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Yeh C, Huang C, Huang Y, Hartley CD, Fashina T, Ashby N, Miller C, Shantha JG, Justin GA, Chan RVP, Mattia JG, Vandy MJ, Harrison-Williams L, Mustapha J, Mwanza JC, Yeh S. Childhood vision impairment and blindness in West Africa: public health measures and implications for systemic health. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1349093. [PMID: 38439905 PMCID: PMC10910097 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1349093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood blindness is an issue of global health impact, affecting approximately 2 million children worldwide. Vision 2020 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals previously identified childhood blindness as a key issue in the twentieth century, and while public health measures are underway, the precise etiologies and management require ongoing investigation and care, particularly within resource-limited settings such as sub-Saharan Africa. We systematically reviewed the literature on childhood blindness in West Africa to identify the anatomic classification and etiologies, particularly those causes of childhood blindness with systemic health implications. Treatable causes included cataract, refractive error, and corneal disease. Systemic etiologies identified included measles, rubella, vitamin A deficiency, and Ebola virus disease. While prior public health measures including vitamin A supplementation and vaccination programs have been deployed in most countries with reported data, multiple studies reported preventable or reversible etiologies of blindness and vision impairment. Ongoing research is necessary to standardize reporting for anatomies and/or etiologies of childhood blindness to determine the necessity of further development and implementation of public health measures that would ameliorate childhood blindness and vision impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Yeh
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Crystal Huang
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ye Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Caleb D. Hartley
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Tolulope Fashina
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Nathaniel Ashby
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Chase Miller
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jessica G. Shantha
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Grant A. Justin
- Walter Reed Army National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - R. V. Paul Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John G. Mattia
- National Eye Health Programme, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Matthew J. Vandy
- National Eye Health Programme, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Lloyd Harrison-Williams
- National Eye Health Programme, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jalikatu Mustapha
- National Eye Health Programme, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jean-Claude Mwanza
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Steven Yeh
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Global Center for Health Security, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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McGrath BA, Ashby N, Birchall M, Dean P, Doherty C, Ferguson K, Gimblett J, Grocott M, Jacob T, Kerawala C, Macnaughton P, Magennis P, Moonesinghe R, Twose P, Wallace S, Higgs A. Multidisciplinary guidance for safe tracheostomy care during the COVID-19 pandemic: the NHS National Patient Safety Improvement Programme (NatPatSIP). Anaesthesia 2020; 75:1659-1670. [PMID: 32396986 PMCID: PMC7272992 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is causing a significant increase in the number of patients requiring relatively prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation and an associated surge in patients who need a tracheostomy to facilitate weaning from respiratory support. In parallel, there has been a global increase in guidance from professional bodies representing staff who care for patients with tracheostomies at different points in their acute hospital journey, rehabilitation and recovery. Of concern are the risks to healthcare staff of infection arising from tracheostomy insertion and caring for patients with a tracheostomy. Hospitals are also facing extraordinary demands on critical care services such that many patients who require a tracheostomy will be managed outside established intensive care or head and neck units and cared for by staff with little tracheostomy experience. These concerns led NHS England and NHS Improvement to expedite the National Patient Safety Improvement Programme's 'Safe Tracheostomy Care' workstream as part of the NHS COVID-19 response. Supporting this workstream, UK stakeholder organisations involved in tracheostomy care were invited to develop consensus guidance based on: expert opinion; the best available published literature; and existing multidisciplinary guidelines. Topics with direct relevance for frontline staff were identified. This consensus guidance includes: infectivity of patients with respect to tracheostomy indications and timing; aerosol-generating procedures and risks to staff; insertion procedures; and management following tracheostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A McGrath
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester, UK
| | - N Ashby
- Royal College of Nursing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Birchall
- British Laryngological Association, University College London, London, UK
| | - P Dean
- Intensive Care Society, Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital, Lancashire, UK
| | - C Doherty
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, National Tracheostomy Safety Project Paediatric Lead, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - K Ferguson
- Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Association of Anaesthetists, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - M Grocott
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Royal College of Anaesthetists, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - T Jacob
- ENT & Head and Neck surgeon, Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, ENT-UKt, London, UK
| | - C Kerawala
- Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Surgeon, The Royal Marsden Hospital, British Association of Head & Neck Oncologists, London, UK
| | - P Macnaughton
- Intensive Care Medicine at Derriford Hospital, Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine, Plymouth, UK
| | - P Magennis
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Aintree University Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Moonesinghe
- Anaesthetics and Critical Care Medicine, NHS England & NHS Improvement, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - P Twose
- Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Respiratory Care, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Wallace
- Speech & Language Therapist, Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - A Higgs
- Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, Warrington & Halton Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Difficult Airway Society, Warrington, UK
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Adamson P, Anghel I, Ashby N, Aurisano A, Barr G, Bishai M, Blake A, Bock G, Bogert D, Bumgarner R, Cao S, Castromonte C, Childress S, Coelho J, Corwin L, Cronin-Hennessy D, de Jong J, Devan A, Devenish N, Diwan M, Escobar C, Evans J, Falk E, Feldman G, Fonville B, Frohne M, Gallagher H, Gomes R, Goodman M, Gouffon P, Graf N, Gran R, Grzelak K, Habig A, Hahn S, Hartnell J, Hatcher R, Hirschauer J, Holin A, Huang J, Hylen J, Irwin G, Isvan Z, James C, Jefferts S, Jensen D, Kafka T, Kasahara S, Koizumi G, Kordosky M, Kreymer A, Lang K, Ling J, Litchfield P, Lucas P, Mann W, Marshak M, Matsakis D, Mayer N, McKinley A, McGivern C, Medeiros M, Mehdiyev R, Meier J, Messier M, Miller W, Mishra S, Mitchell S, Moed Sher S, Moore C, Mualem L, Musser J, Naples D, Nelson J, Newman H, Nichol R, Nowak J, O’Connor J, Orchanian M, Pahlka R, Paley J, Parker T, Patterson R, Pawloski G, Perch A, Phan-Budd S, Plunkett R, Poonthottathil N, Powers E, Qiu X, Radovic A, Rebel B, Ridl K, Römisch S, Rosenfeld C, Rubin H, Sanchez M, Schneps J, Schreckenberger A, Schreiner P, Sharma R, Sousa A, Tagg N, Talaga R, Thomas J, Thomson M, Tian X, Timmons A, Tognini S, Toner R, Torretta D, Urheim J, Vahle P, Viren B, Weber A, Webb R, White C, Whitehead L, Whitehead L, Wojcicki S, Wright J, Zhang V, Zwaska R. Precision measurement of the speed of propagation of neutrinos using the MINOS detectors. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.92.052005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jefferts SR, Heavner TP, Parker TE, Shirley JH, Donley EA, Ashby N, Levi F, Calonico D, Costanzo GA. High-accuracy measurement of the blackbody radiation frequency shift of the ground-state hyperfine transition in 133Cs. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:050801. [PMID: 24580583 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-accuracy direct measurement of the blackbody radiation shift of the 133Cs ground-state hyperfine transition. This frequency shift is one of the largest systematic frequency biases encountered in realizing the current definition of the International System of Units (SI) second. Uncertainty in the blackbody radiation frequency shift correction has led to its being the focus of intense theoretical effort by a variety of research groups. Our experimental measurement of the shift used three primary frequency standards operating at different temperatures. We achieved an uncertainty a factor of five smaller than the previous best direct measurement. These results tend to validate the claimed accuracy of the recently calculated values.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Jefferts
- NIST-Time and Frequency Division, 325 Broadway Div 688 Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T P Heavner
- NIST-Time and Frequency Division, 325 Broadway Div 688 Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T E Parker
- NIST-Time and Frequency Division, 325 Broadway Div 688 Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J H Shirley
- NIST-Time and Frequency Division, 325 Broadway Div 688 Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - E A Donley
- NIST-Time and Frequency Division, 325 Broadway Div 688 Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - N Ashby
- NIST-Time and Frequency Division, 325 Broadway Div 688 Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - F Levi
- INRIM, Str della Cacce, 91 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - D Calonico
- INRIM, Str della Cacce, 91 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - G A Costanzo
- Politecnico di Torino, C. Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino, Italy
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Ashby N, Heavner TP, Jefferts SR, Parker TE, Radnaev AG, Dudin YO. Testing local position invariance with four cesium-fountain primary frequency standards and four NIST hydrogen masers. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:070802. [PMID: 17359010 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.070802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the most sensitive tests to date of the assumption of local position invariance (LPI) underlying general relativity, based on a 7 yr comparison of cesium and hydrogen atomic clocks (frequency standards). The latest results place an upper limit that is over 20 times smaller than the previous most sensitive tests; this is consistent with the null shift predicted by LPI. The result is based on precise comparisons of frequencies of four hydrogen masers maintained by NIST, with four independent Cs fountain clocks--one at NIST and three in Europe--as the Sun's gravitational potential at Earth's surface varies due to Earth's orbital eccentricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ashby
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA.
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Fortier TM, Ashby N, Bergquist JC, Delaney MJ, Diddams SA, Heavner TP, Hollberg L, Itano WM, Jefferts SR, Kim K, Levi F, Lorini L, Oskay WH, Parker TE, Shirley J, Stalnaker JE. Precision atomic spectroscopy for improved limits on variation of the fine structure constant and local position invariance. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:070801. [PMID: 17359009 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report tests of local position invariance and the variation of fundamental constants from measurements of the frequency ratio of the 282-nm 199Hg+ optical clock transition to the ground state hyperfine splitting in 133Cs. Analysis of the frequency ratio of the two clocks, extending over 6 yr at NIST, is used to place a limit on its fractional variation of <5.8x10(-6) per change in normalized solar gravitational potential. The same frequency ratio is also used to obtain 20-fold improvement over previous limits on the fractional variation of the fine structure constant of |alpha/alpha|<1.3x10(-16) yr-1, assuming invariance of other fundamental constants. Comparisons of our results with those previously reported for the absolute optical frequency measurements in H and 171Yb+ vs other 133Cs standards yield a coupled constraint of -1.5x10(-15)<alpha/alpha<0.4x10(-15) yr-1 and -2.7x10(-15)<d/dtlnmicroCs/microB<8.6x10(-15) yr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Fortier
- P-23 Physics Division MS H803, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Shahid-Saless B, Ashby N. Relativistic effects in local inertial frames including parametrized-post-Newtonian effects. Int J Clin Exp Med 1988; 38:1645-1657. [PMID: 9959316 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.38.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Abstract
In 1971 Hafele and Keating carried portable atomic clocks east and then west around the world and verified the Sagnac effect, a special relativity effect attributable to the earth's rotation. In the study reported here observations of the effect were made by using electromagnetic signals instead of portable clocks to make clock comparisons. Global Positioning System satellites transmit signals that can be viewed simultaneously from remote stations on the earth; thus an around-the-world Sagnac experiment can be performed with electromagnetic signals. The effect is larger than that occurring when portable clocks are used. The average error over a 3-month experiment was only 5 nanoseconds.
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11
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