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Feinstein AD, Radica M, Welbanks L, Murray CA, Ohno K, Coulombe LP, Espinoza N, Bean JL, Teske JK, Benneke B, Line MR, Rustamkulov Z, Saba A, Tsiaras A, Barstow JK, Fortney JJ, Gao P, Knutson HA, MacDonald RJ, Mikal-Evans T, Rackham BV, Taylor J, Parmentier V, Batalha NM, Berta-Thompson ZK, Carter AL, Changeat Q, Dos Santos LA, Gibson NP, Goyal JM, Kreidberg L, López-Morales M, Lothringer JD, Miguel Y, Molaverdikhani K, Moran SE, Morello G, Mukherjee S, Sing DK, Stevenson KB, Wakeford HR, Ahrer EM, Alam MK, Alderson L, Allen NH, Batalha NE, Bell TJ, Blecic J, Brande J, Caceres C, Casewell SL, Chubb KL, Crossfield IJM, Crouzet N, Cubillos PE, Decin L, Désert JM, Harrington J, Heng K, Henning T, Iro N, Kempton EMR, Kendrew S, Kirk J, Krick J, Lagage PO, Lendl M, Mancini L, Mansfield M, May EM, Mayne NJ, Nikolov NK, Palle E, Petit Dit de la Roche DJM, Piaulet C, Powell D, Redfield S, Rogers LK, Roman MT, Roy PA, Nixon MC, Schlawin E, Tan X, Tremblin P, Turner JD, Venot O, Waalkes WC, Wheatley PJ, Zhang X. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRISS. Nature 2023; 614:670-675. [PMID: 36623550 PMCID: PMC9946829 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b has been the subject of extensive efforts to determine its atmospheric properties using transmission spectroscopy1-4. However, these efforts have been hampered by modelling degeneracies between composition and cloud properties that are caused by limited data quality5-9. Here we present the transmission spectrum of WASP-39b obtained using the Single-Object Slitless Spectroscopy (SOSS) mode of the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) instrument on the JWST. This spectrum spans 0.6-2.8 μm in wavelength and shows several water-absorption bands, the potassium resonance doublet and signatures of clouds. The precision and broad wavelength coverage of NIRISS/SOSS allows us to break model degeneracies between cloud properties and the atmospheric composition of WASP-39b, favouring a heavy-element enhancement ('metallicity') of about 10-30 times the solar value, a sub-solar carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio and a solar-to-super-solar potassium-to-oxygen (K/O) ratio. The observations are also best explained by wavelength-dependent, non-grey clouds with inhomogeneous coverageof the planet's terminator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina D Feinstein
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Michael Radica
- Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luis Welbanks
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Catriona Anne Murray
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kazumasa Ohno
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Louis-Philippe Coulombe
- Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Néstor Espinoza
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacob L Bean
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Johanna K Teske
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Björn Benneke
- Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael R Line
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Zafar Rustamkulov
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arianna Saba
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Angelos Tsiaras
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
- INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy
| | - Joanna K Barstow
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Jonathan J Fortney
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Peter Gao
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Heather A Knutson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ryan J MacDonald
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Benjamin V Rackham
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jake Taylor
- Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vivien Parmentier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Natalie M Batalha
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Astrobiology Program, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Zachory K Berta-Thompson
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aarynn L Carter
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Quentin Changeat
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
- European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Neale P Gibson
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jayesh M Goyal
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences (SEPS), National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Jatani, India
| | | | | | | | - Yamila Miguel
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karan Molaverdikhani
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Exzellenzcluster Origins, Garching, Germany
| | - Sarah E Moran
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Giuseppe Morello
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
- INAF - Palermo Astronomical Observatory, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sagnick Mukherjee
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - David K Sing
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin B Stevenson
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - Eva-Maria Ahrer
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Munazza K Alam
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lili Alderson
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalie H Allen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Taylor J Bell
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Jasmina Blecic
- Department of Physics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Astro, Particle, and Planetary Physics (CAP3), New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jonathan Brande
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Claudio Caceres
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo Milenio de Formación Planetaria (NPF), Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Astrofísica y Tecnologías Afines (CATA), Santiago, Chile
| | - S L Casewell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Katy L Chubb
- Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Ian J M Crossfield
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Nicolas Crouzet
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patricio E Cubillos
- INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Leen Decin
- Institute of Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Désert
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Harrington
- Planetary Sciences Group, Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Heng
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Iro
- Institute for Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eliza M-R Kempton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Kendrew
- European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Kirk
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Krick
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Lagage
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Monika Lendl
- Département d'Astronomie, Université de Genève Sauverny, Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Mancini
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- INAF - Turin Astrophysical Observatory, Pino Torinese, Italy
| | | | - E M May
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - N J Mayne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Enric Palle
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Caroline Piaulet
- Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Diana Powell
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seth Redfield
- Astronomy Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
- Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Laura K Rogers
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael T Roman
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Campus Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pierre-Alexis Roy
- Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew C Nixon
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Xianyu Tan
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P Tremblin
- Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Versailles St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jake D Turner
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Olivia Venot
- Université de Paris Cité and Université Paris-Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, Paris, France
| | - William C Waalkes
- Astrophysics & Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter J Wheatley
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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2
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Ahrer EM, Stevenson KB, Mansfield M, Moran SE, Brande J, Morello G, Murray CA, Nikolov NK, Petit Dit de la Roche DJM, Schlawin E, Wheatley PJ, Zieba S, Batalha NE, Damiano M, Goyal JM, Lendl M, Lothringer JD, Mukherjee S, Ohno K, Batalha NM, Battley MP, Bean JL, Beatty TG, Benneke B, Berta-Thompson ZK, Carter AL, Cubillos PE, Daylan T, Espinoza N, Gao P, Gibson NP, Gill S, Harrington J, Hu R, Kreidberg L, Lewis NK, Line MR, López-Morales M, Parmentier V, Powell DK, Sing DK, Tsai SM, Wakeford HR, Welbanks L, Alam MK, Alderson L, Allen NH, Anderson DR, Barstow JK, Bayliss D, Bell TJ, Blecic J, Bryant EM, Burleigh MR, Carone L, Casewell SL, Changeat Q, Chubb KL, Crossfield IJM, Crouzet N, Decin L, Désert JM, Feinstein AD, Flagg L, Fortney JJ, Gizis JE, Heng K, Iro N, Kempton EMR, Kendrew S, Kirk J, Knutson HA, Komacek TD, Lagage PO, Leconte J, Lustig-Yaeger J, MacDonald RJ, Mancini L, May EM, Mayne NJ, Miguel Y, Mikal-Evans T, Molaverdikhani K, Palle E, Piaulet C, Rackham BV, Redfield S, Rogers LK, Roy PA, Rustamkulov Z, Shkolnik EL, Sotzen KS, Taylor J, Tremblin P, Tucker GS, Turner JD, de Val-Borro M, Venot O, Zhang X. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRCam. Nature 2023; 614:653-658. [PMID: 36623551 PMCID: PMC9946836 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the metallicity and carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio in exoplanet atmospheres is a fundamental step towards constraining the dominant chemical processes at work and, if in equilibrium, revealing planet formation histories. Transmission spectroscopy (for example, refs. 1,2) provides the necessary means by constraining the abundances of oxygen- and carbon-bearing species; however, this requires broad wavelength coverage, moderate spectral resolution and high precision, which, together, are not achievable with previous observatories. Now that JWST has commenced science operations, we are able to observe exoplanets at previously uncharted wavelengths and spectral resolutions. Here we report time-series observations of the transiting exoplanet WASP-39b using JWST's Near InfraRed Camera (NIRCam). The long-wavelength spectroscopic and short-wavelength photometric light curves span 2.0-4.0 micrometres, exhibit minimal systematics and reveal well defined molecular absorption features in the planet's spectrum. Specifically, we detect gaseous water in the atmosphere and place an upper limit on the abundance of methane. The otherwise prominent carbon dioxide feature at 2.8 micrometres is largely masked by water. The best-fit chemical equilibrium models favour an atmospheric metallicity of 1-100-times solar (that is, an enrichment of elements heavier than helium relative to the Sun) and a substellar C/O ratio. The inferred high metallicity and low C/O ratio may indicate significant accretion of solid materials during planet formation (for example, refs. 3,4,) or disequilibrium processes in the upper atmosphere (for example, refs. 5,6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Ahrer
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | | | | | - Sarah E Moran
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Brande
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Giuseppe Morello
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
- INAF- Palermo Astronomical Observatory, Piazza del Parlamento, Palermo, Italy
| | - Catriona A Murray
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter J Wheatley
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sebastian Zieba
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jayesh M Goyal
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences (SEPS), National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Jatani, India
| | - Monika Lendl
- Département d'Astronomie, Université de Genève, Sauverny, Switzerland
| | | | - Sagnick Mukherjee
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kazumasa Ohno
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Natalie M Batalha
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Astrobiology Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Matthew P Battley
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jacob L Bean
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas G Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Björn Benneke
- Department of Physics and Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Aarynn L Carter
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Patricio E Cubillos
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
- INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
| | - Tansu Daylan
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Néstor Espinoza
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Gao
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC, USA
| | - Neale P Gibson
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Samuel Gill
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Joseph Harrington
- Planetary Sciences Group, Department of Physics and Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Renyu Hu
- Astrophysics Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Nikole K Lewis
- Department of Astronomy and Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael R Line
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Vivien Parmentier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - Diana K Powell
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David K Sing
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shang-Min Tsai
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Luis Welbanks
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Munazza K Alam
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC, USA
| | - Lili Alderson
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalie H Allen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David R Anderson
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Joanna K Barstow
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Daniel Bayliss
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Taylor J Bell
- BAER Institute, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffet Field, CA, USA
| | - Jasmina Blecic
- Department of Physics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics (CAP3), New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Edward M Bryant
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | | | - Ludmila Carone
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - S L Casewell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Quentin Changeat
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katy L Chubb
- Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Ian J M Crossfield
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Nicolas Crouzet
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leen Decin
- Institute of Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Désert
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adina D Feinstein
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura Flagg
- Department of Astronomy and Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan J Fortney
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - John E Gizis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Kevin Heng
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- University Observatory Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Iro
- Institute for Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eliza M-R Kempton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Kendrew
- European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Kirk
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Heather A Knutson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Pierre-Olivier Lagage
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérémy Leconte
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | | | - Ryan J MacDonald
- Department of Astronomy and Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luigi Mancini
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- INAF - Turin Astrophysical Observatory, Pino Torinese, Italy
| | - E M May
- Johns Hopkins APL, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - N J Mayne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Yamila Miguel
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karan Molaverdikhani
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Observatory Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Exzellenzcluster Origins, Garching, Germany
| | - Enric Palle
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain
| | - Caroline Piaulet
- Department of Physics and Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin V Rackham
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seth Redfield
- Astronomy Department and Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Laura K Rogers
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre-Alexis Roy
- Department of Physics and Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zafar Rustamkulov
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evgenya L Shkolnik
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kristin S Sotzen
- Johns Hopkins APL, Laurel, MD, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jake Taylor
- Department of Physics and Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P Tremblin
- Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Jake D Turner
- Department of Astronomy and Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Olivia Venot
- Université de Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, Paris, France
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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3
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Alderson L, Wakeford HR, Alam MK, Batalha NE, Lothringer JD, Adams Redai J, Barat S, Brande J, Damiano M, Daylan T, Espinoza N, Flagg L, Goyal JM, Grant D, Hu R, Inglis J, Lee EKH, Mikal-Evans T, Ramos-Rosado L, Roy PA, Wallack NL, Batalha NM, Bean JL, Benneke B, Berta-Thompson ZK, Carter AL, Changeat Q, Colón KD, Crossfield IJM, Désert JM, Foreman-Mackey D, Gibson NP, Kreidberg L, Line MR, López-Morales M, Molaverdikhani K, Moran SE, Morello G, Moses JI, Mukherjee S, Schlawin E, Sing DK, Stevenson KB, Taylor J, Aggarwal K, Ahrer EM, Allen NH, Barstow JK, Bell TJ, Blecic J, Casewell SL, Chubb KL, Crouzet N, Cubillos PE, Decin L, Feinstein AD, Fortney JJ, Harrington J, Heng K, Iro N, Kempton EMR, Kirk J, Knutson HA, Krick J, Leconte J, Lendl M, MacDonald RJ, Mancini L, Mansfield M, May EM, Mayne NJ, Miguel Y, Nikolov NK, Ohno K, Palle E, Parmentier V, Petit Dit de la Roche DJM, Piaulet C, Powell D, Rackham BV, Redfield S, Rogers LK, Rustamkulov Z, Tan X, Tremblin P, Tsai SM, Turner JD, de Val-Borro M, Venot O, Welbanks L, Wheatley PJ, Zhang X. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec G395H. Nature 2023; 614:664-669. [PMID: 36623549 PMCID: PMC9946835 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the abundances of carbon and oxygen in exoplanet atmospheres is considered a crucial avenue for unlocking the formation and evolution of exoplanetary systems1,2. Access to the chemical inventory of an exoplanet requires high-precision observations, often inferred from individual molecular detections with low-resolution space-based3-5 and high-resolution ground-based6-8 facilities. Here we report the medium-resolution (R ≈ 600) transmission spectrum of an exoplanet atmosphere between 3 and 5 μm covering several absorption features for the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b (ref. 9), obtained with the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) G395H grating of JWST. Our observations achieve 1.46 times photon precision, providing an average transit depth uncertainty of 221 ppm per spectroscopic bin, and present minimal impacts from systematic effects. We detect significant absorption from CO2 (28.5σ) and H2O (21.5σ), and identify SO2 as the source of absorption at 4.1 μm (4.8σ). Best-fit atmospheric models range between 3 and 10 times solar metallicity, with sub-solar to solar C/O ratios. These results, including the detection of SO2, underscore the importance of characterizing the chemistry in exoplanet atmospheres and showcase NIRSpec G395H as an excellent mode for time-series observations over this critical wavelength range10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Alderson
- School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Hannah R Wakeford
- School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Munazza K Alam
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Jea Adams Redai
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Saugata Barat
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Brande
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Mario Damiano
- Astrophysics Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tansu Daylan
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Néstor Espinoza
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Flagg
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jayesh M Goyal
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences (SEPS), National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Jatani, India
| | - David Grant
- School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Renyu Hu
- Astrophysics Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Julie Inglis
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Elspeth K H Lee
- Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Pierre-Alexis Roy
- Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole L Wallack
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Natalie M Batalha
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jacob L Bean
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Björn Benneke
- Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Aarynn L Carter
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Quentin Changeat
- European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ian J M Crossfield
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Désert
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Neale P Gibson
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Michael R Line
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Karan Molaverdikhani
- University Observatory Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Exzellenzcluster Origins, Garching, Germany
| | - Sarah E Moran
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Giuseppe Morello
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
- INAF - Palermo Astronomical Observatory, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Sagnick Mukherjee
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - David K Sing
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin B Stevenson
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Jake Taylor
- Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Eva-Maria Ahrer
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Natalie H Allen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joanna K Barstow
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Taylor J Bell
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Jasmina Blecic
- Department of Physics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Astro, Particle, and Planetary Physics (CAP3), New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarah L Casewell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Katy L Chubb
- Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Nicolas Crouzet
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patricio E Cubillos
- INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Leen Decin
- Institute of Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adina D Feinstein
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joanthan J Fortney
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Harrington
- Planetary Sciences Group, Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Heng
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Iro
- Institute for Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eliza M-R Kempton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - James Kirk
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Heather A Knutson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Krick
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jérémy Leconte
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Monika Lendl
- Département d'Astronomie, Université de Genève Sauverny, Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Ryan J MacDonald
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luigi Mancini
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- INAF - Turin Astrophysical Observatory, Pino Torinese, Italy
| | | | - Erin M May
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Nathan J Mayne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Yamila Miguel
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kazumasa Ohno
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Enric Palle
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain
| | - Vivien Parmentier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | | | - Caroline Piaulet
- Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Diana Powell
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin V Rackham
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seth Redfield
- Astronomy Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
- Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Laura K Rogers
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zafar Rustamkulov
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xianyu Tan
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P Tremblin
- Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Versailles St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shang-Min Tsai
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jake D Turner
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Olivia Venot
- Université de Paris Cité and Université Paris-Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, Paris, France
| | - Luis Welbanks
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Peter J Wheatley
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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4
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Rustamkulov Z, Sing DK, Mukherjee S, May EM, Kirk J, Schlawin E, Line MR, Piaulet C, Carter AL, Batalha NE, Goyal JM, López-Morales M, Lothringer JD, MacDonald RJ, Moran SE, Stevenson KB, Wakeford HR, Espinoza N, Bean JL, Batalha NM, Benneke B, Berta-Thompson ZK, Crossfield IJM, Gao P, Kreidberg L, Powell DK, Cubillos PE, Gibson NP, Leconte J, Molaverdikhani K, Nikolov NK, Parmentier V, Roy P, Taylor J, Turner JD, Wheatley PJ, Aggarwal K, Ahrer E, Alam MK, Alderson L, Allen NH, Banerjee A, Barat S, Barrado D, Barstow JK, Bell TJ, Blecic J, Brande J, Casewell S, Changeat Q, Chubb KL, Crouzet N, Daylan T, Decin L, Désert J, Mikal-Evans T, Feinstein AD, Flagg L, Fortney JJ, Harrington J, Heng K, Hong Y, Hu R, Iro N, Kataria T, Kempton EMR, Krick J, Lendl M, Lillo-Box J, Louca A, Lustig-Yaeger J, Mancini L, Mansfield M, Mayne NJ, Miguel Y, Morello G, Ohno K, Palle E, Petit Dit de la Roche DJM, Rackham BV, Radica M, Ramos-Rosado L, Redfield S, Rogers LK, Shkolnik EL, Southworth J, Teske J, Tremblin P, Tucker GS, Venot O, Waalkes WC, Welbanks L, Zhang X, Zieba S. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM. Nature 2023; 614:659-663. [PMID: 36623548 PMCID: PMC9946832 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Transmission spectroscopy1-3 of exoplanets has revealed signatures of water vapour, aerosols and alkali metals in a few dozen exoplanet atmospheres4,5. However, these previous inferences with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes were hindered by the observations' relatively narrow wavelength range and spectral resolving power, which precluded the unambiguous identification of other chemical species-in particular the primary carbon-bearing molecules6,7. Here we report a broad-wavelength 0.5-5.5 µm atmospheric transmission spectrum of WASP-39b8, a 1,200 K, roughly Saturn-mass, Jupiter-radius exoplanet, measured with the JWST NIRSpec's PRISM mode9 as part of the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team Program10-12. We robustly detect several chemical species at high significance, including Na (19σ), H2O (33σ), CO2 (28σ) and CO (7σ). The non-detection of CH4, combined with a strong CO2 feature, favours atmospheric models with a super-solar atmospheric metallicity. An unanticipated absorption feature at 4 µm is best explained by SO2 (2.7σ), which could be a tracer of atmospheric photochemistry. These observations demonstrate JWST's sensitivity to a rich diversity of exoplanet compositions and chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rustamkulov
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - D K Sing
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Mukherjee
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - E M May
- Johns Hopkins APL, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - J Kirk
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - E Schlawin
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M R Line
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C Piaulet
- Institute of Research on Exoplanets, Department of Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - A L Carter
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - N E Batalha
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - J M Goyal
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Jatani, India
| | - M López-Morales
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J D Lothringer
- Department of Physics, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, USA
| | - R J MacDonald
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S E Moran
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - H R Wakeford
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | - N Espinoza
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J L Bean
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - N M Batalha
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - B Benneke
- Institute of Research on Exoplanets, Department of Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Z K Berta-Thompson
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - I J M Crossfield
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - P Gao
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Kreidberg
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D K Powell
- Harvard and Smithsonian, Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P E Cubillos
- INAF - Astrophysics Observatory at Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - N P Gibson
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Leconte
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - K Molaverdikhani
- University Observatory Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Exzellenzcluster Origins, Garching, Germany
| | - N K Nikolov
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - V Parmentier
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P Roy
- Institute of Research on Exoplanets, Department of Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - J Taylor
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J D Turner
- Department of Astronomy and Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - P J Wheatley
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - K Aggarwal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Indore, India
| | - E Ahrer
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - M K Alam
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Alderson
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | - N H Allen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Banerjee
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - S Barat
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Barrado
- Centre for Astrobiology (CSIC-INTA), European Space Astronomy Centre Campus, University of Maria de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - J K Barstow
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - T J Bell
- BAER Institute, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffet Field, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - J Blecic
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics (CAP3), New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - J Brande
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - S Casewell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Q Changeat
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- European Space Agency (ESA), ESA Baltimore Office, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - K L Chubb
- Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - N Crouzet
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - T Daylan
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - L Decin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Désert
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Mikal-Evans
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A D Feinstein
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - L Flagg
- Department of Astronomy and Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J J Fortney
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - J Harrington
- Planetary Science Group, Department of Physics and Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - K Heng
- University Observatory Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Hong
- Department of Astronomy and Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R Hu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N Iro
- Institute for Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Kataria
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - E M-R Kempton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Krick
- California Institute of Technology, IPAC, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Lendl
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Lillo-Box
- Centre for Astrobiology (CSIC-INTA), European Space Astronomy Centre Campus, University of Maria de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Louca
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - L Mancini
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- INAF - Astrophysics Observatory at Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - M Mansfield
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - N J Mayne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Y Miguel
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G Morello
- Institute for Astrophysics of Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Department of Astrophysics, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- INAF Äì Palermo Astronomical Observatory, Palermo, Italy
| | - K Ohno
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - E Palle
- Institute for Astrophysics of Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - B V Rackham
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Radica
- Institute of Research on Exoplanets, Department of Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - L Ramos-Rosado
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Redfield
- Astronomy Department and Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - L K Rogers
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - E L Shkolnik
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - J Southworth
- Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - J Teske
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - P Tremblin
- UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, Maison de la Simulation, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G S Tucker
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - O Venot
- Université de Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, Paris, France
| | - W C Waalkes
- Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L Welbanks
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - S Zieba
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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5
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Porter RH, Malcolm CS, Allen NH, Lamb H, Revell DF, Sheardown MJ. Agonist-induced functional desensitization of recombinant human 5-HT2 receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:431-8. [PMID: 11448452 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The desensitization characteristics of recombinant human 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), and 5-HT(2C) receptors (VSV and INI isoforms) stably expressed in CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary) cells was investigated by calcium fluorimetry. Comparative desensitization characteristics of the agonists 5-HT, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrobromide (DOI) were performed. Human 5-HT(2C (INI)) receptors exhibited a greater degree of desensitization to all agonists tested than edited 5-HT(2C (VSV)) receptors. A 2-hr exposure to 5-HT resulted in a significantly larger reduction in response upon re-exposure to 5-HT at 5-HT(2C (INI)) receptors, as compared to 5-HT(2C (VSV)) receptors (72% and 47% respectively, P < 0.01). Both receptor isoforms were expressed at similar densities. Human 5-HT(2B) receptors exhibited the most dramatic degree of desensitization, with prior exposure to 5-HT reducing subsequent response to 5-HT by 80%, with an extremely rapid time-course (t(1/2) < 5 min). The response at 5-HT(2A) receptors was reduced by 54%. The partial agonists mCPP and DOI also elicited desensitization, generally in line with their relative efficacies at each receptor, but exhibited more rapid kinetic profiles than 5-HT. Heterologous desensitization of an endogenously expressed G(q/11)-coupled purinergic receptor was also examined following preincubation of the cell lines with 10 microM 5-HT. Only stimulation of 5-HT(2C (VSV)) receptors resulted in a profound attenuation of subsequent ATP mediated responses. These results demonstrate differing degrees of both homologous and heterologous desensitization of 5-HT(2) receptors. Additionally, the different desensitization profiles of 5-HT(2C (INI)) and 5-HT(2C (VSV)) receptor may be due to signal transduction differences caused by RNA editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Porter
- Vernalis Research Ltd, Oakdene Court, 613 Reading Road, Winnersh, Wokingham, RG41 5UA, United Kingdom.
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Vickers SP, Easton N, Malcolm CS, Allen NH, Porter RH, Bickerdike MJ, Kennett GA. Modulation of 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated head-twitch behaviour in the rat by 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001; 69:643-52. [PMID: 11509227 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacology of several commonly described 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(2C) receptor agonists was investigated in vivo and in vitro at rat 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), and 5-HT(2C) receptors. The 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist, (S)-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-1-methylethylamine fumarate (Ro 60-0175), did not induce a significant head-twitch response when given alone, yet when administered to rats subsequent to an acute challenge with the selective 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist, 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-[6-(2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy) pyridin-3-yl carbomyl] indoline (SB-242084), a robust head-twitch response was observed which was blocked by the selective 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists R(+)-alpha-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl-ethyl)]-4-piperidine-methanol (MDL 100907) or ketanserin. The preferential 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists Ro 60-0175, 6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine HCl (MK-212), 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine hydrochloride (mCPP), 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride (TFMPP), and (S)-3-[(2,3-dihydro-5-methoxy-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy]-pyrollidine HCl (ORG-37684), the 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonist 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), the 5-HT(2B) receptor agonist 1-[5-thienylmethoxy-1-1H-3-indoyl] propan-2-amine hydrochloride (BW-723C86), and nor-D-fenfluramine were administered to rats subsequent to an acute challenge of SB-242084. Under such conditions, each agonist, with the exception of BW-723C86, induced a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of head twitches. The pharmacology of the same agonists was determined at cloned rat 5-HT(2) receptors using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR). Both the in vivo and in vitro data suggest that for some ligands, previous reports have overestimated their in vivo selectivity for the 5-HT(2C) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Vickers
- Vernalis Research Limited, Oakdene Court, 613 Reading Road, Winnersh, Wokingham, RG41 5UA, UK.
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Porter RH, Benwell KR, Lamb H, Malcolm CS, Allen NH, Revell DF, Adams DR, Sheardown MJ. Functional characterization of agonists at recombinant human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors in CHO-K1 cells. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128:13-20. [PMID: 10498829 PMCID: PMC1571597 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The goal of this study was to characterize the agonist pharmacology of human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C (VSV) receptors expressed in CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary) cells. 2. We used a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) which allows rapid detection of rises in intracellular calcium levels upon the addition of agonists. 3. Stimulation of all three receptors by 5-HT caused a robust concentration dependent increase in intracellular calcium levels. No such effect was observed from non-transfected control CHO-K1 cells. 4. The rank order of potency of agonists at the different receptor subtypes varied. Tryptamines, BW-723C86, d-norfenfluramine, Ro 60-0175 and LSD exhibited the following rank order of potency; 5-HT2B>5-HT2C>5-HT2A. Piperazines such as m-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), ORG-12962, MK-212 and also ORG-37684 exhibited a rank order of potency of 5-HT2C>5-HT2B>5-HT2A. The phenylisopropylamines DOI and DOB had a rank order of 5-HT2A>5-HT2B>5-HT2C. 5. Many agonists tested had partial agonist actions when compared to 5-HT, and a wide range of relative efficacies were exhibited, which was cell line dependent. For example, mCPP had a relative efficacy of 65% at 5-HT2C receptors but <25% at either 5-HT2A or 5-HT2B receptors. 6. Interpretation of literature values of functional assays using different cell lines, different receptor expression levels and different receptor isoforms, is complex. Species differences and the previous use of antagonist radioligands to characterize agonist potency in binding assays emphasizes the importance of studying agonists in the same experiment using the same assay conditions and parental cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Porter
- Cerebrus Ltd, Oakdene Court, 613 Reading Road, Winnersh, Wokingham, RG41 5UA.
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Allen NH, Gordon S, Hope T, Burns A. Manchester and Oxford University Scale for the psychopathological assessment of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 1998; 9 Suppl 1:131-6; discussion 143-50. [PMID: 9447436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing awareness of the importance of psychopathological and behavioral changes in dementia and a need for a technique to measure these noncognitive features. Such a schedule should keep screening questions to a minimum, include a severity measure, exclude symptoms resulting from physical illness, be as brief as possible, and not mix domains of psychopathology. To test the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of a newly developed test, 30 carers were interviewed four times during 6 weeks. An obligatory stem question in each category was followed by supplementary questions. The interviewer recorded the presence of each symptom, its severity, when each symptom started, its duration, and whether it was still present. To detect the presence of delusions, the informant was asked about the patient's insight. Satisfactory differences in mean kappa values were demonstrated in test-retest and interrater reliability and validity compared with other techniques. This test may be useful to measure the outcome of drug trials, for correlating psychopathological and behavioral changes with autopsy findings and in epidemiological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Allen
- Central Manchester Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing awareness of the importance of psychopathological and behavioural changes in dementia and a need for an instrument to measure these features which achieves an appropriate compromise between brevity and breadth. We describe a newly developed 59-item instrument: the MOUSEPAD. METHOD Reliability, sensitivity and validity were examined with 30 carers, each of whom was interviewed four times over six weeks. RESULTS For different symptom groups, kappa ranged from 0.43 to 0.93 for test-retest reliability, from 0.56 to 1.0 for inter-rater reliability, and from 0.43 to 0.67 for the validation study. CONCLUSIONS The scale may be useful as an outcome measure in drug trials, for correlating psychopathological and behavioural changes with post-mortem findings, and in epidemiological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Allen
- University of Manchester School of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences
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Childs PA, Rodin I, Martin NJ, Allen NH, Plaskett L, Smythe PJ, Thompson C. Effect of fluoxetine on melatonin in patients with seasonal affective disorder and matched controls. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166:196-8. [PMID: 7728363 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.166.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate the secretion profile of melatonin and seasonal affective disorder before and after treatment with fluoxetine. METHOD A six-week case-controlled study with repeated overnight blood sampling was conducted. Ten patients fulfilling the criteria for major depressive disorder, seasonal type, with a 29-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score of at least 20 were compared with ten age- and sex-matched healthy controls in a clinical laboratory. The effects of fluoxetine (20 mg/day) on the HDRS and melatonin concentration were measured. RESULTS Fluoxetine significantly reduced melatonin levels in both groups. There was no significant difference in melatonin secretion between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The effect of fluoxetine differs from tricyclics and fluvoxamine, both of which increase melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Childs
- University Department of Psychiatry, Royal South Hants Hospital, Southampton
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Abstract
Seven healthy male volunteers had their light sensitivity (melatonin suppression) and melatonin phase measured before and after treatment with temazepam (20 mg) for 7 days. Temazepam did not alter the circadian phase of melatonin secretion (the Dim Light Melatonin Onset, the timing of the peak of secretion), the total melatonin secretion nor the sensitivity of melatonin secretion to suppression by full spectrum light. This is an important negative finding which suggests that the short half-life benzodiazepine hypnotic temazepam does not confound tests of light sensitivity or melatonin phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Allen
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal South Hants Hospital, Southampton, Hants SO9 4PE
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Thompson C, Childs PA, Raheja SK, Allen NH. Seasonal affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164:127. [PMID: 7907922 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.164.1.127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Allen NH, Kerr D, Smythe PJ, Martin N, Osola K, Thompson C. Insulin sensitivity after phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder. Lancet 1992; 339:1065-6. [PMID: 1349099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
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Mercy JA, Goodman RA, Rosenberg ML, Allen NH, Loya F, Smith JC, Vargas LA. Patterns of homicide victimization in the city of Los Angeles, 1970-79. Bull N Y Acad Med 1986; 62:427-45. [PMID: 3488785 PMCID: PMC1629258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Goodman RA, Mercy JA, Loya F, Rosenberg ML, Smith JC, Allen NH, Vargas L, Kolts R. Alcohol use and interpersonal violence: alcohol detected in homicide victims. Am J Public Health 1986; 76:144-9. [PMID: 3946695 PMCID: PMC1646489 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.76.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the relationship between alcohol use and homicide victimization, we used data from the Los Angeles City Police Department and the Los Angeles Medical Examiner's Office to study 4,950 victims of criminal homicides in Los Angeles in the period 1970-79. Alcohol was detected in the blood of 1,883 (46 per cent) of the 4,092 victims who were tested. In 30 per cent of those tested, the blood alcohol level was greater than or equal to 100 mg/100 ml, the level of legal intoxication in most states. Blood alcohol was present most commonly in victims who were male, young, and Latino, categories where rates have been increasing at an alarming pace. Alcohol was also detected most commonly in victims killed during weekends, when homicides occurred in bars or restaurants, when homicides resulted from physical fights or verbal arguments, when victims were friends or acquaintances of offenders, and when homicides resulted from stabbings. The evidence for alcohol use by homicide victims focuses attention on the need for controlled epidemiologic studies of the role played by alcohol as a risk factor in homicide and on the importance of considering situational variables in developing approaches to homicide prevention.
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Allen NH. An annotated bibliography to suicide and life-threatening behavior. Volumes 1-13 (1971-1983). Suicide Life Threat Behav 1985; 15:207-383. [PMID: 3916354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1943-278x.1985.tb00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Prostacyclin is a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Because toxemia is characterized by increased vasoconstriction frequently associated with increased platelet aggregation and reduced uteroplacental blood flow, a deficiency in prostacyclin production during pregnancy could contribute to the development of toxemia. Placentally produced prostacyclin could have both local effects on the uteroplacental vasculature and systemic effects because prostacyclin, unlike the other prostaglandins, is not extensively metabolized by the lungs. Fresh human term placentas were obtained immediately after delivery from 12 normal and 12 toxemic (blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg, urinary protein greater than 0.3 gm/24 hours) pregnancies. Tissues (300 mg) were incubated in a sterile manner in 5 ml of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium for 48 hours at 37 degrees C with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide in a metabolic shaker. Samples were collected at 8, 20, 32, and 48 hours and analyzed for prostacyclin by radioimmunoassay of its stable metabolite, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha. Prostacyclin production was significantly decreased in toxemic placental tissue compared with normal placental tissue (2.72 +/- 0.49 versus 7.22 +/- 0.44 pg/mg/hr, mean +/- SE, p less than 0.01). In both normal and toxemic placentas, prostacyclin production was inhibited by indomethacin (5 or 50 mumol/L) and not affected (p greater than 0.10) by arachidonic acid (5 or 100 mumol/L). Lowering the oxygen concentration from 95% to 20% significantly (p less than 0.01) decreased prostacyclin production in normal but not toxemic placentas. Prostacyclin production rates in the amnion and chorion were not affected (p greater than 0.10) by toxemia. The amniotic and chorionic prostacyclin production rates were not different from each other (p greater than 0.10) and were only one seventh of the normal placental production rate. These data indicate that placental prostacyclin production is decreased in toxemia; therefore, this vasoactive prostaglandin may be involved in the causation and the associated hypertension and coagulation abnormalities of this disorder.
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Abstract
A controlled trial was carried out to assess the value of intensive plasma exchange in 27 renal transplant recipients with clinical and histological evidence of acute vascular rejection. In addition to standard immunosuppression, 13 patients received plasma exchange on six consecutive days at a mean exchange volume of 40.6 ml/kg of body weight each day using an intermittent cell separator. A further 14 patients received standard immunosuppression only. In addition, 10 patients exchanged prior to the controlled trial have been studied. Analysis of short-term benefit, as evidenced by a reduction in serum creatinine, and by subsequent graft survival revealed no significant difference in these parameters between the two groups in the controlled trial. This regimen of plasma exchange has not, therefore, been shown to modify acute renal allograft rejection.
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Abstract
A study of 104 homicide-followed-by-suicide events in Los Angeles during 1970-1979 are reported and compared, in part, to the findings of D.J. West for Wales and England, 1954-1961. Variables discussed are age, ethnicity, sex distribution of both offenders and victims, relationship between them, methods by which victims were killed, alcohol content in victims and offenders, suicide notes, depression, and physical illness.
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Abstract
The clinical features and the results of surgical treatment in 27 children with a paraureteric diverticulum treated between 1969 and 1979 were reviewed. The condition is commoner in males. Vesicoureteric reflux and double ureters were associated findings and together with the diverticulum accounted for the high incidence of urinary infection as a presenting feature. In only 2 patients with the diverticulum seen on excretion urography, but micturating cystography confirmed the diagnosis in 24 patients. Conservative treatment with continuous chemotherapy is satisfactory when the diverticulum is small and prior to the development of vesicoureteric reflux. In the later stages, excision of the diverticulum and reimplantation of the contiguous ureter is the surgical treatment of choice.
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Atwell JD, Allen NH. The interrelationship between paraureteric diverticula, vesicoureteric reflux and duplication of the pelvicaliceal collecting system: a family study. Br J Urol 1980; 52:269-73. [PMID: 6775727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1980.tb08915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of a bifid pelvicaliceal system, vesicoureteric reflux, its sequelae and paraureteric diverticulum was determined in the patients and siblings of 22 patients with a paraureteric diverticulum. The results support the hypothesis that there is a direct genetic relationship between a paraureteric diverticulum, duplication of the pelvicaliceal system and vesicoureteric reflux. This suggests that the vesicoureteric reflux associated with a parauretic diverticulum is primary and related to lateral ectopia of the ureteric orifice. This syndrome complex may be inherited by multiple genes producing a cumulative effect, thus determining the length of the intravesical ureter, or by an autosomal dominant gene of variable penetrance.
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Ahern JK, Allen NH. Cervical hemangioma: a case report and review of the literature. J Reprod Med 1978; 21:228-31. [PMID: 739474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A case of cervical hemangioma is reported. This is a rare lesion of the uterine cervix, is not usually large and characteristically has a deep wine-red color. A review of the world literature indicates that all such hemangiomas that have been reported are benign. It is thought from this information that they may be treated conservatively.
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Abstract
Twenty-five cases of outlet obstruction with decompensated bladders and minimal adenomatous enlargement were treated by transurethral bladder neck incision. The results showed that bladder neck incision was as effective as transurethral resection of bladder neck and prostate and was a useful operation, especially for the elderly uraemic patient. There were no complications and operating time was considerably less than that required for a formal transurethral resection. The operation should be reserved for cases of outflow obstruction with no or minimal adenomatous hyperplasia.
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Allen NH, Jenkins JD, Smart CJ. Surgical haemorrhage in patients given subcutaneous heparin as prophylaxis against thromboembolism. Br Med J 1978; 1:1326. [PMID: 647262 PMCID: PMC1604696 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6123.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Allen NH. The health educator as a suicidologist. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1976; 6:195-201. [PMID: 1023451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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