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Sallée JB, Abrahamsen EP, Allaigre C, Auger M, Ayres H, Badhe R, Boutin J, Brearley JA, de Lavergne C, ten Doeschate AMM, Droste ES, du Plessis MD, Ferreira D, Giddy IS, Gülk B, Gruber N, Hague M, Hoppema M, Josey SA, Kanzow T, Kimmritz M, Lindeman MR, Llanillo PJ, Lucas NS, Madec G, Marshall DP, Meijers AJS, Meredith MP, Mohrmann M, Monteiro PMS, Mosneron Dupin C, Naeck K, Narayanan A, Naveira Garabato AC, Nicholson SA, Novellino A, Ödalen M, Østerhus S, Park W, Patmore RD, Piedagnel E, Roquet F, Rosenthal HS, Roy T, Saurabh R, Silvy Y, Spira T, Steiger N, Styles AF, Swart S, Vogt L, Ward B, Zhou S. Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2023; 381:20220056. [PMID: 37150205 PMCID: PMC10164461 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal timescales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea-ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.
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Affiliation(s)
- The SO-CHIC consortium
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - J. B. Sallée
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | | | - C. Allaigre
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - M. Auger
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - H. Ayres
- University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - R. Badhe
- European Polar Board, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - J. Boutin
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | | | - C. de Lavergne
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - A. M. M. ten Doeschate
- AirSea Laboratory and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - E. S. Droste
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - M. D. du Plessis
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - I. S. Giddy
- Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - B. Gülk
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - M. Hoppema
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - S. A. Josey
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - T. Kanzow
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - M. Kimmritz
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - P. J. Llanillo
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - G. Madec
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - M. Mohrmann
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P. M. S. Monteiro
- Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory (SOCCO), CSIR, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C. Mosneron Dupin
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - K. Naeck
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - A. Narayanan
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - S-A. Nicholson
- Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory (SOCCO), CSIR, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - M. Ödalen
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - S. Østerhus
- Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), Bergen, Norway
| | - W. Park
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- IBS Center for Climate Physics and Department of Climate System, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - E. Piedagnel
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - F. Roquet
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H. S. Rosenthal
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - R. Saurabh
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Y. Silvy
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - T. Spira
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N. Steiger
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | | | - S. Swart
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - L. Vogt
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - B. Ward
- AirSea Laboratory and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - S. Zhou
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
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Llanillo PJ, Aiken CM, Cordero RR, Damiani A, Sepúlveda E, Fernández-Gómez B. Oceanographic Variability induced by Tides, the Intraseasonal Cycle and Warm Subsurface Water intrusions in Maxwell Bay, King George Island (West-Antarctica). Sci Rep 2019; 9:18571. [PMID: 31819101 PMCID: PMC6901452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the hydrographic variability induced by tides, winds, and the advance of the austral summer, in Maxwell Bay and tributary fjords, based on two recent oceanographic campaigns. We provide the first description in this area of the intrusion of relatively warm subsurface waters, which have led elsewhere in Antarctica to ice-shelf disintegration and tidewater glacier retreat. During flood tide, meltwater was found to accumulate toward the head of Maxwell Bay, freshening and warming the upper 70 m. Below 70 m, the flood tide enhances the intrusion and mixing of relatively warm modified Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (m-UCDW). Tidal stirring progressively erodes the remnants of Winter Waters found at the bottom of Marian Cove. There is a buoyancy gain through warming and freshening as the summer advances. In Maxwell Bay, the upper 105 m were 0.79 °C warmer and 0.039 PSU fresher in February than in December, changes that cannot be explained by tidal or wind-driven processes. The episodic intrusion of m-UCDW into Maxwell Bay leads to interleaving and eventually to warming, salinification and deoxygenation between 80 and 200 m, with important implications for biological productivity and for the mass balance of tidewater glaciers in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Llanillo
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - C M Aiken
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - R R Cordero
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Damiani
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - E Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Feron S, Cordero RR, Damiani A, Llanillo PJ, Jorquera J, Sepulveda E, Asencio V, Laroze D, Labbe F, Carrasco J, Torres G. Observations and Projections of Heat Waves in South America. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8173. [PMID: 31160642 PMCID: PMC6547650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Heat Waves (HWs) are expected to increase due to global warming, they are a regional phenomenon that demands for local analyses. In this paper, we assess four HW metrics (HW duration, HW frequency, HW amplitude, and number of HWs per season) as well as the share of extremely warm days (TX95, according to the 95th percentile) in South America (SA). Our analysis included observations as well as simulations from global and regional models. In particular, Regional Climate Models (RCMs) from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), and Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) were used to project both TX95 estimates and HW metrics according to two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). We found that in recent decades the share of extremely warm days has at least doubled over the period December-January-February (DJF) in northern SA; less significant increases have been observed in southern SA. We also found that by midcentury, under the RCP4.5 scenario, extremely warm DJF days (as well as the number of HWs per season) are expected to increase by 5-10 times at locations close to the Equator and in the Atacama Desert. Increases are expected to be less pronounced in southern SA. Projections under the RCP8.5 scenario are more striking, particularly in tropical areas where half or more of the days could be extremely warm by midcentury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2210, United States of America
| | - R R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - A Damiani
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - P J Llanillo
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Jorquera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Sepulveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Asencio
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Laroze
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile
| | - F Labbe
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. Espana 1680, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - J Carrasco
- Universidad de Magallanes, Av. Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - G Torres
- Direccion Meteorologica de Chile, Av. Portales 3450, Santiago, Chile
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Cordero RR, Damiani A, Jorquera J, Sepúlveda E, Caballero M, Fernandez S, Feron S, Llanillo PJ, Carrasco J, Laroze D, Labbe F. Ultraviolet radiation in the Atacama Desert. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:1301-1313. [PMID: 29605897 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The world's highest levels of surface ultraviolet (UV) irradiance have been measured in the Atacama Desert. This area is characterized by its high altitude, prevalent cloudless conditions, and a relatively low total ozone column. In this paper, we provide estimates of the surface UV (monthly UV index at noon and annual doses of UV-B and UV-A) for all sky conditions in the Atacama Desert. We found that the UV index at noon during the austral summer is expected to be greater than 11 in the whole desert. The annual UV-B (UV-A) doses were found to range from about 3.5 kWh/m2 (130 kWh/m2) in coastal areas to 5 kWh/m2 (160 kWh/m2) on the Andean plateau. Our results confirm significant interhemispherical differences. Typical annual UV-B doses in the Atacama Desert are about 40% greater than typical annual UV-B doses in northern Africa. Mostly due to seasonal changes in the ozone, the differences between the Atacama Desert and northern Africa are expected to be about 60% in the case of peak UV-B levels (i.e. the UV-B irradiances at noon close to the summer solstice in each hemisphere). Interhemispherical differences in the UV-A are significantly lower since the effect of the ozone in this part of the spectrum is minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - A Damiani
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - J Jorquera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Sepúlveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Caballero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Fernandez
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - P J Llanillo
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Carrasco
- Universidad de Magallanes, Av. Bulnes, 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - D Laroze
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile
| | - F Labbe
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. Espana 1680, Valparaiso, Chile
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