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Liebold I, Al Jawazneh A, Casar C, Lanzloth C, Leyk S, Hamley M, Wong MN, Kylies D, Gräfe SK, Edenhofer I, Aranda-Pardos I, Kriwet M, Haas H, Krause J, Hadjilaou A, Schromm AB, Richardt U, Eggert P, Tappe D, Weidemann SA, Ghosh S, Krebs CF, A-Gonzalez N, Worthmann A, Lohse AW, Huber S, Rothlin CV, Puelles VG, Jacobs T, Gagliani N, Bosurgi L. Apoptotic cell identity induces distinct functional responses to IL-4 in efferocytic macrophages. Science 2024; 384:eabo7027. [PMID: 38574142 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo7027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages are functionally heterogeneous cells essential for apoptotic cell clearance. Apoptotic cells are defined by homogeneous characteristics, ignoring their original cell lineage identity. We found that in an interleukin-4 (IL-4)-enriched environment, the sensing of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages triggered their tissue remodeling signature. Engulfment of apoptotic hepatocytes promoted a tolerogenic phenotype, whereas phagocytosis of T cells had little effect on IL-4-induced gene expression. In a mouse model of parasite-induced pathology, the transfer of macrophages conditioned with IL-4 and apoptotic neutrophils promoted parasitic egg clearance. Knockout of phagocytic receptors required for the uptake of apoptotic neutrophils and partially T cells, but not hepatocytes, exacerbated helminth infection. These findings suggest that the identity of apoptotic cells may contribute to the development of distinct IL-4-driven immune programs in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Liebold
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amirah Al Jawazneh
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Casar
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Lanzloth
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Leyk
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine Hamley
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milagros N Wong
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dominik Kylies
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie K Gräfe
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Edenhofer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marie Kriwet
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Krause
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Hadjilaou
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andra B Schromm
- Division of Immunobiophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ulricke Richardt
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Eggert
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören A Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christian F Krebs
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN-RARE LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Victor G Puelles
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Shahneh F, Christian Probst H, Wiesmann SC, A-Gonzalez N, Ruf W, Steinbrink K, Raker VK, Becker C. Inflammatory Monocyte Counts Determine Venous Blood Clot Formation and Resolution. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:145-155. [PMID: 34911360 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytes are thought to be involved in venous thrombosis but the role of individual monocyte subpopulations on thrombus formation, clot inflammation, and degradation is an important unresolved issue. We investigate the role of inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes in deep vein thrombosis and their potential therapeutic impact. METHODS Frequencies and compositions of blood monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry in CCR2-/- (C-C chemokine receptor type 2) and wild-type mice of different ages and after treatment with the NR4A1 (nuclear receptor group 4 family A member 1, Nur77) agonist CnsB (cytosporone B). TF (tissue factor) sufficient and deficient Ly6Chi monocytes were adoptively transferred into aged CCR2-/- mice. Thrombus formation and size were followed by ultrasound over a 3-week period after surgical reduction of blood flow (stenosis) in the inferior vena cava. RESULTS Reduced numbers of peripheral monocytes in aged (>30 w) CCR2-/- mice are accompanied by reduced thrombus formation after inferior vena cava ligation. Reducing the number of inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes in wild-type mice by CsnB treatment before ligation, similarly suspends clotting, while later treatment (d1 or d4) reduces thrombus growth and accelerates resolution. We describe how changes in inflammatory monocyte numbers affect the gradual differentiation of monocytes in thrombi and show that only tissue factor-competent Ly6Chi monocytes restore thrombosis in aged CCR2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the number of inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes controls deep vein thrombosis formation, growth, and resolution and can be therapeutically manipulated with a NR4A1 agonist at all disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shahneh
- Department of Dermatology (F.S.), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (F.S., W.R.), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine C Wiesmann
- Institute of Immunology (S.C.W., N.A.-G) and Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Institute of Immunology (S.C.W., N.A.-G) and Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (F.S., W.R.), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany (K.S., V.K.R., C.B.)
| | - Verena K Raker
- Department of Dermatology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany (K.S., V.K.R., C.B.)
| | - Christian Becker
- Department of Dermatology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany (K.S., V.K.R., C.B.)
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Melo EM, Del Sarto J, Vago JP, Tavares LP, Rago F, Gonçalves APF, Machado MG, Aranda-Pardos I, Valiate BVS, Cassali GD, Pinho V, Sousa LP, A-Gonzalez N, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Bader M, Santos RAS, Machado AV, Ludwig S, Teixeira MM. Relevance of angiotensin-(1-7) and its receptor Mas in pneumonia caused by influenza virus and post-influenza pneumococcal infection. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105292. [PMID: 33171305 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resolution failure of exacerbated inflammation triggered by Influenza A virus (IAV) prevents return of pulmonary homeostasis and survival, especially when associated with secondary pneumococcal infection. Therapeutic strategies based on pro-resolving molecules have great potential against acute inflammatory diseases. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a pro-resolving mediator that acts on its Mas receptor (MasR) to promote resolution of inflammation. We investigated the effects of Ang-(1-7) and the role of MasR in the context of primary IAV infection and secondary pneumococcal infection and evaluated pulmonary inflammation, virus titers and bacteria counts, and pulmonary damage. Therapeutic treatment with Ang-(1-7) decreased neutrophil recruitment, lung injury, viral load and morbidity after a primary IAV infection. Ang-(1-7) induced apoptosis of neutrophils and efferocytosis of these cells by alveolar macrophages, but had no direct effect on IAV replication in vitro. MasR-deficient (MasR-/-) mice were highly susceptible to IAV infection, displaying uncontrolled inflammation, increased viral load and greater lethality rate, as compared to WT animals. Ang-(1-7) was not protective in MasR-/- mice. Interestingly, Ang-(1-7) given during a sublethal dose of IAV infection greatly reduced morbidity associated with a subsequent S. pneumoniae infection, as seen by decrease in the magnitude of neutrophil influx, number of bacteria in the blood leading to a lower lethality. Altogether, these results show that Ang-(1-7) is highly protective against severe primary IAV infection and protects against secondary bacterial infection of the lung. These effects are MasR-dependent. Mediators of resolution of inflammation, such as Ang-(1-7), should be considered for the treatment of pulmonary viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza M Melo
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Del Sarto
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Juliana P Vago
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flávia Rago
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina G Machado
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Irene Aranda-Pardos
- Institute of Immunology, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University muenster, Röntgenstraße 21, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Bruno V S Valiate
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Departamento de Patologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de sinalização da inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicase Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Institute of Immunology, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University muenster, Röntgenstraße 21, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Maria José Campagnole-Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nanobiofarmacêutica, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre V Machado
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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4
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Crespo M, Gonzalez-Teran B, Nikolic I, Mora A, Folgueira C, Rodríguez E, Leiva-Vega L, Pintor-Chocano A, Fernández-Chacón M, Ruiz-Garrido I, Cicuéndez B, Tomás-Loba A, A-Gonzalez N, Caballero-Molano A, Beiroa D, Hernández-Cosido L, Torres JL, Kennedy NJ, Davis RJ, Benedito R, Marcos M, Nogueiras R, Hidalgo A, Matesanz N, Leiva M, Sabio G. Neutrophil infiltration regulates clock-gene expression to organize daily hepatic metabolism. eLife 2020; 9:59258. [PMID: 33287957 PMCID: PMC7723411 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver metabolism follows diurnal fluctuations through the modulation of molecular clock genes. Disruption of this molecular clock can result in metabolic disease but its potential regulation by immune cells remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrated that in steady state, neutrophils infiltrated the mouse liver following a circadian pattern and regulated hepatocyte clock-genes by neutrophil elastase (NE) secretion. NE signals through c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibiting fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and activating Bmal1 expression in the hepatocyte. Interestingly, mice with neutropenia, defective neutrophil infiltration or lacking elastase were protected against steatosis correlating with lower JNK activation, reduced Bmal1 and increased FGF21 expression, together with decreased lipogenesis in the liver. Lastly, using a cohort of human samples we found a direct correlation between JNK activation, NE levels and Bmal1 expression in the liver. This study demonstrates that neutrophils contribute to the maintenance of daily hepatic homeostasis through the regulation of the NE/JNK/Bmal1 axis. Every day, the body's biological processes work to an internal clock known as the circadian rhythm. This rhythm is controlled by ‘clock genes’ that are switched on or off by daily physical and environmental cues, such as changes in light levels. These daily rhythms are very finely tuned, and disturbances can lead to serious health problems, such as diabetes or high blood pressure. The ability of the body to cycle through the circadian rhythm each day is heavily influenced by the clock of one key organ: the liver. This organ plays a critical role in converting food and drink into energy. There is evidence that neutrophils – white blood cells that protect the body by being the first response to inflammation – can influence how the liver performs its role in obese people, by for example, releasing a protein called elastase. Additionally, the levels of neutrophils circulating in the blood change following a daily pattern. Crespo, González-Terán et al. wondered whether neutrophils enter the liver at specific times of the day to control liver’s daily rhythm. Crespo, González-Terán et al. revealed that neutrophils visit the liver in a pattern that peaks when it gets light and dips when it gets dark by counting the number of neutrophils in the livers of mice at different times of the day. During these visits, neutrophils secreted elastase, which activated a protein called JNK in the cells of the mice’s liver. This subsequently blocked the activity of another protein, FGF21, which led to the activation of the genes that allow cells to make fat molecules for storage. JNK activation also switched on the clock gene, Bmal1, ultimately causing fat to build up in the mice’s liver. Crespo, González-Terán et al. also found that, in samples from human livers, the levels of elastase, the activity of JNK, and whether the Bmal1 gene was switched on were tightly linked. This suggests that neutrophils may be controlling the liver’s rhythm in humans the same way they do in mice. Overall, this research shows that neutrophils can control and reset the liver's daily rhythm using a precisely co-ordinated series of molecular changes. These insights into the liver's molecular clock suggest that elastase, JNK and BmaI1 may represent new therapeutic targets for drugs or smart medicines to treat metabolic diseases such as diabetes or high blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Crespo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ivana Nikolic
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Mora
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cintia Folgueira
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Leiva-Vega
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Irene Ruiz-Garrido
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cicuéndez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Tomás-Loba
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Beiroa
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hernández-Cosido
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Surgery, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jorge L Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Norman J Kennedy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Rui Benedito
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Matesanz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Leiva
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Leussink S, Aranda-Pardos I, A-Gonzalez N. Lipid metabolism as a mechanism of immunomodulation in macrophages: the role of liver X receptors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:18-26. [PMID: 32361182 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are immune myeloid cells with an extreme ability to modulate their phenotype in response to insults and/or pathogens. The immunomodulatory capacity of macrophages is also patent during development as they adapt their phenotype to the host tissue environment establishing the heterogeneous populations of tissue-resident macrophages. An important mechanism of immunomodulation in macrophages occurs through the regulation of transcriptional activity. Numerous transcription factors are associated with macrophage plasticity, among them, several nuclear receptors. The nuclear receptors Liver X Receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) have also revealed as active players during macrophage adaptations in diverse scenarios. This review will address the different mechanisms by which LXRs contribute to immunomodulation in macrophages by connecting lipid metabolism and immunity through transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Leussink
- Institute of Immunology, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Germany
| | | | - Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Institute of Immunology, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster, Germany.
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6
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Rauschmeier R, Gustafsson C, Reinhardt A, A-Gonzalez N, Tortola L, Cansever D, Subramanian S, Taneja R, Rossner MJ, Sieweke MH, Greter M, Månsson R, Busslinger M, Kreslavsky T. Bhlhe40 and Bhlhe41 transcription factors regulate alveolar macrophage self-renewal and identity. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101233. [PMID: 31414712 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues in multicellular organisms are populated by resident macrophages, which perform both generic and tissue-specific functions. The latter are induced by signals from the microenvironment and rely on unique tissue-specific molecular programs requiring the combinatorial action of tissue-specific and broadly expressed transcriptional regulators. Here, we identify the transcription factors Bhlhe40 and Bhlhe41 as novel regulators of alveolar macrophages (AMs)-a population that provides the first line of immune defense and executes homeostatic functions in lung alveoli. In the absence of these factors, AMs exhibited decreased proliferation that resulted in a severe disadvantage of knockout AMs in a competitive setting. Gene expression analyses revealed a broad cell-intrinsic footprint of Bhlhe40/Bhlhe41 deficiency manifested by a downregulation of AM signature genes and induction of signature genes of other macrophage lineages. Genome-wide characterization of Bhlhe40 DNA binding suggested that these transcription factors directly repress the expression of lineage-inappropriate genes in AMs. Taken together, these results identify Bhlhe40 and Bhlhe41 as key regulators of AM self-renewal and guardians of their identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Rauschmeier
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Reinhardt
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilay Cansever
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sethuraman Subramanian
- CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtzgemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Moritz J Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry, Molecular Neurobiology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael H Sieweke
- CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtzgemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Månsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Hematology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Taras Kreslavsky
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.,Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Abstract
Macrophage heterogeneity in the spleen has been long documented, with four subsets populating the different splenic compartments. The diverse environments on the splenic compartments determine their varied phenotype and functions. In the white pulp, highly phagocytic macrophages contribute to the generation of the immune response. The marginal zone contains two populations of macrophages, which also contribute to the immune response. Their strategic position in the bloodstream and their unique phenotype confer them a crucial role in the defense against blood borne pathogens, placing them at the crossroad between innate and adaptive immune responses. Macrophages in the red pulp are classically linked to homeostatic and metabolic functions in erythrocyte phagocytosis and iron recycling. We review here recent advances demonstrating the importance of macrophage ontogeny and organ development in determining the phenotype, transcriptional profile and, ultimately, the functions of the populations of splenic macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas y Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIBM CSIC-UAM), IIBM Madrid, Spain; Unidad De Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), IIBM- Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Grupo de Investigación en medio ambiente y Salud (GIMAS), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomedicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS, ULPGC), Spain
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8
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A-Gonzalez N, Quintana JA, García-Silva S, Mazariegos M, González de la Aleja A, Nicolás-Ávila JA, Walter W, Adrover JM, Crainiciuc G, Kuchroo VK, Rothlin CV, Peinado H, Castrillo A, Ricote M, Hidalgo A. Phagocytosis imprints heterogeneity in tissue-resident macrophages. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1281-1296. [PMID: 28432199 PMCID: PMC5413334 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important for tissue function, and adapt phenotypically to each tissue by factors produced locally. A-Gonzalez et al. now show that phagocytosis of unwanted cells additionally contributes to imprinting macrophage heterogeneity, thus promoting tissue homeostasis. Tissue-resident macrophages display varying phenotypic and functional properties that are largely specified by their local environment. One of these functions, phagocytosis, mediates the natural disposal of billions of cells, but its mechanisms and consequences within living tissues are poorly defined. Using a parabiosis-based strategy, we identified and isolated macrophages from multiple tissues as they phagocytosed blood-borne cellular material. Phagocytosis was circadianally regulated and mediated by distinct repertoires of receptors, opsonins, and transcription factors in macrophages from each tissue. Although the tissue of residence defined the core signature of macrophages, phagocytosis imprinted a distinct antiinflammatory profile. Phagocytic macrophages expressed CD206, displayed blunted expression of Il1b, and supported tissue homeostasis. Thus, phagocytosis is a source of macrophage heterogeneity that acts together with tissue-derived factors to preserve homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Quintana
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Mazariegos
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo González de la Aleja
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Nicolás-Ávila
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wencke Walter
- Area of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Adrover
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgiana Crainiciuc
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Immunobiology Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas de Madrid, Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Area of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
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9
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A-Gonzalez N, Hidalgo A. Nuclear Receptors and Clearance of Apoptotic Cells: Stimulating the Macrophage's Appetite. Front Immunol 2014; 5:211. [PMID: 24860573 PMCID: PMC4026730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages occurs as a coordinated process to ensure tissue homeostasis. Macrophages play a dual role in this process; first, a rapid and efficient phagocytosis of the dying cells is needed to eliminate uncleared corpses that can promote inflammation. Second, after engulfment, macrophages exhibit an anti-inflammatory phenotype, to avoid unwanted immune reactions against cell components. Several nuclear receptors, including liver X receptor and proliferator-activated receptor, have been linked to these two important features of macrophages during apoptotic cell clearance. This review outlines the emerging implications of nuclear receptors in the response of macrophages to cell clearance. These include activation of genes implicated in metabolism, to process the additional cellular content provided by the engulfed cells, as well as inflammatory genes, to maintain apoptotic cell clearance as an “immunologically silent” process. Remarkably, genes encoding receptors for the so-called “eat-me” signals are also regulated by activated nuclear receptors after phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, thus enhancing the efficiency of macrophages to clear dead cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares , Madrid , Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares , Madrid , Spain
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Serious infections of the head and neck cause lymphedema that can lead to airway compromise and oropharyngeal obstruction. Lymphangiogenesis occurs in the head and neck during infection and after immunization. The goal of this project was to develop tools to image lymphatic vessels in living animals and to be able to isolate individual lymphatic endothelial cells in order to quantify changes in single cells caused by inflammation. METHODS The ProxTom transgenic red-fluorescent reporter mouse was developed specifically for the purpose of imaging lymphatic vessels in vivo. Prox1 is a transcription factor that is necessary for lymphangiogenesis in development and for the maintenance of lymphatics in adulthood. Mice were immunized and their lymphatic vessels in lymph nodes were imaged in vivo. Individual lymphatic endothelial cells were isolated by means of their fluorescence. RESULTS The ProxTom transgene has the red-fluorescent reporter td-Tomato under the control of Prox1 regulatory elements. tdTomato was faithfully expressed in lymphatic vessels coincident with endogenous Prox1 expression. We show lymphangiogenesis in vivo after immunization and demonstrate a method for the isolation of lymphatic endothelial cells by their tdTomato red-fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS The faithful expression of the red-fluorescent reporter in the lymphatic vessels of ProxTom means that these mice have proven utility for in vivo study of lymphatic vessels in the immune response. ProxTom has been made available for distribution from the Jackson Laboratory: http://jaxmice.jax.org/strain/018128.html .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A. Truman
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kevin L. Bentley
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nancy H. Ruddle
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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11
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A-Gonzalez N, Guillen JA, Gallardo G, Diaz M, de la Rosa JV, Hernandez IH, Casanova-Acebes M, Lopez F, Tabraue C, Beceiro S, Hong C, Lara PC, Andujar M, Arai S, Miyazaki T, Li S, Corbi AL, Tontonoz P, Hidalgo A, Castrillo A. The nuclear receptor LXRα controls the functional specialization of splenic macrophages. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:831-9. [PMID: 23770640 PMCID: PMC3720686 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are professional phagocytic cells that orchestrate innate immune responses and display remarkable phenotypic diversity at different anatomical locations. However, the mechanisms that control the heterogeneity of tissue macrophages are not well characterized. Here, we report that the nuclear receptor LXRα is essential for the differentiation of macrophages in the marginal zone (MZ) of the spleen. LXR deficient mice are defective in the generation of MZ and metallophilic macrophages, resulting in abnormal responses to blood-borne antigens. Myeloid specific expression of LXRα or adoptive transfer of wild-type monocytes rescues the MZ microenvironment in LXRα deficient mice. These results demonstrate that LXRα signaling in myeloid cells is crucial for the generation of splenic MZ macrophages and reveal an unprecedented role for a nuclear receptor in the generation of specialized macrophage subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Autonóma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Hong C, Kidani Y, A-Gonzalez N, Phung T, Ito A, Rong X, Ericson K, Mikkola H, Beaven SW, Miller LS, Shao WH, Cohen PL, Castrillo A, Tontonoz P, Bensinger SJ. Coordinate regulation of neutrophil homeostasis by liver X receptors in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 122:337-47. [PMID: 22156197 DOI: 10.1172/jci58393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant immune cell type is the neutrophil, a key first responder after pathogen invasion. Neutrophil numbers in the periphery are tightly regulated to prevent opportunistic infections and aberrant inflammation. In healthy individuals, more than 1 × 10⁹ neutrophils per kilogram body weight are released from the bone marrow every 24 hours. To maintain homeostatic levels, an equivalent number of senescent cells must be cleared from circulation. Recent studies indicate that clearance of senescent neutrophils by resident tissue macrophages and DCs helps to set homeostatic levels of neutrophils via effects on the IL-23/IL-17/G-CSF cytokine axis, which stimulates neutrophil production in the bone marrow. However, the molecular events in phagocytes underlying this feedback loop have remained indeterminate. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate both lipid metabolic and inflammatory gene expression. Here, we demonstrate that LXRs contribute to the control of neutrophil homeostasis. Using gain- and loss-of-function models, we found that LXR signaling regulated the efficient clearance of senescent neutrophils by peripheral tissue APCs in a Mer-dependent manner. Furthermore, activation of LXR by engulfed neutrophils directly repressed the IL-23/IL-17/G-CSF granulopoietic cytokine cascade. These results provide mechanistic insight into the molecular events orchestrating neutrophil homeostasis and advance our understanding of LXRs as integrators of phagocyte function, lipid metabolism, and cytokine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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A-Gonzalez N, Bensinger SJ, Hong C, Beceiro S, Bradley MN, Zelcer N, Deniz J, Ramirez C, Díaz M, Gallardo G, de Galarreta CR, Salazar J, Lopez F, Edwards P, Parks J, Andujar M, Tontonoz P, Castrillo A. Apoptotic cells promote their own clearance and immune tolerance through activation of the nuclear receptor LXR. Immunity 2009; 31:245-58. [PMID: 19646905 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages is essential for immune homeostasis. The transcriptional pathways that allow macrophages to sense and respond to apoptotic cells are poorly defined. We found that liver X receptor (LXR) signaling was important for both apoptotic cell clearance and the maintenance of immune tolerance. Apoptotic cell engulfment activated LXR and thereby induced the expression of Mer, a receptor tyrosine kinase critical for phagocytosis. LXR-deficient macrophages exhibited a selective defect in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and an aberrant proinflammatory response to them. As a consequence of these defects, mice lacking LXRs manifested a breakdown in self-tolerance and developed autoantibodies and autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Treatment with an LXR agonist ameliorated disease progression in a mouse model of lupus-like autoimmunity. Thus, activation of LXR by apoptotic cells engages a virtuous cycle that promotes their own clearance and couples engulfment to the suppression of inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Immune Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas, ULPGC, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain
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