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Rauert C, Harner T, Schuster JK, Eng A, Fillmann G, Castillo LE, Fentanes O, Ibarra MV, Miglioranza KSB, Rivadeneira IM, Pozo K, Aristizábal Zuluaga BH. Air monitoring of new and legacy POPs in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. Environ Pollut 2018; 243:1252-1262. [PMID: 30268978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A special initiative in the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network was implemented to provide information on new and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. Regional-scale atmospheric concentrations of the new and emerging POPs hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), pentachloroanisole (PCA) and dicofol indicators (breakdown products) are reported for the first time. HCBD was detected in similar concentrations at all location types (<20-120 pg/m3). PCA had elevated concentrations at the urban site Concepción (Chile) of 49-222 pg/m3, with concentrations ranging <1-8.5 pg/m3 at the other sites in this study. Dicofol indicators were detected at the agricultural site of Sonora (Mexico) at concentrations ranging 30-117 pg/m3. Legacy POPs, including a range of organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were also monitored to compare regional atmospheric concentrations over a decade of monitoring under the GAPS Network. γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and the endosulfans significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from 2005 to 2015, suggesting regional levels are decreasing. However, there were no significant changes for the other legacy POPs monitored, likely a reflection of the persistency and slow decline of environmental levels of these POPs. For the more volatile OCs, atmospheric concentrations derived from polyurethane foam (PUF) (acting as an equilibrium sampler) and sorbent impregnated PUF (SIP) (acting as a linear phase sampler), were compared. The complimentary methods show a good agreement of within a factor of 2-3, and areas for future studies to improve this agreement are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Anita Eng
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, Pavillion A29, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luisa Eugenia Castillo
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | | | - Karla Pozo
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, 4080871, Chile
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Rauert C, Harner T, Schuster JK, Eng A, Fillmann G, Castillo LE, Fentanes O, Villa Ibarra M, Miglioranza KSB, Moreno Rivadeneira I, Pozo K, Aristizábal Zuluaga BH. Atmospheric Concentrations of New Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Chemicals of Concern in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) Region. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:7240-7249. [PMID: 29846065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A special initiative was run by the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network to provide atmospheric data on a range of emerging chemicals of concern and candidate and new persistent organic pollutants in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. Regional-scale data for a range of flame retardants (FRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and a range of alternative FRs (novel FRs) are reported over 2 years of sampling with low detection frequencies of the novel FRs. Atmospheric concentrations of the OPEs were an order of magnitude higher than all other FRs, with similar profiles at all sites. Regional-scale background concentrations of the poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including the neutral PFAS (n-PFAS) and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), and the volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) are also reported. Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA) was detected at highly elevated concentrations in Brazil and Colombia, in line with the use of the pesticide sulfluramid in this region. Similar concentrations of the perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFAS) were detected throughout the GRULAC region regardless of location type, and the VMS concentrations in air increased with the population density of sampling locations. This is the first report of atmospheric concentrations of the PFAAs and VMS from this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Anita Eng
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Instituto de Oceanografia , Rio Grande - RS , 96203-900 , Brazil
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX) , Kamenice 753/5, pavillion A29, 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Luisa Eugenia Castillo
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET) , Universidad Nacional , Heredia , 86-3000 , Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | | | - Karla Pozo
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología , Universidad San Sebastián , Lientur 1457 , Concepción , 4080871 , Chile
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Rauert C, Harner T, Schuster JK, Quinto K, Fillmann G, Castillo LE, Fentanes O, Ibarra MV, Miglioranza KSB, Rivadeneira IM, Pozo K, Puerta AP, Zuluaga BHA. Towards a regional passive air sampling network and strategy for new POPs in the GRULAC region: Perspectives from the GAPS Network and first results for organophosphorus flame retardants. Sci Total Environ 2016; 573:1294-1302. [PMID: 27436778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A discussion is presented on the limitations for air monitoring studies around the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries (GRULAC), highlighting key issues requiring further attention, and reports on how a special initiative is addressing these limitations. Preliminary results are presented for the first reported data on organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR) concentrations in outdoor air from the GRULAC region. At the majority of sites the concentrations and the profile of the OPFRs detected were similar with tris (chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominating (<MDL to 1280pg/m3). However, the urban location at Concepción, Chile presented higher concentrations and a different profile with tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) dominating (mean 800pg/m3 vs 80pg/m3 at the other locations) -indicating different sources at this location. OPFRs, used extensively as flame retardants and plasticizers, are found ubiquitously in indoor environments yet only few studies report outdoor air levels. This preliminary study of only 7 sites highlights how extensive regional passive sampling networks (such as GAPS) can provide important new information to support risk assessment of these and similar chemicals. Finally, the various challenges with implementing a regional monitoring program are discussed, including harmonizing data from various monitoring programs for reporting to the GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Karen Quinto
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karla Pozo
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias, Concepción, Chile
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Schuster JK, Harner T, Fillmann G, Ahrens L, Altamirano JC, Aristizábal B, Bastos W, Castillo LE, Cortés J, Fentanes O, Gusev A, Hernandez M, Ibarra MV, Lana NB, Lee SC, Martínez AP, Miglioranza KSB, Puerta AP, Segovia F, Siu M, Tominaga MY. Assessing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in air across Latin American countries using polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:3680-3686. [PMID: 25686404 DOI: 10.1021/es506071n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A passive air sampling network has been established to investigate polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) at Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) sites and six additional sites in the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries (GRULAC) region. The air sampling network covers background, agricultural, rural, and urban sites. Samples have been collected over four consecutive periods of 6 months, which started in January 2011 [period 1 (January to June 2011), period 2 (July to December 2011), period 3 (January to June 2012), and period 4 (July 2012 to January 2013)]. Results show that (i) the GAPS passive samplers (PUF disk type) and analytical methodology are adequate for measuring PCDD/F burdens in air and (ii) PCDD/F concentrations in air across the GRULAC region are widely variable by almost 2 orders of magnitude. The highest concentrations in air of Σ4-8PCDD/Fs were found at the urban site São Luis (Brazil, UR) (i.e., 2560 fg/m3) followed by the sites in São Paulo (Brazil, UR), Mendoza (Argentina, RU), and Sonora (Mexico, AG) with values of 1690, 1660, and 1610 fg/m3, respectively. Very low concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air were observed at the background site Tapanti (Costa Rica, BA), 10.8 fg/m3. This variability is attributed to differences in site characteristics and potential local/regional sources as well as meteorological influences. The measurements of PCDD/Fs in air agree well with model-predicted concentrations performed using the Global EMEP Multimedia Modeling System (GLEMOS) and emission scenario constructed on the basis of the UNEP Stockholm Convention inventory of dioxin and furan emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin K Schuster
- †Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- †Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- ‡Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- †Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Jorgelina C Altamirano
- §Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- ⊗Laboratorio de Quı́mica Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivologı́a, Glaciologı́a y Ciencias Ambientales-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Wanderley Bastos
- ∥Laboratório de Biogeoquı́mica Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | | | - Johana Cortés
- ●Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Manizales, Colombia
| | | | - Alexey Gusev
- @Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East (MSC-E), Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Nerina B Lana
- §Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- ⊗Laboratorio de Quı́mica Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivologı́a, Glaciologı́a y Ciencias Ambientales-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sum Chi Lee
- †Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
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