite was synthesized by varying BP and PVA concentrations. Mechanical and electrical properties were measured using a computerized tensile testing machine, two probe method, and hall effect, respectively. The electrical conducting properties of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing PVA content; likewise, electron mobility also decreased while electrical resistance increased. The optimization study reports the highest mechanical properties such as tensile strength, Young’s Modulus, and elongation at break of 200.55 MPa, 6.59 GPa, and 6.79%, respectively. Finally, electrochemical testing in a strain range of ε ~ 4% also testifies superior strain sensing properties of 60 wt% graphene BP/PVA with a demonstration of repeatability, accuracy, and preciseness for five loading and unloading cycles with a gauge factor of 1.33. Thus, results prove the usefulness of the nanocomposite for commercial and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Mehmood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Priyanka Jagadish
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E C Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Jadhav H, Jadhav A, Takkalkar P, Hossain N, Nizammudin S, Zahoor M, Jamal M, Mubarak NM, Griffin G, Kao N. Potential of polylactide based nanocomposites-nanopolysaccharide filler for reinforcement purpose: a comprehensive review. J Polym Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Soudagar MEM, Banapurmath NR, Afzal A, Hossain N, Abbas MM, Haniffa MACM, Naik B, Ahmed W, Nizamuddin S, Mubarak NM. Study of diesel engine characteristics by adding nanosized zinc oxide and diethyl ether additives in Mahua biodiesel-diesel fuel blend. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15326. [PMID: 32948806 PMCID: PMC7501273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with an experimental investigation to assess the characteristics of a modified common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine utilizing diesel, Mahua biodiesel, and their blends with synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nano additives. The physicochemical properties of diesel, diesel + 30 ppm ZnO nanoparticles (D10030), 20% Mahua biodiesel (MOME20), and Mahua biodiesel (20%) + 30 ppm ZnO nanoparticles (MOME2030) were measured in accordance to the American Society for Testing and Materials standards. The effects of modification of fuel injectors (FI) holes (7-hole FI) and toroidal reentrant combustion chamber (TRCC) piston bowl design on the performance of CRDI using different fuel blends were assessed. For injection timings (IT) and injection opening pressure (IOP) average increase in brake thermal efficiency for fuel blend D10030 and MOME2030 was 9.65% and 16.4%, and 8.83% and 5.06%, respectively. Also, for IT and IOP, the average reductions in brake specific fuel consumption, smoke, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions for D10030 and MOME2030 were 10.9% and 7.7%, 18.2% and 8.6%, 12.6% and 11.5%, 8.74% and 13.1%, and 5.75% and 7.79%, respectively and 15.5% and 5.06%, 20.33% and 6.20%, 11.12% and 24.8%, 18.32% and 6.29%, and 1.79% and 6.89%, respectively for 7-hole fuel injector and TRCC. The cylinder pressure and heat release rate for D10030 and MOME2030 were enhanced by 6.8% and 17.1%, and 7.35% and 12.28%. The 7-hole fuel injector with the nano fuel blends at an injection timing and pressure of 10° btdc and 900 bar demonstrated the overall improvement of the engine characteristics due to the better air quality for fuel mixing. Similarly, the TRCC cylinder bowl geometry illustrated advanced ignition due to an improved swirl and turbulence. Also, the engine test results demonstrated that 30 ppm of ZnO nanoparticles in Mahua biodiesel (MOME2030) and diesel (D10030) with diethyl ether resulted overall enhancement of CRDI engine characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - N R Banapurmath
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.V.B. College of Engineering and Technology, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, Karnataka, 580031, India
| | - Asif Afzal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, P. A. College of Engineering (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Mangaluru, 574153, India
| | - Nazia Hossain
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mhd Abd Cader Mhd Haniffa
- Advanced Materials Center, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bharat Naik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jain College of Engineering, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590014, India
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sabzoi Nizamuddin
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
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Jun LY, Karri RR, Yon LS, Mubarak NM, Bing CH, Mohammad K, Jagadish P, Abdullah EC. Modeling and optimization by particle swarm embedded neural network for adsorption of methylene blue by jicama peroxidase immobilized on buckypaper/polyvinyl alcohol membrane. Environ Res 2020; 183:109158. [PMID: 32044575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Jicama peroxidase (JP) immobilized functionalized Buckypaper/Polyvinyl alcohol (BP/PVA) membrane was synthesized and evaluated as a promising nanobiocomposite membrane for methylene blue (MB) dye removal from aqueous solution. The effects of independent process variables, including pH, agitation speed, initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and contact time on dye removal efficiency were investigated systematically. Both Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network coupled with Particle Swarm Optimization (ANN-PSO) approaches were used for predicting the optimum process parameters to achieve maximum MB dye removal efficiency. The best optimal topology for PSO embedded ANN architecture was found to be 4-6-1. This optimized network provided higher R2 values for randomized training, testing and validation data sets, which are 0.944, 0.931 and 0.946 respectively, thus confirming the efficacy of the ANN-PSO model. Compared to RSM, results confirmed that the hybrid ANN-PSO shows superior modeling capability for prediction of MB dye removal. The maximum MB dye removal efficiency of 99.5% was achieved at pH-5.77, 179 rpm, ratio of H2O2/MB dye of 73.2:1, within 229 min. Thus, this work demonstrated that JP-immobilized BP/PVA membrane is a promising and feasible alternative for treating industrial effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lau Yien Jun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum, and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Lau Sie Yon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Chua Han Bing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Mohammad
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Priyanka Jagadish
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E C Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Jun LY, Karri RR, Mubarak NM, Yon LS, Bing CH, Khalid M, Jagadish P, Abdullah EC. Modelling of methylene blue adsorption using peroxidase immobilized functionalized Buckypaper/polyvinyl alcohol membrane via ant colony optimization. Environ Pollut 2020; 259:113940. [PMID: 31931415 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Jicama peroxidase (JP) was covalently immobilized onto functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) Buckypaper/Polyvinyl alcohol (BP/PVA) membrane and employed for degradation of methylene blue dye. The parameters of the isotherm and kinetic models are estimating using ant colony optimization (ACO), which do not meddle the non-linearity form of the respective models. The proposed inverse modelling through ACO optimization was implemented, and the parameters were evaluated to minimize the non-linear error functions. The adsorption of MB dye onto JP-immobilized BP/PVA membrane follows Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.99) and the pseudo 1st order or 2nd kinetic model (R2 = 0.980 & 0.968 respectively). The model predictions from the parameters estimated by ACO resulted values close the experimental values, thus inferring that this approach captured the inherent characteristics of MB adsorption. Moreover, the thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption was favourable, spontaneous, and exothermic in nature. The comprehensive structural analyses have confirmed the successful binding of peroxidase onto BP/PVA membrane, as well as the effective MB dye removal using immobilized JP membrane. Compared to BP/PVA membrane, the reusability test revealed that JP-immobilized BP/PVA membrane has better dye removal performances as it can retain 64% of its dye removal efficiency even after eight consecutive cycles. Therefore, the experimental results along with modelling results demonstrated that JP-immobilized BP/PVA membrane is expected to bring notable impacts for the development of effective green and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lau Yien Jun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum, and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Lau Sie Yon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Chua Han Bing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Priyanka Jagadish
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E C Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Nizamuddin S, Jadhav A, Qureshi SS, Baloch HA, Siddiqui MTH, Mubarak NM, Griffin G, Madapusi S, Tanksale A, Ahamed MI. Synthesis and characterization of polylactide/rice husk hydrochar composite. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5445. [PMID: 30931991 PMCID: PMC6443802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites are fabricated by incorporating fillers into a polymer matrix. The intent for addition of fillers is to improve the physical, mechanical, chemical and rheological properties of the composite. This study reports on a unique polymer composite using hydrochar, synthesised by microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk, as filler in polylactide matrix. The polylactide/hydrochar composites were fabricated by incorporating hydrochar in polylactide at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20 wt% by melt processing in a Haake rheomix at 170 °C. Both the neat polylactide and polylactide/hydrochar composite were characterized for mechanical, structural, thermal and rheological properties. The tensile modulus of polylactide/hydrochar composites was improved from 2.63 GPa (neat polylactide) to 3.16 GPa, 3.33 GPa, 3.54 GPa, and 4.24 GPa after blending with hydrochar at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. Further, the incorporation of hydrochar had little effect on storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″). The findings of this study reported that addition of hydrochar improves some characteristics of polylactide composites suggesting the potential of hydrochar as filler for polymer/hydrochar composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankit Jadhav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmedabad Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad, Gujrat, 380060, India
| | - Sundus Saeed Qureshi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, 76090, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - M T H Siddiqui
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Gregory Griffin
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | | | - Akshat Tanksale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mohd Imran Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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Yee MJ, Mubarak NM, Khalid M, Abdullah EC, Jagadish P. Synthesis of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) infiltrated MWCNTs buckypaper for strain sensing application. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17295. [PMID: 30470825 PMCID: PMC6251925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Buckypaper (BP)/polymer composites are viewed as a viable option to improve the strain transfer across the buckypaper strain sensor by means of providing better interfacial bonding between the polymer and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) BP/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites were fabricated by a sequence of vacuum filtration and polymer intercalation technique. The optimized conditions for achieving a uniform and stable dispersion of MWCNTs were found to be using ethanol as a dispersion medium, 54 μm ultrasonic amplitude and 40 min sonication time. FTIR analysis and SEM spectra further confirmed the introduction of oxygenated groups (-COOH) on the surface of MWCNTs BP and the complete infiltration of PVA into the porous MWCNTs network. At MWCNTs content of 65 wt. %, the tensile strength, Young's modulus and elongation-at-break of PVA-infiltrated MWCNTs BP achieved a maximum value of 156.28 MPa, 4.02 GPa and 5.85%, improved by 189%, 443% and 166% respectively, as compared to the MWCNTs BP. Electrical characterization performed using both two-point probe method and Hall effect measurement showed that BP/PVA composites exhibited reduced electrical conductivity. From the electromechanical characterization, the BP/PVA composites showed improved sensitivity with a gauge factor of about 1.89-2.92. The cyclic uniaxial tensile test validated the high reproducibility and hysteresis-free operation of 65-BP/PVA composite under 3 loading-unloading cycles. Characterization results confirmed that the flexible BP/PVA composite (65 wt. %) with improved mechanical and electromechanical properties is suitable for strain sensing applications in structural health monitoring and wearable technology, as an alternative choice to the fragile nature of conventional metallic strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Juey Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E C Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Priyanka Jagadish
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ruthiraan M, Abdullah EC, Mubarak NM, Nizamuddin S. Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Magnetic Biochar Derived from Agricultural Waste Biomass: Equilibrium, Isotherm, Kinetic Study. Int J Nanosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x18500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater discharge from textile industries contribute much to water pollution and threaten the aqua ecosystem balance. Synthesis of agriculture waste based adsorbent is a smart move toward overcoming the critical environmental issues as well as a good waste management process implied. This research work describes the adsorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution on nickel oxide attached magnetic biochar derived from mangosteen peel. A series of characterization methods was employed such as FTIR, FESEM analysis and BET surface area analyzer to understand the adsorbent behavior produced at a heating temperature of 800[Formula: see text]C for 20[Formula: see text]min duration. The adsorbate pH value was varied to investigate the adsorption kinetic trend and the isotherm models were developed by determining the equilibrium adsorption capacity at varied adsorbate initial concentration. Equilibrium adsorption isotherm models were measured for single component system and the calculated data were analyzed by using Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm equations. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin isotherm model exhibit a promising R2-correlation value of more than 0.95 for all three isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm model reflectsan equilibrium adsorption capacity of 22.883[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ruthiraan
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - E. C. Abdullah
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N. M. Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, Sarawak 98009, Malaysia
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Jatoi AS, Tunio MM, Riaz S, Abro R, Wajahat MH, Qureshi K, Shah A, Nizamuddin S, Mubarak NM. Utilization of Distillery Effluent as Substrate for Power Generation with Optimized Parametric Conditions using Microbial Fuel Cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.29333/ejac/94974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gill GK, Mubarak NM, Nizamuddin S, Al-Salim HS, Sahu JN. Column performance of carbon nanotube packed bed for methylene blue and orange red dye removal from waste water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/206/1/012081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mubarak NM, Sazila N, Nizamuddin S, Abdullah E, Sahu JN. Adsorptive Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solution by Using Carbon Nanotubes and Magnetic BioChar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.17756/nwj.2017-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mubarak NM, Abdullah EC, Sahu JN, Jayakumar NS, Ganesan P. Mass Production of Carbon Nanofibers Using Microwave Technology. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2015; 15:9571-9577. [PMID: 26682380 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.10492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNFs) were produced by gas phase single stage microwave assisted chemical vapour deposition (MA-CVD) using ferrocene as a catalyst and acetylene (C2H2) and hydrogen (H2) as precursor gases. The effect of the process parameters such as microwave power, radiation time, and gas ratio of C2H2/H2 was investigated. The CNFs were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results reveal that the optimized conditions for CNF production were 1000 W reaction power, 35 min radiation time, and 0.8 gas ratio of C2H2/H2. TEM analyses revealed that the uniformly dispersed CNFs diameters ranging from 115-131 nm. The TGA analysis showed that the purity of CNF produced was 93%.
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Mubarak NM, Sahu JN, Abdullah EC, Jayakumar NS, Ganesan P. Microwave-assisted synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes for enhanced removal of Zn(II) from wastewater. Res Chem Intermed 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mubarak NM, Fo YT, Al-Salim HS, Sahu JN, Abdullah EC, Nizamuddin S, Jayakumar NS, Ganesan P. Removal of Methylene Blue and Orange-G from Waste Water Using Magnetic Biochar. Int J Nanosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x1550009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study on the removal of methylene blue (MB) and orange-G dyes using magnetic biochar derived from the empty fruit bunch (EFB) was carried out. Process parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, agitation speed and contact time were optimized using Design-Expert Software v.6.0.8. The statistical analysis reveals that the optimum conditions for the maximum adsorption of MB are at pH 2 and pH 10, dosage 1.0 g, and agitation speed and contact time of 125 rpm and 120 min respectively. While for orange-G, at pH 2, dosage 1.0 g, and agitation speed and contact time of 125 rpm and 120 min respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of 31.25 mg/g and 32.36 mg/g for MB and orange-G respectively. The adsorption kinetic for both dyes obeyed pseudo-second order.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Mubarak
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur-56000, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y. T. Fo
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur-56000, Malaysia
| | - Hikmat Said Al-Salim
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur-56000, Malaysia
| | - J. N. Sahu
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme Area, Faculty of Engineering, Institut Teknologi Brunei (A Technology University), Tungku Gadong, P. O. Box 2909, Brunei Darussalam
| | - E. C. Abdullah
- Malaysia – Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S. Nizamuddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N. S. Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P. Ganesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Al-Nadheri WMA, Jegarajan D, Sahu JN, Mubarak NM, Nizamuddin S. Utilization of palm oil sludge through pyrolysis for bio-oil and bio-char production. Bioresour Technol 2015; 178:65-69. [PMID: 25278112 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pyrolysis technique was utilized for converting palm oil sludge to value added materials: bio-oil (liquid fuel) and bio-char (soil amendment). The bio-oil yield obtained was 27.4±1.7 wt.% having a heating value of 22.2±3.7 MJ/kg and a negligible ash content of 0.23±0.01 wt.%. The pH of bio-oil was in alkaline region. The bio-char yielded 49.9±0.3 wt.%, which was further investigated for sorption efficiency by adsorbing metal (Cd(2+) ions) from water. The removal efficiency of Cd(2+) was 89.4±2%, which was almost similar to the removal efficiency of a commercial activated carbon. The adsorption isotherm was well described by Langmuir model. Therefore, pyrolysis is proved as an efficient tool for palm oil sludge management, where the waste was converted into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dinesh Jegarajan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, KL 56000, Malaysia
| | - J N Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, KL 50603, Malaysia; Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme Area, Faculty of Engineering, Institute Technology Brunei, Tungku Gadong, P.O. Box 2909, Brunei Darussalam
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, KL 56000, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, KL 50603, Malaysia
| | - S Nizamuddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, KL 50603, Malaysia
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Thines RK, Mubarak NM, Ruthiraan M, Abdullah EC, Sahu JN, Jayakumara NS, Ganesan P, Sajuni NR. Adsorption Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Zn(II) on Functionalized and Non-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1166/asem.2014.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mubarak NM, Sahu JN, Abdullah EC, Jayakumar NS. Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Carbon Nanotubes. Separation & Purification Reviews 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2013.821996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mubarak NM, Gehani AA. Oxygen - Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve. Qatar Med J 2004. [DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2004.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery system of oxygen in the human body consist of lungs and CVS, which it depends by it self on the:
1 Amount of O2 entering the lung.
2 Adequacy of pulmonary gas exchange.
3 Blood flow to the tissue: witch depends on the degree of the constriction of the vascular bed in the tissue, and on the cardiac output.
4 Capacity of blood to carry O2: which depends on the amount of dissolved O2, amount of Hb in the blood, and affinity of Hb for O2
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Mubarak
- 1Department of Medicine and Hamad Medical Corporation Doha, Qatar
| | - A. A. Gehani
- 2Department of Cardiology, Hamad Medical Corporation Doha, Qatar
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