1
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Barton LS, Callahan JF, Cantizani J, Concha NO, Cotillo Torrejon I, Goodwin NC, Joshi-Pangu A, Kiesow TJ, McAtee JJ, Mellinger M, Nixon CJ, Padrón-Barthe L, Patterson JR, Pearson ND, Pouliot JJ, Rendina AR, Buitrago Santanilla A, Schneck JL, Sanz O, Thalji RK, Ward P, Williams SP, King BW. Exploration of the P1 residue in 3CL protease inhibitors leading to the discovery of a 2-tetrahydrofuran P1 replacement. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 100:117618. [PMID: 38309201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The virally encoded 3C-like protease (3CLpro) is a well-validated drug target for the inhibition of coronaviruses including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most inhibitors of 3CLpro are peptidomimetic, with a γ-lactam in place of Gln at the P1 position of the pseudopeptide chain. An effort was pursued to identify a viable alternative to the γ-lactam P1 mimetic which would improve physicochemical properties while retaining affinity for the target. Discovery of a 2-tetrahydrofuran as a suitable P1 replacement that is a potent enzymatic inhibitor of 3CLpro in SARS-CoV-2 virus is described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Barton
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States.
| | - James F Callahan
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Juan Cantizani
- GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nestor O Concha
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | | | - Nicole C Goodwin
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Amruta Joshi-Pangu
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Terry J Kiesow
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Jeff J McAtee
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Mark Mellinger
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Christopher J Nixon
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | | | - Jaclyn R Patterson
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Neil D Pearson
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Pouliot
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Alan R Rendina
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | | | - Jessica L Schneck
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Olalla Sanz
- GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reema K Thalji
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Paris Ward
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Shawn P Williams
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Bryan W King
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
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2
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Fedoriw A, Rajapurkar SR, O'Brien S, Gerhart SV, Mitchell LH, Adams ND, Rioux N, Lingaraj T, Ribich SA, Pappalardi MB, Shah N, Laraio J, Liu Y, Butticello M, Carpenter CL, Creasy C, Korenchuk S, McCabe MT, McHugh CF, Nagarajan R, Wagner C, Zappacosta F, Annan R, Concha NO, Thomas RA, Hart TK, Smith JJ, Copeland RA, Moyer MP, Campbell J, Stickland K, Mills J, Jacques-O'Hagan S, Allain C, Johnston D, Raimondi A, Porter Scott M, Waters N, Swinger K, Boriack-Sjodin A, Riera T, Shapiro G, Chesworth R, Prinjha RK, Kruger RG, Barbash O, Mohammad HP. Anti-tumor Activity of the Type I PRMT Inhibitor, GSK3368715, Synergizes with PRMT5 Inhibition through MTAP Loss. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:100-114.e25. [PMID: 31257072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze asymmetric dimethylation of arginines on proteins. Type I PRMTs and their substrates have been implicated in human cancers, suggesting inhibition of type I PRMTs may offer a therapeutic approach for oncology. The current report describes GSK3368715 (EPZ019997), a potent, reversible type I PRMT inhibitor with anti-tumor effects in human cancer models. Inhibition of PRMT5, the predominant type II PRMT, produces synergistic cancer cell growth inhibition when combined with GSK3368715. Interestingly, deletion of the methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene (MTAP) results in accumulation of the metabolite 2-methylthioadenosine, an endogenous inhibitor of PRMT5, and correlates with sensitivity to GSK3368715 in cell lines. These data provide rationale to explore MTAP status as a biomarker strategy for patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fedoriw
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | - Shane O'Brien
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Sarah V Gerhart
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | - Nicholas D Adams
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Niyant Shah
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jenny Laraio
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | - Chris L Carpenter
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Caretha Creasy
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Susan Korenchuk
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael T McCabe
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Charles F McHugh
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Raman Nagarajan
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Craig Wagner
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | - Roland Annan
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Nestor O Concha
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Roberta A Thomas
- Nonclinical Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Timothy K Hart
- Nonclinical Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tom Riera
- Epizyme, Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan G Kruger
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Olena Barbash
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Helai P Mohammad
- Epigenetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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3
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Concha NO, Smallwood A, Bonnette W, Totoritis R, Zhang G, Federowicz K, Yang J, Qi H, Chen S, Campobasso N, Choudhry AE, Shuster LE, Evans KA, Ralph J, Sweitzer S, Heerding DA, Buser CA, Su DS, DeYoung MP. Long-Range Inhibitor-Induced Conformational Regulation of Human IRE1α Endoribonuclease Activity. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:1011-23. [PMID: 26438213 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the inositol-requiring enzyme-1 alpha (IRE1α) protein caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress results in the homodimerization of the N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum luminal domains, autophosphorylation of the cytoplasmic kinase domains, and conformational changes to the cytoplasmic endoribonuclease (RNase) domains, which render them functional and can lead to the splicing of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP 1) mRNA. Herein, we report the first crystal structures of the cytoplasmic portion of a human phosphorylated IRE1α dimer in complex with (R)-2-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-N-(4-methylbenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro(4.5)decane-7-carboxamide, a novel, IRE1α-selective kinase inhibitor, and staurosporine, a broad spectrum kinase inhibitor. (R)-2-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-N-(4-methylbenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro(4.5)decane-7-carboxamide inhibits both the kinase and RNase activities of IRE1α. The inhibitor interacts with the catalytic residues Lys599 and Glu612 and displaces the kinase activation loop to the DFG-out conformation. Inactivation of IRE1α RNase activity appears to be caused by a conformational change, whereby the αC helix is displaced, resulting in the rearrangement of the kinase domain-dimer interface and a rotation of the RNase domains away from each other. In contrast, staurosporine binds at the ATP-binding site of IRE1α, resulting in a dimer consistent with RNase active yeast Ire1 dimers. Activation of IRE1α RNase activity appears to be promoted by a network of hydrogen bond interactions between highly conserved residues across the RNase dimer interface that place key catalytic residues poised for reaction. These data implicate that the intermolecular interactions between conserved residues in the RNase domain are required for activity, and that the disruption of these interactions can be achieved pharmacologically by small molecule kinase domain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor O Concha
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Angela Smallwood
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - William Bonnette
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Rachel Totoritis
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Kelly Federowicz
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Jingsong Yang
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Hongwei Qi
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Stephanie Chen
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Nino Campobasso
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Anthony E Choudhry
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Leanna E Shuster
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Karen A Evans
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Jeff Ralph
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Sharon Sweitzer
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Dirk A Heerding
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Carolyn A Buser
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - Dai-Shi Su
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
| | - M Phillip DeYoung
- Oncology R&D (K.F., J.Y., L.E.S., K.A.E., J.R., D.A.H., C.A.B., D.S.S, M.P.D.), Biological Sciences (R.T., G.Z., H.Q., S.C., A.E.C., S.S.), and Chemical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.O.C., A.S., W.B., N.C.)
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4
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Mohammad HP, Smitheman KN, Kamat CD, Soong D, Federowicz KE, Van Aller GS, Schneck JL, Carson JD, Liu Y, Butticello M, Bonnette WG, Gorman SA, Degenhardt Y, Bai Y, McCabe MT, Pappalardi MB, Kasparec J, Tian X, McNulty KC, Rouse M, McDevitt P, Ho T, Crouthamel M, Hart TK, Concha NO, McHugh CF, Miller WH, Dhanak D, Tummino PJ, Carpenter CL, Johnson NW, Hann CL, Kruger RG. A DNA Hypomethylation Signature Predicts Antitumor Activity of LSD1 Inhibitors in SCLC. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:57-69. [PMID: 26175415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation has emerged as an important mechanism in cancer. Alterations in epigenetic machinery have become a major focus for targeted therapies. The current report describes the discovery and biological activity of a cyclopropylamine containing inhibitor of Lysine Demethylase 1 (LSD1), GSK2879552. This small molecule is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable, mechanism-based irreversible inactivator of LSD1. A proliferation screen of cell lines representing a number of tumor types indicated that small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is sensitive to LSD1 inhibition. The subset of SCLC lines and primary samples that undergo growth inhibition in response to GSK2879552 exhibit DNA hypomethylation of a signature set of probes, suggesting this may be used as a predictive biomarker of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helai P Mohammad
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | | | - David Soong
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Kelly E Federowicz
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Glenn S Van Aller
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jess L Schneck
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Carson
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael Butticello
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - William G Bonnette
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Shelby A Gorman
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yan Degenhardt
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yuchen Bai
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael T McCabe
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | - Jiri Kasparec
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Xinrong Tian
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Kenneth C McNulty
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Meagan Rouse
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Patrick McDevitt
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Thau Ho
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | - Timothy K Hart
- Safety Assessment Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Merion, PA 19406, USA
| | - Nestor O Concha
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Charles F McHugh
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - William H Miller
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Dashyant Dhanak
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Peter J Tummino
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | - Neil W Johnson
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Christine L Hann
- Oncology Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Ryan G Kruger
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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5
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Lin H, Yamashita DS, Zeng J, Xie R, Wang W, Nidarmarthy S, Luengo JI, Rhodes N, Knick VB, Choudhry AE, Lai Z, Minthorn EA, Strum SL, Wood ER, Elkins PA, Concha NO, Heerding DA. 2,3,5-Trisubstituted pyridines as selective AKT inhibitors-Part I: Substitution at 2-position of the core pyridine for ROCK1 selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:673-8. [PMID: 20006497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
2,3,5-Trisubstituted pyridines have been designed as potent AKT inhibitors that are selective against ROCK1 based on the comparison between AKT and ROCK1 structures. Substitution at the 2-position of the core pyridine is the key element to provide selectivity against ROCK1. An X-ray co-crystal structure of 9p in PKA supports the proposed rationale of ROCK1 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville, Rd., Collegeville, PA 19426, United States.
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6
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Shaw AN, Tedesco R, Bambal R, Chai D, Concha NO, Darcy MG, Dhanak D, Duffy KJ, Fitch DM, Gates A, Johnston VK, Keenan RM, Lin-Goerke J, Liu N, Sarisky RT, Wiggall KJ, Zimmerman MN. Substituted benzothiadizine inhibitors of Hepatitis C virus polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4350-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Seefeld MA, Rouse MB, McNulty KC, Sun L, Wang J, Yamashita DS, Luengo JI, Zhang S, Minthorn EA, Concha NO, Heerding DA. Discovery of 5-pyrrolopyridinyl-2-thiophenecarboxamides as potent AKT kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2244-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Rouse MB, Seefeld MA, Leber JD, McNulty KC, Sun L, Miller WH, Zhang S, Minthorn EA, Concha NO, Choudhry AE, Schaber MD, Heerding DA. Aminofurazans as potent inhibitors of AKT kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1508-11. [PMID: 19179070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AKT inhibitors containing an imidazopyridine aminofurazan scaffold have been optimized. We have previously disclosed identification of the AKT inhibitor GSK690693, which has been evaluated in clinical trials in cancer patients. Herein we describe recent efforts focusing on investigating a distinct region of this scaffold that have afforded compounds (30 and 32) with comparable activity profiles to that of GSK690693.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan B Rouse
- Oncology Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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9
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Heerding DA, Rhodes N, Leber JD, Clark TJ, Keenan RM, Lafrance LV, Li M, Safonov IG, Takata DT, Venslavsky JW, Yamashita DS, Choudhry AE, Copeland RA, Lai Z, Schaber MD, Tummino PJ, Strum SL, Wood ER, Duckett DR, Eberwein D, Knick VB, Lansing TJ, McConnell RT, Zhang S, Minthorn EA, Concha NO, Warren GL, Kumar R. Identification of 4-(2-(4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-ethyl-7-{[(3S)-3-piperidinylmethyl]oxy}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-yl)-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (GSK690693), a novel inhibitor of AKT kinase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5663-79. [PMID: 18800763 DOI: 10.1021/jm8004527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of AKT has an antiapoptotic effect in many cell types, and expression of dominant negative AKT blocks the ability of a variety of growth factors to promote survival. Therefore, inhibitors of AKT kinase activity might be useful as monotherapy for the treatment of tumors with activated AKT. Herein, we describe our lead optimization studies culminating in the discovery of compound 3g (GSK690693). Compound 3g is a novel ATP competitive, pan-AKT kinase inhibitor with IC 50 values of 2, 13, and 9 nM against AKT1, 2, and 3, respectively. An X-ray cocrystal structure was solved with 3g and the kinase domain of AKT2, confirming that 3g bound in the ATP binding pocket. Compound 3g potently inhibits intracellular AKT activity as measured by the inhibition of the phosphorylation levels of GSK3beta. Intraperitoneal administration of 3g in immunocompromised mice results in the inhibition of GSK3beta phosphorylation and tumor growth in human breast carcinoma (BT474) xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A Heerding
- Oncology Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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10
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Tedesco R, Shaw AN, Bambal R, Chai D, Concha NO, Darcy MG, Dhanak D, Fitch DM, Gates A, Gerhardt WG, Halegoua DL, Han C, Hofmann GA, Johnston VK, Kaura AC, Liu N, Keenan RM, Lin-Goerke J, Sarisky RT, Wiggall KJ, Zimmerman MN, Duffy KJ. 3-(1,1-dioxo-2H-(1,2,4)-benzothiadiazin-3-yl)-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolinones, potent inhibitors of hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Med Chem 2006; 49:971-83. [PMID: 16451063 DOI: 10.1021/jm050855s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we disclosed a new class of HCV polymerase inhibitors discovered through high-throughput screening (HTS) of the GlaxoSmithKline proprietary compound collection. This interesting class of 3-(1,1-dioxo-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazin-3-yl)-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolinones potently inhibits HCV polymerase enzymatic activity and inhibits the ability of the subgenomic HCV replicon to replicate in Huh-7 cells. This report will focus on the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of substituents on the quinolinone ring, culminating in the discovery of 1-(2-cyclopropylethyl)-3-(1,1-dioxo-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolinone (130), an inhibitor with excellent potency in biochemical and cellular assays possessing attractive molecular properties for advancement as a clinical candidate. The potential for development and safety assessment profile of compound 130 will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Tedesco
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, the Musculoskeletal, Microbial and Proliferative Diseases Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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11
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Zhao B, Bower MJ, McDevitt PJ, Zhao H, Davis ST, Johanson KO, Green SM, Concha NO, Zhou BBS. Structural Basis for Chk1 Inhibition by UCN-01. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:46609-15. [PMID: 12244092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201233200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chk1 is a serine-threonine kinase that plays an important role in the DNA damage response, including G(2)/M cell cycle control. UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine), currently in clinical trials, has recently been shown to be a potent Chk1 inhibitor that abrogates the G(2)/M checkpoint induced by DNA-damaging agents. To understand the structural basis of Chk1 inhibition by UCN-01, we determined the crystal structure of the Chk1 kinase domain in complex with UCN-01. Chk1 structures with staurosporine and its analog SB-218078 were also determined. All three compounds bind in the ATP-binding pocket of Chk1, producing only slight changes in the protein conformation. Selectivity of UCN-01 toward Chk1 over cyclin-dependent kinases can be explained by the presence of a hydroxyl group in the lactam moiety interacting with the ATP-binding pocket. Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions were observed in the structures between UCN-01 and the Chk1 kinase domain. The high structural complementarity of these interactions is consistent with the potency and selectivity of UCN-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoguang Zhao
- Department of Structural Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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12
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Abstract
The intracellular cysteine proteinases grouped under the common name of caspases are important participants in the process of programmed cell death called apoptosis. Of the nearly fourteen mammalian members discovered thus far caspase 1 or (interleukin 1beta converting enzyme; ICE), and possibly other related family members also serve as activator of cytokines. In general, caspases act on a number of cellular targets including other caspase family members leading ultimately to apopto4 4is through a highly integrated and regulated biological, biochemical and genetic mechanism. The proper execution of apoptosis is crucial during developmental stages and continues to be of critical importance for the well being of the mature organism. However, in a number of degenerative diseases the pathological states are characterized by an exacerbated loss of certain types of cells, cellular death that has morphological characteristics of apoptosis. Fortunately, it has been known for sometime that induced apoptosis that proceeds through the activation of caspases can be inhibited to rescue these cells and allow them to remain viable. This realization has attracted attention towards caspases as likely targets for pharmacological intervention, believing that inhibition of their enzymatic activity in the compromised cells will prevent the unwanted high rate of cellular death. Here we survey natural and synthetic inhibitors of caspases that have been reported to date, including some commonly used peptide inhibitors that serve as "tool reagents" in research and others that have been used to map inhibitor binding interaction in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Concha
- Department of Structural Biology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, Mail Code UE0447, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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Head MS, Ryan MD, Lee D, Feng Y, Janson CA, Concha NO, Keller PM, deWolf WE. Structure-based combinatorial library design: discovery of non-peptidic inhibitors of caspases 3 and 8. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2001; 15:1105-17. [PMID: 12160093 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015976725743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based design of a combinatorial array was carried out in order to identify non-peptidic thiomethylketone inhibitors of caspases 3 and 8. Five compounds from the designed array were active against caspase 3, and two were active against caspase 8. A 2.5-A resolution co-crystal structure of caspase 3 and a thiomethylketone array member is reported. The structure-based design strategy has proved useful for identifying caspase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Head
- Physical and Structural Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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14
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Lee D, Long SA, Adams JL, Chan G, Vaidya KS, Francis TA, Kikly K, Winkler JD, Sung CM, Debouck C, Richardson S, Levy MA, DeWolf WE, Keller PM, Tomaszek T, Head MS, Ryan MD, Haltiwanger RC, Liang PH, Janson CA, McDevitt PJ, Johanson K, Concha NO, Chan W, Abdel-Meguid SS, Badger AM, Lark MW, Nadeau DP, Suva LJ, Gowen M, Nuttall ME. Potent and selective nonpeptide inhibitors of caspases 3 and 7 inhibit apoptosis and maintain cell functionality. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:16007-14. [PMID: 10821855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.21.16007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases have been strongly implicated to play an essential role in apoptosis. A critical question regarding the role(s) of these proteases is whether selective inhibition of an effector caspase(s) will prevent cell death. We have identified potent and selective non-peptide inhibitors of the effector caspases 3 and 7. The inhibition of apoptosis and maintenance of cell functionality with a caspase 3/7-selective inhibitor is demonstrated for the first time, and suggests that targeting these two caspases alone is sufficient for blocking apoptosis. Furthermore, an x-ray co-crystal structure of the complex between recombinant human caspase 3 and an isatin sulfonamide inhibitor has been solved to 2.8-A resolution. In contrast to previously reported peptide-based caspase inhibitors, the isatin sulfonamides derive their selectivity for caspases 3 and 7 by interacting primarily with the S(2) subsite, and do not bind in the caspase primary aspartic acid binding pocket (S(1)). These inhibitors blocked apoptosis in murine bone marrow neutrophils and human chondrocytes. Furthermore, in camptothecin-induced chondrocyte apoptosis, cell functionality as measured by type II collagen promoter activity is maintained, an activity considered essential for cartilage homeostasis. These data suggest that inhibiting chondrocyte cell death with a caspase 3/7-selective inhibitor may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis, or other disease states characterized by excessive apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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15
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Concha NO, Janson CA, Rowling P, Pearson S, Cheever CA, Clarke BP, Lewis C, Galleni M, Frère JM, Payne DJ, Bateson JH, Abdel-Meguid SS. Crystal structure of the IMP-1 metallo beta-lactamase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its complex with a mercaptocarboxylate inhibitor: binding determinants of a potent, broad-spectrum inhibitor. Biochemistry 2000; 39:4288-98. [PMID: 10757977 DOI: 10.1021/bi992569m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metallo beta-lactamase enzymes confer antibiotic resistance to bacteria by catalyzing the hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotics. This relatively new form of resistance is spreading unchallenged as there is a current lack of potent and selective inhibitors of metallo beta-lactamases. Reported here are the crystal structures of the native IMP-1 metallo beta-lactamase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its complex with a mercaptocarboxylate inhibitor, 2-[5-(1-tetrazolylmethyl)thien-3-yl]-N-[2-(mercaptomethyl)-4 -(phenylb utyrylglycine)]. The structures were determined by molecular replacement, and refined to 3.1 A (native) and 2.0 A (complex) resolution. Binding of the inhibitor in the active site induces a conformational change that results in closing of the flap and transforms the active site groove into a tunnel-shaped cavity enclosing 83% of the solvent accessible surface area of the inhibitor. The inhibitor binds in the active site through interactions with residues that are conserved among metallo beta-lactamases; the inhibitor's carboxylate group interacts with Lys161, and the main chain amide nitrogen of Asn167. In the "oxyanion hole", the amide carbonyl oxygen of the inhibitor interacts through a water molecule with the side chain of Asn167, the inhibitor's thiolate bridges the two Zn(II) ions in the active site displacing the bridging water, and the phenylbutyryl side chain binds in a hydrophobic pocket (S1) at the base of the flap. The flap is displaced 2.9 A compared to the unbound structure, allowing Trp28 to interact edge-to-face with the inhibitor's thiophene ring. The similarities between this inhibitor and the beta-lactam substrates suggest a mode of substrate binding and the role of the conserved residues in the active site. It appears that the metallo beta-lactamases bind their substrates by establishing a subset of binding interactions near the catalytic center with conserved characteristic chemical groups of the beta-lactam substrates. These interactions are complemented by additional nonspecific binding between the more variable groups in the substrates and the flexible flap. This unique mode of binding of the mercaptocarboxylate inhibitor in the enzyme active site provides a binding model for metallo beta-lactamase inhibition with utility for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Concha
- Department of Structural Biology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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16
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Concha NO, Rasmussen BA, Bush K, Herzberg O. Crystal structures of the cadmium- and mercury-substituted metallo-beta-lactamase from Bacteroides fragilis. Protein Sci 1997; 6:2671-6. [PMID: 9416622 PMCID: PMC2143611 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560061225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The metallo-beta-lactamases require zinc or cadmium for hydrolyzing beta-lactam antibiotics and are inhibited by mercurial compounds. To data, there are no clinically useful inhibitors of this class of enzymes. The crystal structure of the Zn(2+)-bound enzyme from Bacteroides fragilis contains a binuclear zinc center in the active site. A hydroxide, coordinated to both zinc atoms, is proposed as the moiety that mounts the nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon atom of the beta-lactam ring. To study the metal coordination further, the crystal structures of a Cd(2+)-bound enzyme and of an Hg(2+)-soaked zinc-containing enzyme have been determined at 2.1 A and 2.7 A, respectively. Given the diffraction resolution, the Cd(2+)-bound enzyme exhibits the same active-site architecture as that of the Zn(2+)-bound enzyme, consistent with the fact that both forms are enzymatically active. The 10-fold reduction in activity of the Cd(2+)-bound molecule compared with the Zn(2+)-bound enzyme is attributed to fine differences in the charge distribution due to the difference in the ionic radii of the two metals. In contrast, in the Hg(2+)-bound structure, one of the zinc ions, Zn2, was ejected, and the other zinc ion, Zn1, remained in the same site as in the 2-Zn(2+)-bound structure. Instead of the ejected zinc, a mercury ion binds between Cys 104 and Cys 181, 4.8 A away from Zn1 and 3.9 A away from the site where Zn2 is located in the 2-Zn(2+)-bound molecule. The perturbed binuclear metal cluster explains the inactivation of the enzyme by mercury compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Concha
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The metallo-beta-lactamase from Bacteroides fragilis hydrolyzes a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics, and is not clinically susceptible to any known beta-lactamase inhibitors. B. fragilis is associated with post-surgery hospital infections, and there has been a recent report of plasmid-mediated dissemination of the enzyme. Effective inhibitors are therefore urgently needed. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure will aid in the drug design effort. RESULTS The crystal structure of the enzyme has been determined by using multiwavelength anomalous diffraction at the zinc absorption edge and refined to 1.85 A resolution. The structure is a four-layer alpha/beta/beta/alpha molecule. The active site, found at the edge of the beta sandwich contains a binuclear zinc center with several novel features. One zinc is tetrahedrally coordinated, the other has a trigonal bipyramidal coordination; a water/hydroxide molecule serves as a ligand for both metals. The residues that coordinate the two zincs are invariant in all metallo-beta-lactamases that have been sequenced, except for two conservative replacements. Despite the existence of the pattern for binuclear zinc binding, the reported structure of the Bacillus cereus enzyme contains only a single zinc. CONCLUSIONS Structural analysis indicates that affinity for the penta-coordinated zinc can be modulated by neighboring residues, perhaps explaining the absence of the second zinc in the B. cereus structure. Models of bound substrates suggest that the active-site channel can accommodate a wide variety of beta-lactams. We propose that the zinc cluster prepares an hydroxide, probably the hydroxide that ligates both zincs, for nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon atom of the beta-lactam. The resulting negatively charged tetrahedral intermediate implicated in catalysis is stabilized by an oxyanion hole formed by the side chain of the invariant Asn 193 and the tetrahedral zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Concha
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville 20850, USA
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Swairjo MA, Concha NO, Kaetzel MA, Dedman JR, Seaton BA. Ca(2+)-bridging mechanism and phospholipid head group recognition in the membrane-binding protein annexin V. Nat Struct Biol 1995; 2:968-74. [PMID: 7583670 DOI: 10.1038/nsb1195-968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Structural evidence is presented for a 'Ca(2+)-bridging' mechanism, proposed for Ca(2+)-binding interfacial membrane proteins such as annexins, protein kinase C, and certain coagulation proteins. Crystal structures of Ca(2+)-annexin V complexes with phospholipid polar heads provide molecular details of 'Ca(2+)-bridges' as key features in the membrane attachment exhibited by these proteins. Distinct binding sites for phospholipid head groups are observed, including a novel, double-Ca2+ recognition site for phosphoserine that may serve as a phosphatidylserine receptor site in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Swairjo
- Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Abstract
Annexins are a family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins implicated in mediating membrane-related processes such as secretion, signal transduction, and ion channel activity. The crystal structure of rat annexin V was solved to 1.9 angstrom resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement. Unlike previously solved annexin V structures, all four domains bound calcium in this structure. Calcium binding in the third domain induced a large relocation of the calcium-binding loop regions, exposing the single tryptophan residue to the solvent. These alterations in annexin V suggest a role for domain 3 in calcium-triggered interaction with phospholipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Concha
- Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118
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20
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Abstract
The quaternary structure of annexin V, a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein, was investigated by chemical cross-linking. Calcium was found to induce the formation of trimers, hexamers, and higher aggregates only when anionic phospholipids were present. Oligomerization occurred under the same conditions annexin-vesicle binding. A model is proposed in which cell stimulation leads to calcium-induced organization of arrays of annexin V lining the inner membrane surface, thus altering properties such as permeability and fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Concha
- Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118-2394
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