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Shaheen N, Sultana M, Hasan T, Khan IN, Irfan NM, Ahmed MK. Heavy Metals in Common Fishes Consumed in Dhaka, a Megacity of Asia: A Probabilistic Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Health Hazard. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04140-5. [PMID: 38457089 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of fish is a serious public health concern worldwide, including in Bangladesh. In this study, six commonly consumed fish species namely Hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha), Kachki (Corica soborna), Punti (Puntitus ticto), Taki (Channa punctatus), Meni (Nandus nandus), and Tengra (Mystus tengara) were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni), by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The fish samples were collected from wholesale markets in Dhaka city, the main business hub of Bangladesh where the fishes converged from countrywide and are redistributed to the whole city. The metal concentration varied among the studied fish species. Hilsha, the national fish of Bangladesh, contained the highest As among the other fishes of this study, whereas Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn, and Ni were the highest in Kachki, and Pb and Cr were the highest in Tengra. The probable source of metal accumulation in the fish species may be the river or marine water that can be contaminated by industrial waste, pesticide, and/or fertilizer use in agriculture and/or commercial fish feeds. All analyzed fish species showed serious heavy metal pollution, having high average pollution load index (APLI) values (> 1). The estimated daily intake (EDI) values for the metals were lower than the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The hazard index (HI) for all the fish species was above 1 for adults, showing non-carcinogenic health risks. The target carcinogenic risk (TCR) values were below the acceptable limit (10-4) for most of the metals, indicating safe for consumption with respect to the risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazma Shaheen
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Marjia Sultana
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Towhid Hasan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Ishrat Nourin Khan
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nafis Md Irfan
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Thompson DA, Kolpin DW, Hladik ML, Lehmler HJ, Meppelink SM, Poch MC, Vargo JD, Soupene VA, Irfan NM, Robinson M, Kannan K, Beane Freeman LE, Hofmann JN, Cwiertny DM, Field RW. Prevalence of neonicotinoid insecticides in paired private-well tap water and human urine samples in a region of intense agriculture overlying vulnerable aquifers in eastern Iowa. Chemosphere 2023; 319:137904. [PMID: 36709846 PMCID: PMC9957962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A pilot study among farming households in eastern Iowa was conducted to assess human exposure to neonicotinoids (NEOs). The study was in a region with intense crop and livestock production and where groundwater is vulnerable to surface-applied contaminants. In addition to paired outdoor (hydrant) water and indoor (tap) water samples from private wells, urine samples were collected from 47 adult male pesticide applicators along with the completions of dietary and occupational surveys. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) were then calculated to examine exposures for different aged family members. NEOs were detected in 53% of outdoor and 55% of indoor samples, with two or more NEOs in 13% of samples. Clothianidin was the most frequently detected NEO in water samples. Human exposure was ubiquitous in urine samples. A median of 10 different NEOs and/or metabolites were detected in urine, with clothianidin, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, 6-chloronicotinic acid, and thiacloprid amide detected in every urine samples analyzed. Dinotefuran, imidaclothiz, acetamiprid-N-desmethyl, and N-desmethyl thiamethoxam were found in ≥70% of urine samples. Observed water intake for study participants and EDIs were below the chronic reference doses (CRfD) and acceptable daily intake (ADI) standards for all NEOs indicating minimal risk from ingestion of tap water. The study results indicate that while the consumption of private well tap water provides a human exposure pathway, the companion urine results provide evidence that diet and/or other exposure pathways (e.g., occupational, house dust) may contribute to exposure more than water contamination. Further biomonitoring research is needed to better understand the scale of human exposure from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin A Thompson
- University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa, IA, USA; University of Iowa, Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Iowa, IA, USA.
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew C Poch
- University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - John D Vargo
- State Hygienic Laboratory at the University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | | | - Nafis Md Irfan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA; University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa, IA, USA; University of Dhaka, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David M Cwiertny
- University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa, IA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA; Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Lehmler HJ, Simonsen D, Garcia AQ, Irfan NM, Dean L, Wang H, von Elsterman M, Li X. A systematic review of human biomonitoring studies of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, a urinary biomarker pyrethroid insecticide exposure, 1997 to 2019. Hyg Environ Healh Adv 2022; 4:100018. [PMID: 36644572 PMCID: PMC9838198 DOI: 10.1016/j.heha.2022.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are used, for example, in agriculture, indoor environments, and mosquito control programs, resulting in human exposure. Urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) is a nonspecific biomarker for exposure to many pyrethroids. This systematic review identified human biomonitoring studies with 3-PBA that characterize environmental pyrethroid exposures in children and adolescents, pregnant women, and adults or occupational pyrethroid exposures relative to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) populations in the United States (US). PubMed, Embase, and SciFinder were searched for "3-phenoxybenzoic acid ", CAS No. 3739-38-6, and urine or urinary or urine level. Duplicate studies and studies meeting the exclusion criteria were removed from the search results based on predetermined exclusion criteria. This screening process identified 57 papers. Twenty-one, thirteen, twenty-two, and eleven manuscripts reported urinary 3-PBA levels in children, pregnant women, environmentally exposed adults, and occupationally exposed adults, respectively. Median 3-PBA levels ranged from 0.2 to 4.7 μg/g creatinine in children (1999-2016), 0.23-1.55 μg/g creatinine in pregnant women (1997-2014), and 0.11-3.34 μg/g creatinine in environmentally exposed adults (1999-2017). 3-PBA levels in occupationally exposed adults were significantly higher than in environmentally exposed populations, ranging from 0.43 to 14 μg/g creatinine (2004-2017). 3-PBA levels in children and adults from the general North American population increased significantly with the sampling year. A decrease in 3-PBA levels was noted in the adult cohorts from PR China and Japan. 3-PBA levels in most studies appeared to be comparable to levels in the NHANES populations; however, some smaller studies had high pyrethroid exposures. Factors contributing to higher 3-PBA levels in the general population included primarily dietary exposures and residential and agricultural pyrethroid applications. These findings demonstrate that pyrethroid exposures are near-ubiquitous worldwide and, in some regions, appear to increase over time. Thus, exposures to pyrethroid insecticides represent a continuing public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Graduate College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA,Corresponding author: The University of Iowa, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa Research Park, #221 IREH, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA, (H.-J. Lehmler)
| | - Derek Simonsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Graduate College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alana Quintero Garcia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nafis Md Irfan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Graduate College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Laura Dean
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Yu Y, Xue B, Irfan NM, Beltz T, Weiss RM, Johnson AK, Felder RB, Wei SG. Reducing brain TACE activity improves neuroinflammation and cardiac function in heart failure rats. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1052304. [PMID: 36439267 PMCID: PMC9682140 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1052304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α converting enzyme (TACE) is a key metalloprotease mediating ectodomain shedding of a variety of inflammatory mediators, substrates, and growth factors. We previously reported that TACE-mediated production of TNF-α in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes to sympathetic excitation in heart failure (HF). Here, we sought to determine whether central interventions in TACE activity attenuate neuroinflammation and improve cardiac function in heart failure. Myocardial infarction-induced HF or sham-operated (SHAM) rats were treated with bilateral paraventricular nucleus microinjection of a TACE siRNA or a 4-week intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of the TACE inhibitor TAPI-0. Compared with SHAM rats, scrambled siRNA-treated HF rats had higher TACE levels in the PVN along with increased mRNA levels of TNF-α, TNF-α receptor 1 and cyclooxygenase-2. The protein levels of TNF-α in cerebrospinal fluid and phosphorylated (p-) NF-κB p65 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 in the PVN were also elevated in HF rats treated with scrambled siRNA. The expression of these inflammatory mediators and signaling molecules in the PVN of HF rats were significantly attenuated by TACE siRNA. Interestingly, the mRNA level of TNF-α receptor 2 in the PVN was increased in HF treated with TACE siRNA. Moreover, sympathetic excitation, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, pulmonary congestion, and cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were reduced by PVN microinjection of TACE siRNA. A 4-week treatment with intracerebroventricular TAPI-0 had similar effects to ameliorate these variables in HF rats. These data indicate that interventions suppressing TACE activity in the brain mitigate neuroinflammation, sympathetic activation and cardiac dysfunction in HF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Baojian Xue
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Nafis Md Irfan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Terry Beltz
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alan Kim Johnson
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Robert B Felder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Yu Y, Xue B, Chen Q, Irfan NM, Johnson AK, Wei S. Abstract P345: Inhibition Of Nuclear Receptor Retinoid-related Orphan Receptor γt Attenuates Interleukin-17A Production And Ameliorates Angiotensin II-induced Neuroinflammation And Hypertension In Rats. Hypertension 2022. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.79.suppl_1.p345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A, a key inflammatory mediator produced primarily by T helper (Th) 17 cells, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and heart failure. IL-17A can access the brain by disrupting blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity to induce neuroinflammation. We previously reported that IL-17A contributes to angiotensin (ANG) II-induced hypertension via promoting neuroinflammation and sympathetic excitation. The nuclear receptor retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) is a master transcription factor regulating Th17 cell differentiation. Here, we sought to determine whether systemic inhibition of RORγt attenuates IL-17A production and diminishes ANG II-induced neuroinflammation and hypertension. Sprague-Dawley rats received a 2-week subcutaneous (sc) infusion of ANG II (150 ng/kg/min) combined with daily sc injection of a RORγt inhibitor digoxin or vehicle (VEH). Compared with the control animals, blood pressure (162±5* vs 118±3 mmHg, *P<0.05) and sympathetic tone as indicated by blood pressure change in response to ganglionic blockade (55±5* vs 23±3 mmHg) were increased in ANG II+VEH rats, which were reduced (38-41%*) in ANG II+digoxin rats. ANG II+VEH rats also had elevated RORγt mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs: 3.38±0.70* vs 1.12±0.22) and higher IL-17A levels in plasma (23.22±5.85 * vs 4.30±0.66 pg/mL), along with increased IL-17A levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF: 11.89±1.91* vs 2.01±0.55 pg/mL), mRNA of IL-17A (3.02±0.48* vs 1.07±0.17), cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (2.78±0.45* vs 1.04±0.12) and IL-1β (2.57±0.53* vs 1.03±0.14) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a key cardiovascular-related center in the brain. Although RORγt mRNA was unchanged in PBMCs, levels of IL-17A in plasma and CSF, mRNA of IL-17A, TNF-α and IL-1β in the PVN was reduced (41-62 %*) in ANG II+digoxin rats. Additionally, mRNA of caveolin-1 (2.26±0.39* vs 1.06±0.17), a marker of the BBB permeability, was increased in the PVN in ANG II+VEH rats and decreased (43%*) in ANG II+digoxin rats. These data suggest that RORγt inhibition improves ANG II-induced hypertension and sympathetic activation probably by reducing IL-17A production and neuroinflammation.
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Li H, Yu Y, Sun L, Chen Q, Li M, Md Irfan N, Xue B, Weiss R, Dang W, Wei S. Transcriptomic Analysis of Splenic Leukocytes Reveals a Norepinephrine‐Mediated Dynamic Immune Cell Deployment Mechanism in Heart Failure Rat. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanzeng Li
- Internal MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA
| | - Yang Yu
- University of IowaIowa CityIA
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Shaheen N, Irfan NM, Khan IN, Islam S, Islam MS, Ahmed MK. Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: Health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere 2016; 152:431-438. [PMID: 27003365 DOI: 10.1016/).chemosphere.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxic heavy metals such as As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn in nationally representative samples of highly consumed fruits and vegetables was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Their concentrations exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) set by FAO/WHO for Pb in mango and Cd in tomato among the analyzed fruits and vegetables. Pb content in mango was found to be six times higher than the safe limit at production level. Health risks associated with the intake of these metals were evaluated in terms of estimated daily intake (EDI), and carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks by target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI). EDI values of all the metals were found to be below the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The THQs of all metals were <1, suggesting no health hazards for adult population. However, total THQs of Mn and Cu were >1 through consumption of all vegetables, indicating significant health risks. HI was found to be <1 (0.825) for consumption of fruits; however, it was >1 (3.727) for vegetable consumption, suggesting adverse health effects from vegetable consumption only. The total carcinogenic risk (CR) of As was below the threshold level (10(-6)) and 9.82E-05 for Pb, suggesting no potential CR from As consumption, but indicating the risk of Pb-induced carcinogenesis. The findings of this study reveal the health risks associated with the consumption of heavy metals through the intake of selected fruits and vegetables in adult population of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazma Shaheen
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Nafis Md Irfan
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Ishrat Nourin Khan
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saiful Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Shaheen N, Irfan NM, Khan IN, Islam S, Islam MS, Ahmed MK. Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: Health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere 2016; 152:431-8. [PMID: 27003365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxic heavy metals such as As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn in nationally representative samples of highly consumed fruits and vegetables was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Their concentrations exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) set by FAO/WHO for Pb in mango and Cd in tomato among the analyzed fruits and vegetables. Pb content in mango was found to be six times higher than the safe limit at production level. Health risks associated with the intake of these metals were evaluated in terms of estimated daily intake (EDI), and carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks by target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI). EDI values of all the metals were found to be below the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The THQs of all metals were <1, suggesting no health hazards for adult population. However, total THQs of Mn and Cu were >1 through consumption of all vegetables, indicating significant health risks. HI was found to be <1 (0.825) for consumption of fruits; however, it was >1 (3.727) for vegetable consumption, suggesting adverse health effects from vegetable consumption only. The total carcinogenic risk (CR) of As was below the threshold level (10(-6)) and 9.82E-05 for Pb, suggesting no potential CR from As consumption, but indicating the risk of Pb-induced carcinogenesis. The findings of this study reveal the health risks associated with the consumption of heavy metals through the intake of selected fruits and vegetables in adult population of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazma Shaheen
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Nafis Md Irfan
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Ishrat Nourin Khan
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saiful Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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