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Rosenström TH, Czajkowski NO, Solbakken OA, Saarni SE. Direction of dependence analysis for pre-post assessments using non-Gaussian methods: a tutorial. Psychother Res 2023; 33:1058-1075. [PMID: 36706267 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2023.2167526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We introduced methods for solving causal direction of dependence between variables observed in pre- and post-psychotherapy assessments, showing how to apply them and investigate their properties via simulations. In addition, we investigated whether changes in depressive symptoms drive changes in social and occupational functioning as suggested by the phase model of psychotherapy or vice versa, or neither. METHOD As a Gaussian (normal-distribution) model is unidentifiable here, we used an identifiable linear non-Gaussian structural vector autoregression model, conceptualizing instantaneous effects as during-psychotherapy causation and lagged effects as pre-treatment predictors of change. We tested six alternative estimators in six simulation settings that captured different real-world scenarios, and used real psychotherapy data from 1428 adult patients (Finnish Psychotherapy Quality Registry; assessments on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Schedule). RESULTS The methodology was successful in identifying causal directions in simulated data. The real-data results provided no evidence for single direction of dependence, suggesting shared or reciprocal causation. CONCLUSIONS A powerful new tool was presented to investigate the process of psychotherapy using observational data. Application to patient data suggested that depression symptoms and functioning may reciprocate or reflect third variables instead of one predominantly driving the other during psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom H Rosenström
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nikolai O Czajkowski
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole André Solbakken
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Suoma E Saarni
- Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Haghish EF, Czajkowski NO, von Soest T. Predicting suicide attempts among Norwegian adolescents without using suicide-related items: a machine learning approach. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1216791. [PMID: 37822798 PMCID: PMC10562596 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1216791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research on the classification models of suicide attempts has predominantly depended on the collection of sensitive data related to suicide. Gathering this type of information at the population level can be challenging, especially when it pertains to adolescents. We addressed two main objectives: (1) the feasibility of classifying adolescents at high risk of attempting suicide without relying on specific suicide-related survey items such as history of suicide attempts, suicide plan, or suicide ideation, and (2) identifying the most important predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents. Methods Nationwide survey data from 173,664 Norwegian adolescents (ages 13-18) were utilized to train a binary classification model, using 169 questionnaire items. The Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was fine-tuned to classify adolescent suicide attempts, and the most important predictors were identified. Results XGBoost achieved a sensitivity of 77% with a specificity of 90%, and an AUC of 92.1% and an AUPRC of 47.1%. A coherent set of predictors in the domains of internalizing problems, substance use, interpersonal relationships, and victimization were pinpointed as the most important items related to recent suicide attempts. Conclusion This study underscores the potential of machine learning for screening adolescent suicide attempts on a population scale without requiring sensitive suicide-related survey items. Future research investigating the etiology of suicidal behavior may direct particular attention to internalizing problems, interpersonal relationships, victimization, and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. F. Haghish
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai O. Czajkowski
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Tilmann von Soest
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Social Research (NOVA), Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Skaug E, Czajkowski NO, Waaktaar T, Torgersen S. Childhood trauma and borderline personality disorder traits: A discordant twin study. J Psychopathol Clin Sci 2022; 131:365-374. [PMID: 35377676 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A discordant twin design was utilized to examine the potentially causal effects of childhood trauma (CT; i.e., emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing violence) on borderline personality disorder traits (BPD traits) in early adulthood. The participants were 2,808 twins between 17 and 23 years from the Oslo University Adolescent and Young Adult Twin Project. BPD traits were assessed by the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP-IV), and CT was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Interview (CTI). BPD traits (h² = .50) and CT (h² = .33-.69) were both found to be moderately heritable. Small but statistically significant associations between CT and BPD traits were found in the total sample. After controlling for shared environmental and genetic factors in the discordant twin pairs, the analyses showed little to no evidence for causal effects of CT on BPD traits. The results indicated that the associations between CT and BPD traits stem from common genetic influences. These findings are inconsistent with the widely held assumption that CT causes the development of BPD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Glad KA, Stensland S, Czajkowski NO, Boelen PA, Dyb G. The longitudinal association between symptoms of posttraumatic stress and complicated grief: A random intercepts cross-lag analysis. Psychol Trauma 2021; 14:386-392. [PMID: 34398627 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge about the temporal relationship between disturbed grief and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may have important implications for clinicians working with bereaved trauma survivors. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between symptoms of complicated grief and PTSD in a bereaved trauma-exposed sample. METHOD In total, 275 bereaved survivors (M age = 19.3, SD = 4.6 years; 47.3% females) of the 2011 massacre on Utøya Island, Norway, participated in semistructured interviews 4-5 months (Time 1 [T1]), 14-15 months (Time 2 [T2]), and 30-32 months (Time 3 [T3]) posttrauma. Complicated grief was measured using the Brief Grief Questionnaire, and posttraumatic stress reactions using the University of California at Los Angeles PTSD Reaction Index. To explore associations between symptoms of complicated grief and PTSD over time, we used a random intercepts cross-lagged panel model. RESULTS The participants had lost a close friend (n = 256) and/or a family member/partner (n = 19) in the attack. We found a strong correlation between stable individual differences in symptoms of complicated grief and PTSD across the three time-points. PTSD symptoms at T2 predicted complicated grief reactions at T3, but not vice versa. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that targeting PTSD symptoms among trauma-exposed bereaved may hinder later development of complicated grief. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Glad
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS)
| | - Synne Stensland
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS)
| | | | | | - Grete Dyb
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS)
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Rognli EW, Waraan L, Czajkowski NO, Aalberg A. Erratum: Moderation of treatment effects by parent-adolescent conflict in a randomised controlled trial of Attachment Based Family Therapy for adolescent Depression. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2021; 9:27-29. [PMID: 33928051 PMCID: PMC8077421 DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2021-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Waraan L, Mehlum L, Rognli EW, Czajkowski NO, Aalberg M. Associations between insecure attachment styles to parents and suicidal ideation in adolescents with depression. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2021; 9:41-51. [PMID: 33928053 PMCID: PMC8077417 DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2021-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms are often interrelated in clinical settings. Insecure attachment may be a risk factor for suicidal ideation in depressed adolescents. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the association between self-reported insecure attachment styles to both parents and suicidal ideation in a clinical sample of adolescents with depression. Methods Fifty clinically depressed adolescents (13-17 years, 84% girls) completed self-reported measures of suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, and attachment style to parents. Results There was a statistically significant bivariate association between higher levels of attachment anxiety in relation to mothers and fathers and higher levels of suicidal ideation. When attachments to both parents were included in the same multivariate model, only attachment anxiety to the mother was significantly associated with the level of suicidal ideation. Self-reported depressive symptoms remained significantly associated with the level of suicidal ideation in all analyses. Younger adolescents with attachment anxiety reported higher levels of suicidal ideation than older adolescents. Conclusion Conclusions about directionality and causality of associations between insecure attachment and suicidal ideation are limited due to the cross-sectional design. Our findings suggest that attachment anxiety in relation to the mother and father is associated with increased levels of suicidal ideation. Implication of these findings for treatment selection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxsiya Waraan
- Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Lars Mehlum
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Erling W Rognli
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Nikolai O Czajkowski
- PROMENTA Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Aalberg
- Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Rognli EW, Waraan L, Czajkowski NO, Aalberg M. Moderation of treatment effects by parent-adolescent conflict in a randomised controlled trial of Attachment-Based Family Therapy for adolescent depression. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2020; 8:110-122. [PMID: 33564627 PMCID: PMC7863725 DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2020-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflict with parents is frequent in adolescent depression, and has been shown to predict poor treatment outcomes. Attachment Based Family Therapy (ABFT) is a manualised treatment for adolescent depression that may be robust to parent-adolescent conflict. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the hypothesis that parent-adolescent conflict moderates the outcome of Attachment-Based Family Therapy compared with treatment as usual. METHODS Data were obtained from a randomised trial comparing 16 weeks of ABFT to treatment as usual, in Norwegian Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. Sixty adolescents with moderate to severe depression and their parents were recruited. Change in Grid-Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores from baseline to week 16 was modelled using linear mixed models, and a three-way interaction of time, treatment allocation and a continuous measure of parent-adolescent conflict was fitted to estimate a moderator effect. The moderator model was compared to simpler models using leave-one-out cross-validation. RESULTS Better outcomes were predicted for Attachment-Based Family Therapy at high levels of mother-adolescent conflict, and for treatment as usual at low levels of mother-adolescent conflict, giving preliminary support to the moderator hypothesis. Findings for father-adolescent conflict were mixed. Cross-validation did not clearly support the moderator model over a simple effect of time, indicating that the replicability of these findings is uncertain. CONCLUSION The results suggest that parent-adolescent conflict should be further studied as a moderator of outcome in Attachment-Based Family Therapy. The trial did not meet its recruitment target and had high attrition, limiting the conclusions that may be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erling W. Rognli
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Luxsiya Waraan
- Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Nikolai O. Czajkowski
- PROMENTA Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Marianne Aalberg
- Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
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Siegel ML, Gullestad Binder EM, J. Dahl HS, Czajkowski NO, Critchfield KL, Høglend PA, Ulberg R. Erratum: Therapeutic Atmosphere in Psychotherapy Sessions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4105. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17145241. [PMID: 32698533 PMCID: PMC7399913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The authors wish to make the following correction to their paper [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte L. Siegel
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Forskningsveien 3A, 0373 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.J.D.); (N.O.C.)
| | - Eva M. Gullestad Binder
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Forskningsveien 3A, 0373 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.J.D.); (N.O.C.)
| | - Hanne Sofie J. Dahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Forskningsveien 3A, 0373 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.J.D.); (N.O.C.)
- Vestfold Hospital Trust, Halfdan Wilhelmsens alle 17, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Nikolai O. Czajkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Forskningsveien 3A, 0373 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.J.D.); (N.O.C.)
| | - Kenneth L. Critchfield
- James Madison University, Department of Graduate Psychology, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA;
| | - Per A. Høglend
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (P.A.H.); (R.U.)
| | - Randi Ulberg
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (P.A.H.); (R.U.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Forskningsveien 7, 0370 Oslo, Norway
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9
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Siegel ML, Gullestad Binder EM, Dahl HSJ, Czajkowski NO, Critchfield KL, Høglend PA, Ulberg R. Therapeutic Atmosphere in Psychotherapy Sessions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17114105. [PMID: 32526849 PMCID: PMC7312465 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is uncertainty concerning what the active ingredients in psychotherapy are. The First Experimental Study of Transference interpretations (FEST) was a randomized controlled trial of the effects of transference work (TW) in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Women with low quality of object relations (QOR) showed a large positive effect of transference work, while men with high QOR showed a slight negative effect. The present study aimed to expand the knowledge from the FEST by investigating the therapeutic atmosphere with Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB). Two-way ANOVAs were conducted to investigate differences between SASB cluster scores between subgroups. The therapeutic atmosphere was characterized by Protect–Trust, Affirm–Disclose and Control–Submit. Multilevel modeling was used to assess the relationship between a therapist variable and outcomes for men and women. Contrary to expectations, no significant differences in therapeutic atmosphere between subgroups (with or without TW in women with low QOR and men with high QOR) were observed using the process measure SASB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte L. Siegel
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Forskningsveien 3A, 0373 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.J.D.); (N.O.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.S.); (E.M.G.B.)
| | - Eva M. Gullestad Binder
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Forskningsveien 3A, 0373 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.J.D.); (N.O.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.S.); (E.M.G.B.)
| | - Hanne Sofie J. Dahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Forskningsveien 3A, 0373 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.J.D.); (N.O.C.)
- Vestfold Hospital Trust, Halfdan Wilhelmsens alle 17, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Nikolai O. Czajkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Forskningsveien 3A, 0373 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.J.D.); (N.O.C.)
| | - Kenneth L. Critchfield
- Department of Graduate Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA;
| | - Per A. Høglend
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (P.A.H.); (R.U.)
| | - Randi Ulberg
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (P.A.H.); (R.U.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Forskningsveien 7, 0370 Oslo, Norway
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10
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Rognli EW, Waraan L, Czajkowski NO, Solbakken OA, Aalberg M. Conflict with Parents in Adolescent Depression: Associations with Parental Interpersonal Problems and Depressive Symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:442-452. [PMID: 31955295 PMCID: PMC7235051 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-00955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conflict with parents is common among depressed adolescents, interferes with treatment, and may increase risk of recurrence. Parental depressive symptoms have been shown to predict conflict with adolescent children, but an important role for different kinds of parental interpersonal problems, as described by interpersonal circumplex, is also plausible. This study compared parental interpersonal problems to parental depressive symptoms as predictors of parent-adolescent conflict reported by a depressed adolescent child, using multilevel linear regression, leave-one-out cross-validation and model stacking (N = 100 parents, 57 mothers and 43 fathers, of 60 different adolescents). Cross-validation and model stacking showed that including parental interpersonal problems contributes to accurate predictions. Parents reporting more interpersonal problems related to excessive dominance or submissiveness was associated with increased or decreased conflict, respectively. Parental depressive symptoms were found to be negatively associated with parent-adolescent conflict only in father-adolescent relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erling W Rognli
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postboks 1094 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
- Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Luxsiya Waraan
- Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Nikolai O Czajkowski
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole André Solbakken
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postboks 1094 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Aalberg
- Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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11
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Gjerdevik M, Gjessing HK, Romanowska J, Haaland ØA, Jugessur A, Czajkowski NO, Lie RT. Design efficiency in genetic association studies. Stat Med 2020; 39:1292-1310. [PMID: 31943314 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Selecting the best design for genetic association studies requires careful deliberation; different study designs can be used to scan for different genetic effects, and each design has its own set of strengths and limitations. A variety of family and unrelated control configurations are amenable to genetic association analyses, including the case-control design, case-parent triads, and case-parent triads in combination with unrelated controls or control-parent triads. Ultimately, the goal is to choose the design that achieves the highest statistical power using the lowest cost. For given parameter values and genotyped individuals, designs can be compared directly by computing the power. However, a more informative and general design comparison can be achieved by studying the relative efficiency, defined as the ratio of variances of two different parameter estimators, corresponding to two separate designs. Using log-linear modeling, we derive the relative efficiency from the asymptotic variance of the parameter estimators and relate it to the concept of Pitman efficiency. The relative efficiency takes into account the fact that different designs impose different costs relative to the number of genotyped individuals. We show that while optimal efficiency for analyses of regular autosomal effects is achieved using the standard case-control design, the case-parent triad design without unrelated controls is efficient when searching for parent-of-origin effects. Due to the potential loss of efficiency, maternal genes should generally not be adjusted for in an initial genome-wide association study scan of offspring genes but instead checked post hoc. The relative efficiency calculations are implemented in our R package Haplin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gjerdevik
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon K Gjessing
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Romanowska
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein A Haaland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai O Czajkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolv T Lie
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Røysamb E, Nes RB, Czajkowski NO, Vassend O. Genetics, personality and wellbeing. A twin study of traits, facets and life satisfaction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12298. [PMID: 30120258 PMCID: PMC6098054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human wellbeing is influenced by personality traits, in particular neuroticism and extraversion. Little is known about which facets that drive these associations, and the role of genes and environments. Our aim was to identify personality facets that are important for life satisfaction, and to estimate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the association between personality and life satisfaction. Norwegian twins (N = 1,516, age 50-65, response rate 71%) responded to a personality instrument (NEO-PI-R) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Regression analyses and biometric modeling were used to examine influences from personality traits and facets, and to estimate genetic and environmental contributions. Neuroticism and extraversion explained 24%, and personality facets accounted for 32% of the variance in life satisfaction. Four facets were particularly important; anxiety and depression in the neuroticism domain, and activity and positive emotions within extraversion. Heritability of life satisfaction was 0.31 (0.22-0.40), of which 65% was explained by personality-related genetic influences. The remaining genetic variance was unique to life satisfaction. The association between personality and life satisfaction is driven mainly by four, predominantly emotional, personality facets. Genetic factors play an important role in these associations, but influence life satisfaction also beyond the effects of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Røysamb
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ragnhild B Nes
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai O Czajkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Vassend
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Krueger RF, Ystrom E, Torvik FA, Rosenström TH, Aggen SH, South SC, Neale MC, Knudsen GP, Kendler KS, Czajkowski NO. Do DSM-5 Section II personality disorders and Section III personality trait domains reflect the same genetic and environmental risk factors? Psychol Med 2017; 47:2205-2215. [PMID: 28414014 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DSM-5 includes two conceptualizations of personality disorders (PDs). The classification in Section II is identical to the one found in DSM-IV, and includes 10 categorical PDs. The Alternative Model (Section III) includes criteria for dimensional measures of maladaptive personality traits organized into five domains. The degree to which the two conceptualizations reflect the same etiological factors is not known. METHODS We use data from a large population-based sample of adult twins from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel on interview-based DSM-IV PDs and a short self-report inventory that indexes the five domains of the DSM-5 Alternative Model plus a domain explicitly targeting compulsivity. Schizotypal, Paranoid, Antisocial, Borderline, Avoidant, and Obsessive-compulsive PDs were assessed at the same time as the maladaptive personality traits and 10 years previously. Schizoid, Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Dependent PDs were only assessed at the first interview. Biometric models were used to estimate overlap in genetic and environmental risk factors. RESULTS When measured concurrently, there was 100% genetic overlap between the maladaptive trait domains and Paranoid, Schizotypal, Antisocial, Borderline, and Avoidant PDs. For OCPD, 43% of the genetic variance was shared with the domains. Genetic correlations between the individual domains and PDs ranged from +0.21 to +0.91. CONCLUSION The pathological personality trait domains, which are part of the Alternative Model for classification of PDs in DSM-5 Section III, appears to tap, at an aggregate level, the same genetic risk factors as the DSM-5 Section II classification for most of the PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R F Krueger
- Department of Psychology,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,USA
| | - E Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
| | - F A Torvik
- Department of Mental Disorders,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
| | - T H Rosenström
- Department of Mental Disorders,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
| | - S H Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Richmond,VA,USA
| | - S C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences,Purdue University,IN,USA
| | - M C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Richmond,VA,USA
| | - G P Knudsen
- Department of Mental Disorders,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
| | - K S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Richmond,VA,USA
| | - N O Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
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Tornare E, Czajkowski NO, Pons F. Emotion and orthographic performance in a dictation task: Direct effect of the emotional content. L’Année psychologique 2016. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.162.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Abstract
This research examined whether induced joy influences fifth graders' performance in literacy tasks. Children were asked to recall a joyful experience, used as a joy induction, before completing either a grammar (Study 1) or textual comprehension task (Study 2). The grammar task involved understanding at the surface level and retrieval of appropriate declarative and procedural knowledge, but limited elaboration unlike the textual comprehension task, which tackled inference generation. By differentiating tasks based on depth of processing required for completion we aimed at testing the validity of two concurrent hypotheses: that of a facilitating effect and that of a detrimental effect of induced joy. Compared to controls, joy induced children showed better performance on the grammar task - specifically children with lower language ability. No differences across groups emerged as a function of joy induction on the text comprehension task. Results are discussed with respect to emotion effects on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Tornare
- a Department of Psychology , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Frédérique Cuisinier
- b Department of Psychology , University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre La Défense , France
| | | | - Francisco Pons
- a Department of Psychology , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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16
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Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ystrom E, Neale MC, Aggen SH, Mazzeo SE, Knudsen GP, Tambs K, Czajkowski NO, Kendler KS. Structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for symptoms of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:1206-14. [PMID: 24048243 PMCID: PMC3927987 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Previous studies have indicated that the psychopathological dimensions of borderline personality disorder (BPD) are influenced by a unitary liability factor. However, to our knowledge, the underlying etiological nature of the individual criteria for BPD as defined by the DSM-IV has not been explored. OBJECTIVE To determine the structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for the symptoms of BPD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Multivariate twin study with BPD criteria assessed by personal interview within a general community setting. Participants included 2794 young adults from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The 9 criteria for BPD assessed by the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality. RESULTS A common pathway model dominated by 1 highly heritable (55%) general BPD factor that strongly influenced all 9 BPD criteria (standardized path coefficients, 0.53-0.79) fit the data best. The model also included 2 additional common liability factors, mainly influencing criteria reflecting the affective and interpersonal dimensions. Both of these were mostly influenced by environmental liability factors (heritability, 29.3% and 2.2%). With 1 exception (criterion 2, unstable and intense relationships), the specific criteria were strongly influenced by environmental factors. Five of the 9 criterion-specific genetic effects were either 0 or negligible. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results indicate that most of the genetic effects on the individual BPD criteria derive from 1 highly heritable general BPD factor, whereas the environmental influences were mostly criterion specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 2Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Nes RB, Czajkowski NO, Røysamb E, Orstavik RE, Tambs K, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Major depression and life satisfaction: a population-based twin study. J Affect Disord 2013; 144:51-8. [PMID: 23021825 PMCID: PMC3513516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which positive and negative indicators of mental health share etiological influences has been studied to a limited degree only. This study examines the genetic and environmental influences on association between liability to lifetime DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and dispositional life satisfaction (LS). METHODS Two-wave questionnaire data on LS (assessed 6 years apart) and lifetime MDD obtained by structured clinical interviews in a population-based sample of adult twins were analysed using structural equation modelling in Mx. RESULTS The prevalence of lifetime MDD was estimated to be 11.1% and 15.8% in males and females, respectively. Individuals fulfilling the criteria for MDD reported significantly lower levels of LS. The co-variation in MDD and dispositional LS was found to be accounted for by genetic and unique environmental influences only. The phenotypic correlation was estimated to be 0.36, of which genetic influences accounted for 74% and environmental factors the remaining 26%. The correlation between genetic factors for MDD and LS was estimated to be -0.55 and the correlation between unique environmental factors to be -0.22. Heritability was estimated to 0.34 and 0.72 for MDD and LS, respectively. LIMITATIONS The sample consists of twins only and there are limitations associated with the twin design. CONCLUSIONS Whereas genetic influences on vulnerability to lifetime MDD are considerably shared with liability to (low) LS, environmental influences are more distinct. Thus, environmental factors associated with risk of MDD do not strongly impact on dispositional LS, and conversely, environmental factors influencing dispositional LS do not strongly buffer against MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild B Nes
- Division of Mental Health, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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