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Aribodor OB, Azugo NO, Jacob EC, Ngenegbo UC, Onwusulu ND, Obika I, Obikwelu EM, Nebe OJ. Assessing urogenital schistosomiasis and female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) among adolescents in Anaocha, Anambra State, Nigeria: implications for ongoing control efforts. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:952. [PMID: 38566137 PMCID: PMC10988871 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital schistosomiasis (UgS) remains a persistent health challenge among adolescents in Anambra State, Nigeria, despite ongoing control efforts. Mass praziquantel treatment programs, initiated in 2013, primarily target primary school-aged children (5-14 years old), leaving adolescents (10-19 years old) enrolled in secondary schools vulnerable to urogenital schistosomiaisis. Additionally, the extent of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), a neglected gynaecological manifestation of UgS remains unclear. METHODOLOGY To address these gaps, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Anaocha Local Government Area from February to May 2023. Four hundred and seventy consenting adolescents aged 10-19 years were enrolled. Urinalysis including urine filtration was employed to confirm haematuria and detect urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) among the participants. For females with heavy infections (≥ 50 eggs/10 ml urine), a gynaecologist performed colposcopy examinations, complemented by acetic acid and Lugol's iodine staining to assess for female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) lesions or other related reproductive health conditions. Socio-demographic data, including information on potential risk factors, were systematically collected using the Kobo ToolBox software, following gender-sensitive data collection guidelines. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25, incorporating descriptive statistics, multinomial logistic regression, odds ratios, and significance testing. RESULTS Among the 470 adolescents (52.8% females, 47.2% males) examined, an overall UgS prevalence of 14.5% was observed, with an average of 5.25 eggs per 10 ml of urine. Females had a slightly higher prevalence (16.1%), and 7.5% had heavy infections. Although gender differences in infection rates were not statistically significant, males had slightly higher odds of infection (OR: 1.332; 95% CI: 0.791-2.244; p-value: 0.280). Adolescents aged 10-14 had the highest prevalence, with significantly increased odds of infection (OR: 1.720; 95% CI: 1.012-2.923; p-value: 0.045). Colposcopy examinations of females with heavy infections revealed FGS lesions and co-infections with Trichomonas vaginalis. Haematuria, though prevalent (24.6%), was not the sole indicator, as those without it faced significantly higher odds of infection (OR: 2.924; 95% CI: 1.731-4.941; p-value: 0.000). Dysuria and genital itching/burning sensation were other UgS and FGS associated symptoms. Direct water contact was associated with higher infection odds (OR: 2.601; 95% CI: 1.007-6.716; p-value: 0.048). Various risk factors were associated with UgS. CONCLUSION The study highlights the need for a comprehensive Urogenital Schistosomiasis (UGS) control strategy that includes secondary school adolescents, emphasizes risk factor management, promotes safe water practices, and raises awareness about UGS and Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among adolescents, thus improving control efforts and mitigating this health challenge in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogechukwu B Aribodor
- Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
- Social Innovation in Health Initiative (SIHI) Hub, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
| | - Nwadiuto O Azugo
- Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
- Social Innovation in Health Initiative (SIHI) Hub, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Eunice C Jacob
- Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
- Social Innovation in Health Initiative (SIHI) Hub, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Uche C Ngenegbo
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka D Onwusulu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyi Obika
- Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel M Obikwelu
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Anambra State Ministry of Health, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Obiageli J Nebe
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Division, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
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Aribodor OB, Mogaji HO, Surakat OA, Azugo NO, Jacob EC, Obikwelu EM, Nebe OJ, Jacobson J. Profiling the knowledge of female medical/para-medical students, and expertise of health care professionals on female genital schistosomiasis in Anambra, South Eastern Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011132. [PMID: 36795786 PMCID: PMC9977039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is a largely neglected tropical disease (NTD), with little or no attention in the primary health care unit. Towards building momentum to address this challenge, we investigated the perception of medical and para-medical students about FGS, as well as the expertise of health care professionals in Anambra State, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 587 female medical and para-medical university students (MPMS), and 65 health care professionals (HCPs) saddled with the responsibility of delivering care for schistosomiasis-affected persons. Pretested questionnaires were administered to document the awareness and knowledge about the disease. In addition, the expertise of HCPs vis-à-vis suspicion of FGS and management of FGS patients during routine health care service were documented. Data were subjected to descriptive, chi-square tests and regression analysis in R software. RESULTS Over half of the students recruited; 54.2% for schistosomiasis and 58.1% for FGS, were not aware of the disease. Knowledge about schistosomiasis was associated with student's year of study, with those in 2nd (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.7), 4th (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.2), and 6th (OR: 5.05, 95% CI: 1.2, 34.2) year having higher likelihoods of been more informed about schistosomiasis. For HCPs, we observed a contrastingly high knowledge about schistosomiasis (96.9%), but low knowledge about FGS (61.9%). Knowledge for both schistosomiasis and FGS was not associated with year of practice and expertise (95% OR included 1, p > 0.05). A considerable proportion (>40%) of the HCPs never suspected schistosomiasis during routine clinical diagnosis of patients who presented probable FGS symptoms (p < 0.05). Similarly, only 20% were certain about the use of praziquantel for treating FGS, and about 35% were uncertain of the eligibility criteria and dosage regimens. Commodities for managing FGS were also largely unavailable in about 39% of the health facilities where the HCPs operate. CONCLUSION Awareness and knowledge about FGS among MPMS and HCPs were poor in Anambra, Nigeria. It is therefore important to invest in innovative methods of building capacity of MPMS and HCPs, with complementary provision of necessary diagnostics to perform colposcopy, as well as competence to diagnose pathognomonic lesions using diagnostic atlas or Artificial Intelligence (AI).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hammed O. Mogaji
- Parasitology and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olabanji A. Surakat
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - Eunice C. Jacob
- Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel M. Obikwelu
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Anambra State Ministry of Health, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Obiageli J. Nebe
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Division, Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria
| | - Julie Jacobson
- Bridges to Development, Vashon, Washington, United States of America
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Rose NH, Sylla M, Badolo A, Lutomiah J, Ayala D, Aribodor OB, Ibe N, Akorli J, Otoo S, Mutebi JP, Kriete AL, Ewing EG, Sang R, Gloria-Soria A, Powell JR, Baker RE, White BJ, Crawford JE, McBride CS. Climate and Urbanization Drive Mosquito Preference for Humans. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3570-3579.e6. [PMID: 32707056 PMCID: PMC7511451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of mosquito-borne illness is spread by a few mosquito species that have evolved to specialize in biting humans, yet the precise causes of this behavioral shift are poorly understood. We address this gap in the arboviral vector Aedes aegypti. We first collect and characterize the behavior of mosquitoes from 27 sites scattered across the species' ancestral range in sub-Saharan Africa, revealing previously unrecognized variation in preference for human versus animal odor. We then use modeling to show that over 80% of this variation can be predicted by two ecological factors-dry season intensity and human population density. Finally, we integrate this information with whole-genome sequence data from 375 individual mosquitoes to identify a single underlying ancestry component linked to human preference. Genetic changes associated with human specialist ancestry were concentrated in a few chromosomal regions. Our findings suggest that human-biting in this important disease vector originally evolved as a by-product of breeding in human-stored water in areas where doing so provided the only means to survive the long, hot dry season. Our model also predicts that the rapid urbanization currently taking place in Africa will drive further mosquito evolution, causing a shift toward human-biting in many large cities by 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah H Rose
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Massamba Sylla
- Unité d'Entomologie, de Bactériologie, de Virologie, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP BP 5005 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Joel Lutomiah
- Arbovirus/Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Diego Ayala
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France; Le Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Nnenna Ibe
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sampson Otoo
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - John-Paul Mutebi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Alexis L Kriete
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Eliza G Ewing
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rosemary Sang
- Arbovirus/Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrea Gloria-Soria
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Powell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Rachel E Baker
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bradley J White
- Verily Life Sciences, 259 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jacob E Crawford
- Verily Life Sciences, 259 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Carolyn S McBride
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Aribodor DN, Bassey SA, Yoonuan T, Sam-Wobo SO, Aribodor OB, Ugwuanyi IK. Analysis of Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths mixed infections among pupils in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for control. Infect Dis Health 2019; 24:98-106. [PMID: 30648601 DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted helminthiasis cause considerable morbidity and mortality in developing countries, especially among children. To this end it, a cross-sectional survey to determine the pattern of Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted helminthiasis co-infection was undertaken among primary school pupils in Oduma Community in Enugu State, Nigeria. METHODS Fresh urine and stool samples were collected from pupils. The urine and stool samples were examined using sedimentation and Kat-Katz techniques respectively. RESULTS Of the 236 pupils examined, 137 (58.1%) were found positive for at least one helminth infection. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent soil-transmitted helminth (STH), with a prevalence rate of 40.3%, followed by Trichuris trichiura (15.3%) and hookworm (8.9%). Infection with Schistosoma haematobium was detected in 13.6% of the pupils while Schistosoma mansoni infection prevalence was 7.2%. Age group 4 -7 years recorded the highest prevalence for S. haematobium, A. lumbricoides, T. Trichiura and hookworm infections. Multiple infections were also recorded, with 22.9% having double infections and 2.5% having triple infections. The most common double infection was A. lumbricoides with T. trichiura (8.9%), while the most common triple infection was A. lumbricoides, S. haematobium and hookworm (1.7%). CONCLUSION The results from the present study revealed an evident need for the systematic and sustained administration of school-based chemotherapy program targeting the control of STH infection and Schistosomiasis using Albendazole and Praziquantel respectively in the community, instead of a one-off approach that was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis N Aribodor
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
| | - Simon A Bassey
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
| | - Tippayarat Yoonuan
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Sammy O Sam-Wobo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
| | - Ogechukwu B Aribodor
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
| | - Ifeoma K Ugwuanyi
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
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