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Karami N, Mohammadpour A, Samaei MR, Amani AM, Dehghani M, Varma RS, Sahu JN. Green synthesis of sustainable magnetic nanoparticles Fe 3O 4 and Fe 3O 4-chitosan derived from Prosopis farcta biomass extract and their performance in the sorption of lead(II). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127663. [PMID: 37884234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable processes are now in tremendous demand for nanomaterial synthesis as a result of their unique properties and characteristics. The magnetic nanoparticles comprised of Fe3O4 and its conjugate with abundant and renewable biopolymer, chitosan, were synthesized using Prosopis farcta biomass extract, and the resulting materials were used to adsorb Pb (II) from aqueous solution. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the sorption of lead (II) on Fe3O4 as well as Fe3O4-Chitosan (Fe3O4-CS) has been an endothermic and self-regulating procedure wherein the sorption kinetics was defined by a pseudo-second-order pattern and the sorption isotherms corresponded to the Freundlich pattern. A multivariable quadratic technique for adsorption process optimization was implemented to optimize the lead (II) adsorption on Fe3O4 and Fe3O4-chitosan nanoparticles, the optimal conditions being pH 7.9, contact time of 31.2 min, initial lead concentration of 39.2 mg/L, adsorbent amount of 444.3 mg, at a 49.7 °C temperature. The maximum adsorption efficiencies under optimal conditions were found to be 69.02 and 89.54 % for Fe3O4 and Fe3O4-CS adsorbents, respectively. Notably, Fe3O4 and Fe3O4-CS can be easily recovered using an external magnet, indicating that they are a viable and cost-effective lead removal option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Karami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Mohammadpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Samaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos - SP, Brazil
| | - J N Sahu
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany; South Ural State University (National Research University), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation.
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Sahu JN, Kapelyushin Y, Mishra DP, Ghosh P, Sahoo BK, Trofimov E, Meikap BC. Utilization of ferrous slags as coagulants, filters, adsorbents, neutralizers/stabilizers, catalysts, additives, and bed materials for water and wastewater treatment: A review. Chemosphere 2023; 325:138201. [PMID: 36863629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid waste is currently produced in substantial amounts by industrial activities. While some are recycled, the majority of them are dumped in landfills. Iron and steel production leaves behind ferrous slag, which must be created organically, managed wisely and scientifically if the sector is to remain more sustainably maintained. Ferrous slag is the term for the solid waste that is produced when raw iron is smelted in ironworks and during the production of steel. Both its specific surface area and porosity are relatively high. Since these industrial waste materials are so easily accessible and offer such serious disposal challenges, the idea of their reuse in water and wastewater treatment systems is an appealing alternative. There are many components such as Fe, Na, Ca, Mg, and silicon found in ferrous slags, which make it an ideal substance for wastewater treatment. This research investigates the potential of ferrous slag as coagulants, filters, adsorbents, neutralizers/stabilizers, supplementary filler material in soil aquifers, and engineered wetland bed media to remove contaminants from water and wastewater. Ferrous slag may provide a substantial environmental risk before or after reuse, so leaching and eco-toxicological investigations are necessary. Some study revealed that the amount of heavy metal ions leached from ferrous slag conforms to industrial norms and is exceedingly safe, hence it may be employed as a new type of inexpensive material to remove contaminants from wastewater. The practical relevance and significance of these aspects are attempted to be analyzed, taking into account all recent advancements in the fields, in order to help in the development of informed decisions about future directions for research and development related to the utilization of ferrous slags for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Sahu
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany; South Ural State University (National Research University), Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation.
| | - Y Kapelyushin
- South Ural State University (National Research University), Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Devi Prasad Mishra
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826 004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Prabir Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - B K Sahoo
- Research & Development Centre for Iron & Steel, SAIL, Ranchi, Jharkhand, Pin-834002, India
| | - E Trofimov
- South Ural State University (National Research University), Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - B C Meikap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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Sahu JN, Karri RR, Zabed HM, Shams S, Qi X. Current Perspectives and Future Prospects of Nano-Biotechnology in Wastewater Treatment. Separation & Purification Reviews 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2019.1630430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Sahu
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- , South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Hossain M. Zabed
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shahriar Shams
- Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong, Brunei, Darussalam
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Karri RR, Tanzifi M, Tavakkoli Yaraki M, Sahu JN. Optimization and modeling of methyl orange adsorption onto polyaniline nano-adsorbent through response surface methodology and differential evolution embedded neural network. J Environ Manage 2018; 223:517-529. [PMID: 29958133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Presence of pigments and dyes in water bodies are growing tremendously and pose as toxic materials and have severe health effects on human and aquatic creatures. Treatments methods for removal of these toxic dyes along with other pollutants are growing in different dimensions, among which adsorption was found a cheaper and efficient method. In this study, the performance of polyaniline-based nano-adsorbent for removal of methyl orange (MO) dye from wastewater in a batch adsorption process is studied. Along with this to minimize the number of experiments and obtain optimal conditions, a multivariate predictive model based on response surface methodology (RSM) is developed. This is compared with data-driven modeling using the artificial neural network (ANN) which is integrated with differential evolution optimization (DEO) for prediction of the adsorption of MO. The interactive effects on MO removal efficiency with respect to independent process variables were investigated. The fit of the predictive model was found to good enough with R2 = 0.8635. The optimal ANN architecture with 5-12-1 topology resulted in higher R2 and lower RMSE of 0.9475 and 0.1294 respectively. Pearson's Chi-square measure which provides a good measurement scale for weighing the goodness of fit is found to be 0.005 and 0.038 for RSM and ANN-DEO respectively, and other statistical metrics evaluated in this study further confirms that the ANN-DEO is very superior over RSM for model predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Marjan Tanzifi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Tavakkoli Yaraki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - J N Sahu
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, D-70550, Stuttgart, Germany
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Karri RR, Sahu JN. Modeling and optimization by particle swarm embedded neural network for adsorption of zinc (II) by palm kernel shell based activated carbon from aqueous environment. J Environ Manage 2018; 206:178-191. [PMID: 29065359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Zn (II) is one the common pollutant among heavy metals found in industrial effluents. Removal of pollutant from industrial effluents can be accomplished by various techniques, out of which adsorption was found to be an efficient method. Applications of adsorption limits itself due to high cost of adsorbent. In this regard, a low cost adsorbent produced from palm oil kernel shell based agricultural waste is examined for its efficiency to remove Zn (II) from waste water and aqueous solution. The influence of independent process variables like initial concentration, pH, residence time, activated carbon (AC) dosage and process temperature on the removal of Zn (II) by palm kernel shell based AC from batch adsorption process are studied systematically. Based on the design of experimental matrix, 50 experimental runs are performed with each process variable in the experimental range. The optimal values of process variables to achieve maximum removal efficiency is studied using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches. A quadratic model, which consists of first order and second order degree regressive model is developed using the analysis of variance and RSM - CCD framework. The particle swarm optimization which is a meta-heuristic optimization is embedded on the ANN architecture to optimize the search space of neural network. The optimized trained neural network well depicts the testing data and validation data with R2 equal to 0.9106 and 0.9279 respectively. The outcomes indicates that the superiority of ANN-PSO based model predictions over the quadratic model predictions provided by RSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - J N Sahu
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, D-70550, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Gill GK, Mubarak NM, Nizamuddin S, Al-Salim HS, Sahu JN. Column performance of carbon nanotube packed bed for methylene blue and orange red dye removal from waste water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/206/1/012081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Suely A, Zabed H, Ahmed ABA, Mohamad J, Nasiruddin M, Sahu JN, Ganesan P. Toxicological and hematological effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract on a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Fish Physiol Biochem 2016; 42:431-444. [PMID: 26501361 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand for eco-friendly botanical piscicides and pesticides as replacements for harmful synthetic chemicals has led to investigation of new sources of plant materials. Stem bark of Terminalia arjuna, which has been used as a popular folk medicine since ancient time, was examined for its piscicidal activity. This study aims to determine toxicity of ethanol extract of T. arjuna bark on fresh water stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis), along with evaluation of changes in hematological parameters of the fishes exposed to a lethal concentration. The percent mortality of fishes varied significantly in response to concentrations of the extract and exposure times (between exposure time F = 36.57, p < 0.001; between concentrations F = 39.93, p < 0.001). The lethal concentrations (LC50) of ethanol extract were found to be 12.7, 8.94, 5.63 and 4.71 mg/l for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. During acute toxicity test, blood samples of treatment fishes showed significant decreases in the red blood cells count, hematocrit content, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and plasma protein level when compared to those of the control group, while there were significant increases in the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, white blood cells count and plasma glucose concentration. These results suggest that T. arjuna bark extract could be considered as a potent piscicide due to its toxic effect on fish, particularly fish hematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suely
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H Zabed
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A B A Ahmed
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - J Mohamad
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Nasiruddin
- Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - J N Sahu
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Program Area, Faculty of Engineering, Institut Teknologi Brunei, Tungku Gadong, P.O. Box 2909, Brunei-Muara, Brunei Darussalam.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - P Ganesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mubarak NM, Abdullah EC, Sahu JN, Jayakumar NS, Ganesan P. Mass Production of Carbon Nanofibers Using Microwave Technology. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2015; 15:9571-9577. [PMID: 26682380 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.10492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNFs) were produced by gas phase single stage microwave assisted chemical vapour deposition (MA-CVD) using ferrocene as a catalyst and acetylene (C2H2) and hydrogen (H2) as precursor gases. The effect of the process parameters such as microwave power, radiation time, and gas ratio of C2H2/H2 was investigated. The CNFs were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results reveal that the optimized conditions for CNF production were 1000 W reaction power, 35 min radiation time, and 0.8 gas ratio of C2H2/H2. TEM analyses revealed that the uniformly dispersed CNFs diameters ranging from 115-131 nm. The TGA analysis showed that the purity of CNF produced was 93%.
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Mubarak NM, Sahu JN, Abdullah EC, Jayakumar NS, Ganesan P. Microwave-assisted synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes for enhanced removal of Zn(II) from wastewater. Res Chem Intermed 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mubarak NM, Fo YT, Al-Salim HS, Sahu JN, Abdullah EC, Nizamuddin S, Jayakumar NS, Ganesan P. Removal of Methylene Blue and Orange-G from Waste Water Using Magnetic Biochar. Int J Nanosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x1550009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study on the removal of methylene blue (MB) and orange-G dyes using magnetic biochar derived from the empty fruit bunch (EFB) was carried out. Process parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, agitation speed and contact time were optimized using Design-Expert Software v.6.0.8. The statistical analysis reveals that the optimum conditions for the maximum adsorption of MB are at pH 2 and pH 10, dosage 1.0 g, and agitation speed and contact time of 125 rpm and 120 min respectively. While for orange-G, at pH 2, dosage 1.0 g, and agitation speed and contact time of 125 rpm and 120 min respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of 31.25 mg/g and 32.36 mg/g for MB and orange-G respectively. The adsorption kinetic for both dyes obeyed pseudo-second order.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Mubarak
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur-56000, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y. T. Fo
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur-56000, Malaysia
| | - Hikmat Said Al-Salim
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur-56000, Malaysia
| | - J. N. Sahu
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme Area, Faculty of Engineering, Institut Teknologi Brunei (A Technology University), Tungku Gadong, P. O. Box 2909, Brunei Darussalam
| | - E. C. Abdullah
- Malaysia – Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S. Nizamuddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N. S. Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P. Ganesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tariqul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - P. Ganesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; University of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - J. N. Sahu
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Institute Technology Brunei; Tungku Gadong, P.O. Box 2909 Brunei Darussalam
| | - F. A. Hamad
- School of Science and Engineering; Teesside University; Middlesbrough TS1 3BA UK
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Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Al-Nadheri WMA, Jegarajan D, Sahu JN, Mubarak NM, Nizamuddin S. Utilization of palm oil sludge through pyrolysis for bio-oil and bio-char production. Bioresour Technol 2015; 178:65-69. [PMID: 25278112 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pyrolysis technique was utilized for converting palm oil sludge to value added materials: bio-oil (liquid fuel) and bio-char (soil amendment). The bio-oil yield obtained was 27.4±1.7 wt.% having a heating value of 22.2±3.7 MJ/kg and a negligible ash content of 0.23±0.01 wt.%. The pH of bio-oil was in alkaline region. The bio-char yielded 49.9±0.3 wt.%, which was further investigated for sorption efficiency by adsorbing metal (Cd(2+) ions) from water. The removal efficiency of Cd(2+) was 89.4±2%, which was almost similar to the removal efficiency of a commercial activated carbon. The adsorption isotherm was well described by Langmuir model. Therefore, pyrolysis is proved as an efficient tool for palm oil sludge management, where the waste was converted into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dinesh Jegarajan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, KL 56000, Malaysia
| | - J N Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, KL 50603, Malaysia; Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme Area, Faculty of Engineering, Institute Technology Brunei, Tungku Gadong, P.O. Box 2909, Brunei Darussalam
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, KL 56000, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, KL 50603, Malaysia
| | - S Nizamuddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, KL 50603, Malaysia
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Pourtousi M, Zeinali M, Ganesan P, Sahu JN. Prediction of multiphase flow pattern inside a 3D bubble column reactor using a combination of CFD and ANFIS. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11583c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a combination of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) developed for flow characterization inside a cylindrical bubble column reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Pourtousi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Mohammadjavad Zeinali
- Vehicle System Engineering Laboratory
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 54100 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - P. Ganesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - J. N. Sahu
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme Area
- Faculty of Engineering
- Institut Teknologi Brunei
- Brunei Darussalam
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Kundu A, Gupta BS, Hashim MA, Sahu JN, Mujawar M, Redzwan G. Optimisation of the process variables in production of activated carbon by microwave heating. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16900j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of process variables in activated carbon preparation by microwave heating for reduction of energy use aiding sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Kundu
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Bhaskar Sen Gupta
- Water Academy
- School of the Built Environment
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh Campus
- Scotland
| | - M. A. Hashim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Malaya
- Kula Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - J. N. Sahu
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Institut Teknologi Brunei
- Tungku Gadong
- Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mubarak Mujawar
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Malaya
- Kula Lumpur
- Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
| | - Ghufran Redzwan
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
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Thines RK, Mubarak NM, Ruthiraan M, Abdullah EC, Sahu JN, Jayakumara NS, Ganesan P, Sajuni NR. Adsorption Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Zn(II) on Functionalized and Non-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1166/asem.2014.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zabed H, Suely A, Faruq G, Sahu JN. Water quality assessment of an unusual ritual well in Bangladesh and impact of mass bathing on this quality. Sci Total Environ 2014; 472:363-369. [PMID: 24295752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A sacred ritual well with continuously discharging of methane gas through its water body was studied for physicochemical and microbiological quality in three seasons and during ritual mass bathing. Most of the physicochemical parameters showed significant seasonal variations (P<0.05) and a sharp fluctuation during mass bathing. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was found negatively correlated with temperature (r=-0.384, P<0.05), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (r=-0.58, P<0.001) and ammonia (r=-0.738, P<0.001), while BOD showed positive correlation with chemical oxygen demand (COD) (r=0.762, P<0.001) and ammonia (r=0.83, P<0.001). Simple regression analysis also yielded significant linear relationship in DO vs. temperature (r(2)=0.147, P<0.05), DO vs. ammonia (r(2)=0.544, P<0.001) and BOD vs. DO (r(2)=0.336, P<0.001). A total of eight microbial indicators were studied and found that all of them increased unusually during mass bathing comparing with their respective seasonal values. Total coliforms (TC) were found positively correlated with fecal coliforms (FC) (r=0.971), FC with Escherichia coli (EC) (r=0.952), EC with intestinal enterococci (IE) (r=0.921), fecal streptococci (FS) with IE (r=0.953) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) (r=0.946), which were significant at P<0.001. Some regression models showed significant linear relationship at P<0.001 with r(2) value of 0.943 for FC vs. TC, 0.907 for EC vs. FC, 0.869 for FS vs. FC, 0.848 for IE vs. EC and 0.909 for IE vs. FS. The overall results found in this study revealed that well water is suitable for bathing purpose but the religious activity considerably worsen its quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zabed
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - A Suely
- Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - G Faruq
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - J N Sahu
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Institut Teknologi Brunei, Tungku Gadong, P.O. Box 2909, Brunei Darussalam
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Mubarak NM, Sahu JN, Abdullah EC, Jayakumar NS. Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Carbon Nanotubes. Separation & Purification Reviews 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2013.821996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Sahu JN, Gangadharan P, Meikap BC. Optimization process parameters for in-situ synthesis of ammonia by catalytic hydrolysis of urea with fly ash in a batch reactor for safe feedstock in power plants. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2011; 46:874-886. [PMID: 21714628 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.580200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, catalytic urea hydrolysis for production of ammonia in presence of fly ash, at optimum condition, was investigated in a batch reactor. The single and combined effects of operating parameters such as initial feed concentrations, temperature, fly ash doses, times and stirring speed on the production of ammonia from urea were analyzed using response surface methodology. A 2(5) full factorial central composite experimental design was employed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination value (R(2)= 0.963) and satisfactory prediction second order regression model was derived. The optimum production conditions were determined as initial feed concentration 19.9 wt. % of urea, temperature 175°C, fly ash dose 7.5 g/L, reaction time 25 min and stirring speed 769 rpm. At optimum conversion conditions, the conversion of urea for production of ammonia was found to be 99.8 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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20
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Mahalik K, Sahu JN, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC. Statistical modelling and optimization of hydrolysis of urea to generate ammonia for flue gas conditioning. J Hazard Mater 2010; 182:603-10. [PMID: 20643504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study is concerned with the technique of producing a relatively small quantity of ammonia which can be used safely in a coal-fired thermal power plant to improve the efficiency of electrostatic precipitator by removing the suspended particulate material mostly fly ash, from the flue gas. In this work hydrolysis of urea has been conducted in a batch reactor at atmospheric pressure to study the different reaction variables such as reaction temperature, initial concentration and stirring speed on the conversion by using design expert software. A 2(3) full factorial central composite design (CCD) has been employed and a quadratic model equation has been developed. The study reveals that conversion increases exponentially with an increase in temperature, stirring speed and feed concentration. However the stirring speed has the greatest effect on the conversion with concentration and temperature exerting least and moderate effect respectively. The values of equilibrium conversion obtained through the developed models are found to agree well with their corresponding experimental counterparts with a satisfactory correlation coefficient of 93%. The developed quadratic model was optimized using quadratic programming to maximize conversion of urea within experimental range studied. The optimum production condition has been found to be at the temperature of 130 degrees C, feed concentration of 4.16 mol/l and stirring speed of 400 rpm and the corresponding conversion, 63.242%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mahalik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal 721302, India
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Mahalik K, Sahu JN, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC. Kinetic studies on hydrolysis of urea in a semi-batch reactor at atmospheric pressure for safe use of ammonia in a power plant for flue gas conditioning. J Hazard Mater 2010; 175:629-637. [PMID: 19914776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
With growing industrialization in power sector, air is being polluted with a host of substances-most conspicuously with suspended particulate matter emanating from coal-fired thermal power plants. Flue gas conditioning, especially in such power plants, requires in situ generation of ammonia. In the present paper, experiments for kinetic study of hydrolysis of urea have been conducted using a borosil glass reactor, first without stirring followed by with stirring. The study reveals that conversion increases exponentially with an increase in temperature and feed concentration. Furthermore, the effect of stirring speed, temperature and concentration on conversion has been studied. Using collision theory, temperature dependency of forward rate constant has been developed from which activation energy of the reaction and the frequency factors have been calculated. It has been observed that the forward rate constant increases with an increase in temperature. The activation energy and frequency factor with stirring has been found to be 59.85 kJ/mol and 3.9 x 10(6)min(-1) respectively with correlation co-efficient and standard deviation being 0.98% and +/-0.1% in that order.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mahalik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal 721302, India
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Sahu JN, Acharya J, Meikap BC. Optimization of production conditions for activated carbons from Tamarind wood by zinc chloride using response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101:1974-1982. [PMID: 19913410 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The low-cost activated carbon was prepared from Tamarind wood an agricultural waste material, by chemical activation with zinc chloride. Activated carbon adsorption is an effective means for reducing organic chemicals, chlorine, heavy metals and unpleasant tastes and odours in effluent or colored substances from gas or liquid streams. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to study the influence of activation temperature, chemical ratio of zinc chloride to Tamarind wood and activation time on the chemical activation process of Tamarind wood. Two quadratic models were developed for yield of activated carbon and adsorption of malachite green oxalate using Design-Expert software. The models were used to calculate the optimum operating conditions for production of activated carbon providing a compromise between yield and adsorption of the process. The yield (45.26 wt.%) and adsorption (99.9%) of the activated carbon produced at these operating conditions showed an excellent agreement with the amounts predicted by the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, PO Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal 721302, India.
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Sahu JN, Acharya J, Meikap BC. Response surface modeling and optimization of chromium(VI) removal from aqueous solution using Tamarind wood activated carbon in batch process. J Hazard Mater 2009; 172:818-825. [PMID: 19748729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present paper discusses response surface methodology (RSM) as an efficient approach for predictive model building and optimization of chromium adsorption on developed activated carbon. In this work the application of RSM is presented for optimizing the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqua solutions using activated carbon as adsorbent. All experiments were performed according to statistical designs in order to develop the predictive regression models used for optimization. The optimization of adsorption of chromium on activated carbon was carried out to ensure a high adsorption efficiency at low adsorbent dose and high initial concentration of Cr(VI). While the goal of adsorption of chromium optimization was to improve adsorption conditions in batch process, i.e., to minimize the adsorbent dose and to increase the initial concentration of Cr(VI). In the adsorption experiments a laboratory developed Tamarind wood activated carbon made of chemical activation (zinc chloride) was used. A 2(4) full factorial central composite design experimental design was employed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination value (R(2)=0.928) and satisfactory prediction second-order regression model was derived. Maximum chromium removal efficiency was predicted and experimentally validated. The optimum adsorbent dose, temperature, initial concentration of Cr(VI) and initial pH of the Cr(VI) solution were found to be 4.3g/l, 32 degrees C, 20.15 mg/l and 5.41 respectively. Under optimal value of process parameters, high removal (>89%) was obtained for Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, PO Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal Pin 721302, India
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Sahu JN, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC. In-situ catalytic synthesis of ammonia from urea in a semi-batch reactor for safe utilization in thermal power plant. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Sahu JN, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC. Response surface modeling and optimization for production of ammonia from urea in a batch reactor. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sahu JN, Mahalik KK, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC. Equilibrium studies on hydrolysis of urea in a semi-batch reactor for production of ammonia to reduce hazardous pollutants from flue gases. J Hazard Mater 2009; 164:659-664. [PMID: 18823705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The increasing environmental awareness and the mandate of the pollution control agencies in various part of country for lowering emission of air pollutants such as CO(2), NO(x), SO(2) and fly ash emissions, has increased the urgency for reviewing options and alternatives to accomplish the above objective. The addition of ammonia into the flue gas stream as a conditioning agent is found to be used in recent years for the reduction of air pollutants. Flue gas conditioning requires in situ generation of ammonia as the transportation and storage of anhydrous ammonia is hazardous in nature. The equilibrium study on hydrolysis of urea was done in a semi-batch glass reactor to investigate the effect of reaction temperature, initial feed concentration and stirring speed on ammonia production. Few experiments were carried out in a semi-batch reactor at atmospheric pressure by using different concentration of urea solution from 10 to 40 wt% of urea to water and equilibrium study has been done. The study reveals that conversion increases exponentially with an increase in temperature but the conversion decreases with increase in the inlet feed concentration of urea solution. Furthermore, the effect of stirring speed on conversion has also been studied and it found that conversion increases with increase in stirring speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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Sahu JN, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC. Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of in Situ Generation of Ammonia from Urea in a Batch Reactor for Flue Gas Conditioning of Thermal Power Plants. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie801286h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - A. V. Patwardhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - B. C. Meikap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, 721302, India
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Sahu JN, Agarwal S, Meikap BC, Biswas MN. Performance of a modified multi-stage bubble column reactor for lead(II) and biological oxygen demand removal from wastewater using activated rice husk. J Hazard Mater 2009; 161:317-324. [PMID: 18462879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The excessive release of wastewater into the environment is a major concern worldwide. Adsorption is the one of the most effective technique for treatment of wastewater. In this work activated carbon prepared from rice husk has been used as an adsorbent. In the present investigation a three phase modified multi-stage bubble column reactor (MMBCR) has been designed to remove lead and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from wastewater by means of its adsorption onto the surface of activated rice husk. The multi-staging has been achieved by hydrodynamically induced continuous bubble generation, breakup and regeneration. Under optimum conditions, maximum lead and BOD reduction achieved using activated rice husk was 77.15% and 19.05%, respectively. Results showed MMBCR offered appreciated potential benefits for lead removal from wastewater and BOD removal, even this extent of removal is encouraging and the MMBCR can be used a pretreatment unit before subjecting the wastewater to biological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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Sahu JN, Gangadharan P, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC. Catalytic Hydrolysis of Urea with Fly Ash for Generation of Ammonia in a Batch Reactor for Flue Gas Conditioning and NOx Reduction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie801491j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, Pin − 721302, India
| | - P. Gangadharan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, Pin − 721302, India
| | - Anada V. Patwardhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, Pin − 721302, India
| | - B. C. Meikap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, Pin − 721302, India
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Rastogi K, Sahu JN, Meikap BC, Biswas MN. Removal of methylene blue from wastewater using fly ash as an adsorbent by hydrocyclone. J Hazard Mater 2008; 158:531-540. [PMID: 18339480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The excessive release of color into the environment is a major concern worldwide. Adsorption process is among the most effective techniques for color removal from wastewater and fly ash has been widely used as an adsorbent. Therefore, this study was carried out to understand the adsorption behavior of methylene blue from aqueous systems onto fly ash using the continuous mode. Continuous mode sorption experiments were carried out to remove methylene blue from its aqueous solutions in hydrocyclone equipment. The experiments were performed at constant temperature and dimensions of hydrocyclone with variation of flows through the equipment, concentrations of methylene blue solutions and fly ash concentration, respectively. A maximum removal of 58.24% was observed at adsorbent dosage of 900 mg/l at pH 6.75 for an initial methylene blue concentration of 65 mg/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rastogi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal Pin 721302, India
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Dwivedi CP, Sahu JN, Mohanty CR, Mohan BR, Meikap BC. Column performance of granular activated carbon packed bed for Pb(II) removal. J Hazard Mater 2008; 156:596-603. [PMID: 18249492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Revised: 12/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The excessive release of lead from lead acid batteries, smelting plant into the environment is a major concern worldwide. Adsorption process is among the most effective techniques for lead removal from wastewater and activated carbon has been widely used as an adsorbent. In this paper an attempt has been made to investigate the adsorption behaviour of Pb(II) from aqueous systems onto granular activated carbon using the batch mode and continuous mode in a packed bed column with more successive service and regeneration. The experiments were performed at constant temperature and dimensions of column and packed bed of granular activated carbon with variation of flows through the bed and concentrations of lead solutions. Breakthrough points were found out for the adsorption of lead on the adsorbent using continuous-flow column operation by varying different operating parameters like hydraulic loading rate from 4 to 16 m(3)/h m(2) and feed concentrates from 20 to 60 mg/l. Granular activated carbon column regeneration using 0.5 M concentration of HNO(3) has been investigated. Results indicate encouraging performance towards removal of Pb(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra P Dwivedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), PO Kharagpur Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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Sahu JN, Mahalik K, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC. Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies on the Hydrolysis of Urea for Ammonia Generation in a Semibatch Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800481z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. N. Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, Pin - 721302, India
| | - K. Mahalik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, Pin - 721302, India
| | - A. V. Patwardhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, Pin - 721302, India
| | - B. C. Meikap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, P.O. Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, Pin - 721302, India
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Singh CK, Sahu JN, Mahalik KK, Mohanty CR, Mohan BR, Meikap BC. Studies on the removal of Pb(II) from wastewater by activated carbon developed from Tamarind wood activated with sulphuric acid. J Hazard Mater 2008; 153:221-8. [PMID: 17889434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The low-cost activated carbon were prepared from Tamarind wood material by chemical activation with sulphuric acid for the adsorption of Pb(II) from dilute aqueous solution. The activated carbon developed shows substantial capacity to adsorb Pb(II) from dilute aqueous solutions. The parameters studied include physical and chemical properties of adsorbent, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial concentrations. The kinetic data were best fitted to the Lagergren pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second order models. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum removal of lead(II) was obtained 97.95% (experimental) and 134.22 mg/g (from Langmuir isotherm model) at initial concentration 40 mg/l, adsorbent dose 3g/l and pH 6.5. This high uptake showed Tamarind wood activated carbon as among the best adsorbents for Pb(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, Kharagpur Technology, West Bengal, India
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