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Tonini de Araújo M, Ferrazzo ST, Consoli NC, da Rocha CG. Environmental, economic, and social impacts of sugar cane bagasse and eggshell wastes for soil stabilization. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:15973-15985. [PMID: 38308782 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Sustainability is a core topic for all sectors including geotechnical engineering (e.g., design of foundations, earthworks structures, and pavements for major infrastructure and building projects). Despite being comprised of environmental, economic, and social pillars, most sustainability studies in this area have focused on the first. Furthermore, social impacts and the three pillars integration are little explored. As a result, there is a lack of systemic and holistic assessments of innovative geotechnical alternatives. This research advances in this area by performing a complete sustainability assessment and integration of the environmental, economic, and social pillars of two expansive soil stabilization alternatives: (i) sugar cane bagasse ash combined with hydrated eggshell lime alkali-activated by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and (ii) Portland cement. Individual analyses were carried out to determine the environmental, economic, and social impacts, and the single sustainability index. Alkali-activated binder dosages showed higher impacts in 4 out of 10 environmental categories. For both binders, high-density/low-binder dosages contributed to environmental and economic sustainability as they require lower quantities of raw materials and diesel for materials transportation. The total costs of alkali-activated binder dosages ($189.79 and $154.45) were higher than that of Portland cement ($72.49 and $54.04), mainly due to the high cost of NaOH acquisition. However, the alkali-activated binder dosages implied lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and thus lower social cost of CO2. The alternative binder presented a higher positive social impact. The alkali-activated high-density/low binder dosage is the most sustainable soil stabilization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Tonini de Araújo
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, Brazil
| | - Suéllen Tonatto Ferrazzo
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, Brazil
| | - Nilo Cesar Consoli
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, Brazil.
| | - Cecília Gravina da Rocha
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Ferrazzo ST, Tonini de Araújo M, Bruschi GJ, Korf EP, Levandoski WMK, Pereira Dos Santos C, Consoli NC. Metal encapsulation of waste foundry sand stabilized with alkali-activated binder: Batch and column leaching tests. J Environ Manage 2023; 348:119287. [PMID: 37852081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Waste stabilization processes are important to add value and reduce environmental risks related to metal contamination of soils and groundwater. This study evaluated the metal encapsulation of: (i) waste foundry sand (WFS) stabilized with an alkali-activated binder (AAB), compared to (ii) WFS-Portland cement (PC) mixture. The AAB was composed by sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA), hydrated eggshell lime, and sodium hydroxide solution. The metal leaching behavior from WFS-AAB and WFS-PC was investigated through batch and column tests according to NBR 10005 and ASTM D4874 methods, respectively. All WFS-AAB and WFS-PC mixtures showed no metal toxicity. WFS-AAB matrices encapsulated the heavy metals Cd, Cr, and Pb from WFS and SCBA. Leaching results from NBR 10005 method were more favorable than ASTM D4874 for water quality limits (CONAMA 460, Dutch List, and EPA). Binder type, metals leaching patterns, and leaching test procedures were key factors in understanding the environmental performance of cemented WFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suéllen Tonatto Ferrazzo
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Tonini de Araújo
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, Brazil.
| | - Giovani Jordi Bruschi
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Pavan Korf
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, 99700-970, Brazil.
| | | | - Carolina Pereira Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, Brazil.
| | - Nilo Cesar Consoli
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, Brazil.
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Levandoski WMK, Ferrazzo ST, Bruschi GJ, Consoli NC, Korf EP. Mechanical and microstructural properties of iron mining tailings stabilized with alkali-activated binder produced from agro-industrial wastes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15754. [PMID: 37735581 PMCID: PMC10514201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42999-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the stabilization of iron ore tailings (IOTs) with an alkali-activated binder (AAB) produced from sugar cane bagasse ash, hydrated eggshell lime, and sodium hydroxide solution. Unconfined compressive strength, split tensile strength, initial shear stiffness, mineralogy, chemical composition, and microstructure of IOTs-AAB were evaluated. Strength values up to 6.59 MPa were achieved after 28 days-curing at 40 °C. Reducing porosity and increasing the binder content improved the overall mechanical behavior. N-A-S-H like gels were identified in IOTs-AAB mixtures. Finally, longer curing times led to more compact structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suéllen Tonatto Ferrazzo
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil
| | - Giovani Jordi Bruschi
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil
| | - Nilo Cesar Consoli
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pavan Korf
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, 99700-970, Brazil.
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Bruschi GJ, Dos Santos CP, Levandoski WMK, Ferrazzo ST, Korf EP, Saldanha RB, Consoli NC. Leaching assessment of cemented bauxite tailings through wetting and drying cycles of durability test. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:59247-59262. [PMID: 35386074 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Disposal of mine tailings can cause negative environmental effects by releasing contaminants to surface and underground water. Alkali activation is a promising technique for immobilizing metals in stabilization/solidification of these wastes. This study evaluates the leaching behavior of cemented bauxite tailings (BT) submitted to weathering conditions. The alkali-activated binder was composed of sugar cane bagasse ash, carbide lime, and sodium hydroxide solution. Comparisons of the durability and leaching behavior of BT stabilized with alkali-activated binder and high initial strength Portland cement were performed. The durability results for alkali-activated were similar to the Portland cement, showing an average difference of 16%. Portland cement showed favorable results in the encapsulation of heavy metals like Cd and Hg, while the alkali-activated cement on Al, Cr, and Se. For Ba, Fe, Mn, and Zn immobilization, both types of cement presented an equal performance. The durability and leaching behavior of stabilized bauxite tailings is governed by the cement content and porosity of the blends, as well as their pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Jordi Bruschi
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Pereira Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil
| | | | - Suéllen Tonatto Ferrazzo
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pavan Korf
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, 99700-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Beck Saldanha
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil
| | - Nilo Cesar Consoli
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil
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Korf EP, Thomé A, Consoli NC, Tímbola RDS, Santos GCD. Metal Transport Parameters in Residual Soil with an Undisturbed and Remolded Structure Percolated by an Acid Solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2011.28124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Knop A, VanGulck J, Heineck KS, Consoli NC. Compacted artificially cemented soil-acid leachate contaminant interactions: breakthrough curves and transport parameters. J Hazard Mater 2008; 155:269-276. [PMID: 18166265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The transport of contaminants through compacted artificially cemented soil subjected to acid leachate contaminant percolation was analyzed by means of laboratory column tests. The effect of cement content, degree of acidity and hydraulic gradient were evaluated after permeation of several pore volumes of acid leachate contaminant flow through the soil. The pH, electric conductivity and solute breakthrough curves were considered throughout the study. The results showed that the increase of cement content increases the solute pore volumes needed before breakthrough occurred. An increase of the degree of acidity of the percolate and of the hydraulic gradient cause a reduction in the pore volumes needed before breakthrough occurred. The larger the soil cement content, the longer the time required to reach maximum effluent solute concentration. The hydraulic conductivity slightly increased due to cement addition and reduced with increasing degree of acidity of the percolate. Finally, it is possible to state that cement addition to the soil was responsible for increasing retardation coefficient (R) and distribution coefficient (kd) values, meaning that the artificially cemented soils have higher capability to retard the propagation of the contamination and amplified affinity with dissolved acid contaminant.
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