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Bellaver B, Puig-Pijoan A, Ferrari-Souza JP, Leffa DT, Lussier FZ, Ferreira PCL, Tissot C, Povala G, Therriault J, Benedet AL, Ashton NJ, Servaes S, Chamoun M, Stevenson J, Rahmouni N, Vermeiren M, Macedo AC, Fernández-Lebrero A, García-Escobar G, Navalpotro-Gómez I, Lopez O, Tudorascu DL, Cohen A, Villemagne VL, Klunk WE, Gauthier S, Zimmer ER, Karikari TK, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Suárez-Calvet M, Rosa-Neto P, Pascoal TA. Blood-brain barrier integrity impacts the use of plasma amyloid-β as a proxy of brain amyloid-β pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3815-3825. [PMID: 36919582 PMCID: PMC10502181 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau can be quantified in blood. However, biological factors can influence the levels of brain-derived proteins in the blood. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates protein transport between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. BBB altered permeability might affect the relationship between brain and blood biomarkers. METHODS We assessed 224 participants in research (TRIAD, n = 96) and clinical (BIODEGMAR, n = 128) cohorts with plasma and CSF/positron emission tomography Aβ, p-tau, and albumin measures. RESULTS Plasma Aβ42/40 better identified CSF Aβ42/40 and Aβ-PET positivity in individuals with high BBB permeability. An interaction between plasma Aβ42/40 and BBB permeability on CSF Aβ42/40 was observed. Voxel-wise models estimated that the association of positron emission tomography (PET), with plasma Aβ was most affected by BBB permeability in AD-related brain regions. BBB permeability did not significantly impact the relationship between brain and plasma p-tau levels. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that BBB integrity may influence the performance of plasma Aβ, but not p-tau, biomarkers in research and clinical settings. HIGHLIGHTS BBB permeability affects the association between brain and plasma Aβ levels. BBB integrity does not affect the association between brain and plasma p-tau levels. Plasma Aβ was most affected by BBB permeability in AD-related brain regions. BBB permeability increases with age but not according to cognitive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Bellaver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Albert Puig-Pijoan
- Cognitive Decline and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Pedro Ferrari-Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Douglas T Leffa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Firoza Z Lussier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pamela C L Ferreira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cécile Tissot
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guilherme Povala
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andréa L Benedet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stijn Servaes
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mira Chamoun
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jenna Stevenson
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nesrine Rahmouni
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie Vermeiren
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arthur C Macedo
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aida Fernández-Lebrero
- Cognitive Decline and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Irene Navalpotro-Gómez
- Cognitive Decline and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dana L Tudorascu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ann Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Cognitive Decline and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ferreira PCL, Ferrari-Souza JP, Tissot C, Bellaver B, Leffa DT, Lussier F, Povala G, Therriault J, Benedet AL, Ashton NJ, Cohen AD, Lopez OL, Tudorascu DL, Klunk WE, Soucy JP, Gauthier S, Villemagne V, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Rosa-Neto P, Zimmer ER, Karikari TK, Pascoal TA. Potential Utility of Plasma P-Tau and Neurofilament Light Chain as Surrogate Biomarkers for Preventive Clinical Trials. Neurology 2023; 101:38-45. [PMID: 36878697 PMCID: PMC10351303 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the utility of longitudinal changes in plasma phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau181) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) as surrogate markers for clinical trials targeting cognitively unimpaired (CU) populations. METHODS We estimated the sample size needed to test a 25% drug effect with 80% of power at a 0.05 level on reducing changes in plasma markers in CU participants from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. RESULTS We included 257 CU individuals (45.5% males; mean age = 73 [6] years; 32% β-amyloid [Aβ] positive). Changes in plasma NfL were associated with age, whereas changes in plasma p-tau181 with progression to amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Clinical trials using p-tau181 and NfL would require 85% and 63% smaller sample sizes, respectively, for a 24-month than a 12-month follow-up. A population enrichment strategy using intermediate levels of Aβ PET (Centiloid 20-40) further reduced the sample size of the 24-month clinical trial using p-tau181 (73%) and NfL (59%) as a surrogate. DISCUSSION Plasma p-tau181/NfL can potentially be used to monitor large-scale population interventions in CU individuals. The enrollment of CU with intermediate Aβ levels constitutes the alternative with the largest effect size and most cost-effective for trials testing drug effect on changes in plasma p-tau181 and NfL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C L Ferreira
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - João Pedro Ferrari-Souza
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Cécile Tissot
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bruna Bellaver
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Douglas T Leffa
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Firoza Lussier
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Guilherme Povala
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joseph Therriault
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Andréa L Benedet
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ann D Cohen
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dana L Tudorascu
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - William E Klunk
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Serge Gauthier
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Victor Villemagne
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (P.C.L.F., J.P.F.-S., C.T., B.B., D.T.L., F.L., G.P., A.D.C., D.L.T., W.E.K., V.V., T.K.K., T.A.P.) and Neurology (O.L.L.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (J.P.F.-S., B.B., E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (C.T., F.L., J.T., J.-P.S., P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Pointe-Claire; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (C.T., J.T., S.G., P.R.-N.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B., T.K.K.), The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (A.L.B., N.J.A., H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine (N.J.A., H.Z.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry (N.J.A.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; and Department of Neurology (T.A.P.), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA.
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