INVESTIGATION OF A MIXTURE CONTAINING ALPRAZOLAM, CODEINE AND PARACETAMOL USING THIN-LAYER AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHODS

The increasing drug consumption in Lithuania and all over the world makes us think about the negative consequences - the risk of toxicity. Fast and accurate identification of material that caused the poisoning reduces the probability in death cases and makes easier to determine the main cause of death. The results have shown that the most appropriate systems of solvents for qualitative analysis by TLC method of the mixture consisting of alprazolam, codeine and paracetanol are: system "D" (trichloromethane : acetone : conc. ammonia = 55 : 40 : 5 (v/v/v)) and system "F" (trichloromethane : diethyl ether: isobutanol : conc. ammonia = 50 : 30 : 15 : 5 (v/v/v/v)). For qualitative analysis of the mixture consisting of alprazolam, codeine and paracetamol by HPLC method the chromatographic column ACE C18 (25 cm x 4.6 mm x 5 µm), gradient elution mode (mixture of 3% acetic acid and methanol and the flow rate 1 mL/min have been used. The injection volume was 10 pL. Photodiode array detector (210 - 240 nm range) has been used. UV absorption spectra of materials measured using photodiode array detector have been identical to those presented in the scientific literature.

Application of high-performance liquid chromatography for research of salicin in bark of different varieties of Salix

Willow (Salix L.) species are widely spread in Lithuanian natural dendroflora. Willow bark contains active substances known for anti-inflammatory properties and is known as a phytotherapeutic precursor of aspirin. Bark extracts are components of analgesic and antirheumatic preparations. Therapeutic effectiveness is associated with salicin (2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside), which turns into salicylic acid. Increasing attention to natural preparations gives primary importance to research of plants. This study focused on 12 willow taxa and employed routine pharmacopoeia methods. High-performance liquid chromatography method was applied for the analysis of bark extractions. The investigation revealed that not all willow species accumulated a therapeutically sufficient amount of salicin. Bark samples were investigated after 1- and 2-year growth in autumn and spring. Salicin content ranged from 0.08 to 12.6%. Higher contents of active materials were determined in autumn and in 2-year-old willows. Certain willow taxa (Salix alba L., Salix mollissima L., Salix triandra L., Salix viminalis "Americana", Salix dasyclados L.) possessed extremely low salicin amounts. In the second year, analysis covered 32 willow species. Results indicated striking differences in salicin amounts (from 0.04% in Salix viminalis "Americana" to 12.06% in Salix acutifolia). Willow species, plant age, and season should be considered when collecting medicinal plant material. The amount of salicylates in 2-year-old willow bark collected in autumn exceeded by 25% that in 1-year-old willow bark collected in spring. Bark of some analyzed willow species contained the amount of salicylates too low for using as anti-inflammatory or antipyretic remedy.

[Synthesis of hydroxamic acids and study of their complexes with iron (II) and (III) ions]

Hydroxamic acids are widespread in the tissues of plants, in metabolites of bacteria and fungi, including complex compounds with metal ions. These acids have wide spectrum of biological activity and therefore are perspective reagents for analysis of chemical elements. Fourteen aliphatic and aromatic derivatives of hydroxamic acids have been synthesized from esters of carboxylic acids. Photometric reactions of hydroxamic acids with iron (II) and (III) were investigated. Complex formation of iron (II) and (III) depending on pH was studied with series of synthesized hydroxamic acids: octanohydroxamic, maleic hydroxamic, 2-hydroxybenzoxydroxamic, benzoxydroxamic, phthalmonoxydroxamic and 3-metoxybenzohydroxamic acids. Composition of iron (III) complexes with 2-hydroxybenzohydroxamic, octanoxydroxamic, 3-metoxybenzohydroxamic acids and iron (II) with 2-hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid was studied by methods of mole ratio and isomolar solutions. Sensitivity of reagents was evaluated by values of absorption coefficients (epsilon). Stability of complexes in water and organic solvents was investigated. Interaction between iron (III) and hydroxamic acids (octanoxydroxamic, 2-hydroxybenzohydroxamic, 3-metoxybenzohydroxamic) have been applied for quantitative photometric analysis of iron (III) salts. Color reaction of iron (II) with 2-hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid was applied for quantitative photometric determination of iron (II) salts. 3-Metoxybenzohydroxamic acid was proposed as a new indicator for complexonometric analysis of iron (III). Chelatometric titration of iron (III) using this indicator is not influenced by copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, so this methods is recommended for iron quantity detection in antianemic drugs, which are composed of latter microelements. Synthesis procedure of 2-benzoylamino-3-arylacrylhydroxamic acids from saturated azlactones was created. Color and precipitate reactions of iron (II) and (III), copper (II), nickel (II) and cobalt (II) ions with four newly synthesized acids (with and without substitutes in aromatic ring) were studied. Sensitivities of reactions between 2-benzoylamino-3-arylacrylhydroxamic acids and iron (II) and (III) were evaluated and compared with 2-hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid.

[Preparation, analysis and anti-anemic action of peroral powders with ferrous oxalate. Ferosol. 2]

Experiments with piglets showed good assimilation and metabolism of iron (II) in antianaemic powder Ferosol-1. In order to improve this drug, manganese, calcium (Ferosol-2, 1 composition) and ascorbic acid (Ferosol-2, 2 composition) were added. Manganese and ascorbic acid stimulate erythropoiesis and being strong reductants stabilize iron (II) on storage and in gastrointestinal tract. Components of Ferosol-2 were identified using colour, precipitation- and extraction tests, as well as paper chromatography and absorption spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis of microelements and ascorbic acid was performed using absorption spectroscopy, extraction photometry and iodometric titration methods. Ferosol-2 proved to be more stable than Ferosol-1. Lichfield and Wilkinson method modificated by Roth was used for detection of acute toxicity of Ferosol-2. A local action was estimated on quine pigs. Iron resorption was on 20 days old piglets. Antianaemic effectiveness of Ferosol-2 was evaluated on newborn piglets watching their weight. Experiments with white mice showed low toxicity of Ferosol-2 (LD50 = 4.3 g/kg, for 1 composition and 4.6 g/kg for 2 composition). It does not irritate mucosa of duodenum and ventriculus. Iron in Ferosol-2 was found to be well assimilated in gastrointestinal tract of piglets, easily gets into blood and joins albumen of plasma. After administration of Ferosol-2 to piglets increased iron concentration in blood serum was observed for 3 hours (1 composition) and 6 hours (2 composition). Experimental data showed increased resorption of iron in Ferosol-2, 2 composition due to ascorbic acid. Components of Ferosol-2 are well assimilated and join erythropoetic processes. Ferosol-2 leads to quicker weight gain as well as significantly higher amount of hemoglobin and red blood cells in piglets.

[Preparation, analysis and anti-anemic action of peroral powders with ferrous oxalate. Ferosol-1]

Investigation of new stable iron (II) compounds is still an actual problem of today. Therefore we synthesized ferrous oxalate and prepared a stable antianaemic powder Ferosol-1 including copper, zinc and cobalt. We used colour tests, precipitation reactions and paper chromatography for identification of components of this powder. Quantitative analysis of iron and other elements was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. We used Lichfield and Wilkinson method modificated by Roth to detect acute Ferosol-1 toxicity. To estimate a local action of this powder we used guinea pigs which were grouped into control and trial ones. We determined bioavailability of Ferosol-1 by giving it to rabbits with experimental posthemorrhagic anemia. Iron resorption was tested on 20-25 days old piglets. We also tried this drug on newborn piglets while atching their weight gain and calculation daily weight gain. This data was used to estimate indirect impact of Ferosol-1 on metabolism of piglets. According to our data Ferosol-1 is of low toxicity (LD50 = 2.25 g/kg), it does not irritate mucosa of duodenum and ventriculus and could be used orally. Iron from Ferosol-1 was found to be well assimilated and to take place in hemopoetic processes of rabbit. After administration of Ferosol-1 to piglets iron concentration in their serum increased from 35.03 +/- 0.66 to 54.88 +/- 6.63 mumol/l, hemoglobin concentration increased to 96.4 +/- 2.5 g/l, erythrocyte number increased to 4.4 +/- 0.14 x 10(12)/l. The same data of control piglets were respectively 83.7 +/- 3.1 g/l and 3.52 +/- 0.3 x 10(12)/l. According to our results Ferosol-1 is an effective drug for prevention of iron-deficiency anemia and causes slight weight gain of piglets.