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Tildy BE, McNeill A, Perman-Howe PR, Brose LS. Implementation strategies to increase smoking cessation treatment provision in primary care: a systematic review of observational studies. BMC Prim Care 2023; 24:32. [PMID: 36698052 PMCID: PMC9875430 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-023-01981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internationally, there is an 'evidence-practice gap' in the rate healthcare professionals assess tobacco use and offer cessation support in clinical practice, including primary care. Evidence is needed for implementation strategies enacted in the 'real-world'. AIM To identify implementation strategies aiming to increase smoking cessation treatment provision in primary care, their effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and any perceived facilitators and barriers for effectiveness. METHODS 'Embase', 'Medline', 'PsycINFO', 'CINAHL', 'Global Health', 'Social Policy & Practice', 'ASSIA Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts' databases, and grey literature sources were searched from inception to April 2021. Studies were included if they evaluated an implementation strategy implemented on a nation-/state-wide scale, targeting any type of healthcare professional within the primary care setting, aiming to increase smoking cessation treatment provision. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES implementation strategy identification, and effectiveness (practitioner-/patient-level). SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES perceived facilitators and barriers to effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness. Studies were assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. A narrative synthesis was conducted using the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) compilation and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). RESULTS Of 49 included papers, half were of moderate/low risk of bias. The implementation strategy domains identified involved utilizing financial strategies, changing infrastructure, training and educating stakeholders, and engaging consumers. The first three increased practitioner-level smoking status recording and cessation advice provision. Interventions in the utilizing financial strategies domain also appeared to increase smoking cessation (patient-level). Key facilitator: external policies/incentives (tobacco control measures and funding for public health and cessation clinics). Key barriers: time and financial constraints, lack of free cessation medications and follow-up, deprioritisation and unclear targets in primary care, lack of knowledge of healthcare professionals, and unclear messaging to patients about available cessation support options. No studies assessed cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Some implementation strategy categories increased the rate of smoking status recording and cessation advice provision in primary care. We found some evidence for interventions utilizing financial strategies having a beneficial impact on cessation. Identified barriers to effectiveness should be reduced. More pragmatic approaches are recommended, such as hybrid effectiveness-implementation designs and utilising Multiphase Optimization Strategy methodology. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION PROSPERO:CRD42021246683.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett E Tildy
- Addictions Department, King's College London, Addiction Sciences Building, Denmark Hill Campus, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK. .,SPECTRUM Consortium, London, UK.
| | - Ann McNeill
- Addictions Department, King's College London, Addiction Sciences Building, Denmark Hill Campus, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.,SPECTRUM Consortium, London, UK
| | - Parvati R Perman-Howe
- Addictions Department, King's College London, Addiction Sciences Building, Denmark Hill Campus, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.,SPECTRUM Consortium, London, UK
| | - Leonie S Brose
- Addictions Department, King's College London, Addiction Sciences Building, Denmark Hill Campus, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.,SPECTRUM Consortium, London, UK
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Perman-Howe PR, McNeill A, Brose LS, Tildy BE, Langley TE, Robson D. The Effect of Tobacco Control Mass Media Campaigns on Smoking-Related Behavior Among People With Mental Illness: A Systematic Literature Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1695-1704. [PMID: 35358321 PMCID: PMC9597075 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco control mass media campaigns (MMCs) can be effective generally, but little is known about their effects among people with mental illness. The objectives of this study were to systematically review: (1) Whether tobacco control MMCs affect smoking-related outcomes among people with mental illness. (2) Cost-effectiveness. AIMS AND METHODS Data sources: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library (searched March 2021), reference lists of included articles and relevant systematic reviews. Study eligibility criteria: Population: Adults with mental illness and experience of smoking tobacco and/or using other nicotine-containing products. Intervention/exposure: Tobacco control MMC messages. Comparator: No exposure, other tobacco control intervention(s), no comparator. Primary outcome: Changes in quitting behaviors. Study design: All primary research. Quantitative data were appraised using the EPHPP tool, qualitative data using CASP's Studies Checklist. Data were synthesized narratively. RESULTS Eight studies were included, seven were at high risk of bias. There was inconclusive evidence of the effect of MMCs on quit attempts and intentions to quit among people with mental illness. Increasing advertisement exposure did not increase quit attempts or intentions to quit among those with mental illness, however, increased exposure to an advertisement that addressed smoking and mental health did. None of the studies assessed cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Findings should be interpreted with caution as data are limited and of low or moderate quality. There is evidence to suggest that tobacco control MMCs have limited impact on those with mental illness, although campaigns that are specific to smoking and mental health may be effective. IMPLICATIONS There is a paucity of good-quality evidence of the effect of tobacco control MMC messages among people with mental illness. Careful consideration should be given to the design of future studies that evaluate MMCs in order to minimize the risk of bias, establish causality, and ensure the findings reflect real-world implementation. Further research should examine the need for MMC messages that address mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann McNeill
- Addictions Department, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Leonie S Brose
- Addictions Department, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Tessa E Langley
- University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - Debbie Robson
- Addictions Department, King’s College London, London, UK
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Perman-Howe PR, Horton M, Robson D, McDermott MS, McNeill A, Brose LS. Harm perceptions of nicotine-containing products and associated sources of information in UK adults with and without mental ill health: A cross-sectional survey. Addiction 2022; 117:715-729. [PMID: 34338387 DOI: 10.1111/add.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS People with mental ill health are more likely to smoke and experience smoking-related harm than those without. Switching from combustible tobacco to lower-risk nicotine-containing products may be of benefit; however, misperceptions of harm may prevent their use. We aimed to assess, among adults with and without mental ill health, (1) perceptions of harm from nicotine and relative harm and addictiveness of different nicotine-containing products and (2) sources of information associated with harm perceptions. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS On-line survey of adults (n = 3400) who smoke cigarettes and/or use e-cigarettes, or have recently stopped, in the United Kingdom. MEASUREMENTS Outcomes: harm perceptions of nicotine; relative perceived harm and addictiveness of different nicotine-containing products; sources of information for harm perceptions of nicotine, cigarette smoking and e-cigarettes. Demographics: sex, age, education, ethnic group and region. Other measures: self-reported smoking, vaping and mental health status. ANALYSES frequencies and logistic regressions adjusting for demographic/other measures. FINDINGS Among those with serious mental distress (versus no/low mental distress): 9.6% [13.9%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.50-0.97] correctly identified that none/a very small amount of the health risks of smoking cigarettes come from nicotine; 41.7% (53.5%, aOR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.54-0.84) perceived e-cigarettes and 53.2% (70.3%, aOR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.50-0.77) perceived nicotine replacement therapy to be less harmful than cigarettes; and 42.1% (51.3%, aOR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.62-0.95) perceived e-cigarettes as being less likely than cigarettes to cause cancer, 35.4% (45.5%, aOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.57-0.88) heart attacks and 34.9% (42.3%, aOR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.64-0.99) lung problems. The most popular sources of information for cigarette smoking, e-cigarettes and nicotine were scientific experts' opinions and media reports, with little variation by mental distress. CONCLUSIONS Among adults with a history of tobacco and/or e-cigarette use, those with serious mental distress appear to have less accurate harm perceptions of nicotine and nicotine-containing products than those with no/low distress, despite reporting similar sources of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvati R Perman-Howe
- King's College London, Addiction Sciences Building, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Marie Horton
- Public Health UK, South Bank, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Deborah Robson
- King's College London, Addiction Sciences Building, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | | | - Ann McNeill
- King's College London, Addiction Sciences Building, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Leonie S Brose
- King's College London, Addiction Sciences Building, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
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Orciari EA, Perman-Howe PR, Foxcroft DR. Motivational Interviewing-based interventions for reducing substance misuse and increasing treatment engagement, retention, and completion in the homeless populations of high-income countries: An equity-focused systematic review and narrative synthesis. Int J Drug Policy 2021; 100:103524. [PMID: 34826789 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Rising mortality and disease prevalence in the homeless have been largely attributed to addiction disorders. This review aimed to assess whether Motivational Interviewing (MI) is effective in changing substance misuse behaviours in the homeless, specifically: 1. reducing substance misuse; 2. increasing addiction treatment linkage; and 3. whether MI effectiveness varied according to the different levels of social disadvantage within homeless populations. METHOD Electronic databases and other sources were searched (to July 2021) for relevant randomized trials and comparative studies. Risk of bias in included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. A Narrative Synthesis framework was applied to included studies. Moderator variables subgroup analyses were planned a priori. PROSPERO study protocol registration: CRD42019134312 RESULTS: The searches found 1885 records; after application of inclusion criteria n = 11 studies from 30 articles were included in the review, all from the United States. There was a paucity of research regarding MI effectiveness for substance misuse outcomes in homeless populations, with a focus on short-term rather than long-term impacts. Risk of bias was generally low but was high for detection bias in most studies. MI appeared to be more effective overall amongst adult homeless persons, yielding consistently small effects, and alcohol use behaviours seemed to be more amenable to change as a result of MI/MET (Motivational Enhancement Therapy) interventions than drug use ones. Limited evidence with high risk of bias indicated that social gradient may attenuate MI effectiveness within the young homeless population, with no impact in the most disadvantaged. CONCLUSIONS The review's mixed findings discourage the use of MI as a stand-alone substance use intervention in homeless populations. Although the review findings did not identify MI effectiveness for substance use according to the external level of social disadvantage faced by homeless persons, this should be a focus for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta A Orciari
- Luther Street Medical Centre, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Parvati R Perman-Howe
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, and SPECTRUM Consortium, United Kingdom
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Perman-Howe PR, Davies EL, Foxcroft DR. The effect of alcohol strength on alcohol consumption: findings from a randomised controlled cross-over pilot trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:37. [PMID: 33514445 PMCID: PMC7846989 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-021-00777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reducing the alcohol content of drinks has the potential to reduce alcohol consumption. The aims of this study are to (1) test the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to assess the effect of alcohol strength on alcohol consumption within licensed premises in the United Kingdom (UK), and to (2) provide data to estimate key parameters for a RCT. Methods This study is a double-blind randomised controlled cross-over pilot trial based within four licensed premises in the UK. Participants (n = 36) purchased and consumed ad libitum a 3.5% lager and a 4.8% lager during two separate study sessions. Descriptive statistics reported the efficacy and efficiency of the study processes, and the rates of licensed premises recruitment, and participant recruitment and attrition. Mean and the 95% confidence interval (CI) compared alcohol consumption between conditions. The mean, standard deviation (SD) and CI of UK units of alcohol consumed were used to calculate a sample size for a RCT. Responses to participant questionnaires and duration of participation in study sessions between conditions were analysed. Results Components of the study protocol were effective and efficient. The venue recruitment rate was less than anticipated. The participant recruitment rate was greater than anticipated. The rate of attrition was 23% and varied by less than 1% according to the arm of the trial. There was a reduction of alcohol consumed under the intervention conditions. Estimated mean difference, and 95% CI (UK units): − 3.76 (− 5.01 to − 2.52). The sample size required for a RCT is 53. Participants did not find one lager more pleasant in taste: (on a scale of one to 10) − 0.95 (− 2.11 to 0.21). Participants found the reduced-strength lager less enjoyable: (on a scale of one to 10) − 1.44 (− 2.64 to − 0.24) and they perceived themselves to be less intoxicated after consuming it: (on a scale of one to 10) − 1.00 (− 1.61 to − 0.40). Conclusion A RCT is feasible with minor alterations to the study protocol and scoping work to establish different brands of alcohol that are more alike and more enjoyable than the products used in the pilot trial. Trial registration Registered in the American Economic Association (AEA) Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) Registry as of 16 June 2017. Unique identifying number: AEARCTR-0002266. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40814-021-00777-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvati R Perman-Howe
- King's College London, Addiction Sciences Building, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill Campus, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
| | - Emma L Davies
- Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - David R Foxcroft
- Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Horton M, Perman-Howe PR, Angus C, Bishop J, Bogdanovica I, Brennan A, Britton J, Brose LS, Brown J, Collin J, Dockrell M, Fitzgerald N, Friel S, Gillespie D, Gilmore AB, Hill SE, Knai C, Langley T, Martin S, McNeill A, Moore G, Munafò MR, Murray RL, Opazo Breton M, Pearce J, Petticrew M, Reid G, Robson D, Rutter H, Shahab L, Shortt N, Smith K, Syrett K, Bauld L. The SPECTRUM Consortium: a new UK Prevention Research Partnership consortium focussed on the commercial determinants of health, the prevention of non-communicable diseases, and the reduction of health inequalities. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:6. [PMID: 33693062 PMCID: PMC7931256 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16318.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The main causes of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), health inequalities and health inequity include consumption of unhealthy commodities such as tobacco, alcohol and/or foods high in fat, salt and/or sugar. These exposures are preventable, but the commodities involved are highly profitable. The economic interests of 'Unhealthy Commodity Producers' (UCPs) often conflict with health goals but their role in determining health has received insufficient attention. In order to address this gap, a new research consortium has been established. This open letter introduces the SPECTRUM ( S haping Public h Ealth poli Cies To Reduce ineq Ualities and har M)Consortium: a multi-disciplinary group comprising researchers from 10 United Kingdom (UK) universities and overseas, and partner organisations including three national public health agencies in Great Britain (GB), five multi-agency alliances and two companies providing data and analytic support. Through eight integrated work packages, the Consortium seeks to provide an understanding of the nature of the complex systems underlying the consumption of unhealthy commodities, the role of UCPs in shaping these systems and influencing health and policy, the role of systems-level interventions, and the effectiveness of existing and emerging policies. Co-production is central to the Consortium's approach to advance research and achieve meaningful impact and we will involve the public in the design and delivery of our research. We will also establish and sustain mutually beneficial relationships with policy makers, alongside our partners, to increase the visibility, credibility and impact of our evidence. The Consortium's ultimate aim is to achieve meaningful health benefits for the UK population by reducing harm and inequalities from the consumption of unhealthy commodities over the next five years and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Horton
- Population Health Analysis, Health Intelligence, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Parvati R. Perman-Howe
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Colin Angus
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie Bishop
- Health Improvement Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ilze Bogdanovica
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alan Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Britton
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Leonie S. Brose
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jeff Collin
- Global Health Policy Unit, Social Policy, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Dockrell
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Niamh Fitzgerald
- Institute for Social Marketing & Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Sharon Friel
- Centre for Health Governance, School of Regulation and Global Governance, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Duncan Gillespie
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Anna B. Gilmore
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sarah E. Hill
- Global Health Policy Unit, Social Policy, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cecile Knai
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tessa Langley
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sancha Martin
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Graham Moore
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological Science and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rachael L. Murray
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Jamie Pearce
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society & Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Petticrew
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Garth Reid
- Public Health Science Directorate, Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Deborah Robson
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Niamh Shortt
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society & Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katherine Smith
- School of Social Work & Social Policy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Keith Syrett
- Centre for Health, Law, and Society, School of Law, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Perman-Howe PR, Davies EL, Foxcroft DR. The effect of alcohol strength on alcohol consumption: a randomised controlled cross-over pilot trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2018; 4:138. [PMID: 30123528 PMCID: PMC6090776 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-018-0328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective interventions are required to reduce alcohol consumption and its associated harms at the population level. Reducing the alcohol content of beverages has the potential to reduce alcohol consumption through non-conscious processes. Before implementing a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to assess the effect of alcohol strength on alcohol consumption, its feasibility needs to be established. This study aims to pilot a RCT and obtain data to estimate key parameters required when designing a RCT. These key parameters include the direction and size of the intervention effect, the efficacy and efficiency of the study processes and the rates of licenced premises recruitment, participant recruitment and attrition. METHODS A double-blind randomised controlled cross-over pilot trial comparing the number of units of reduced strength lager consumed and the number of units of regular strength lager consumed in a single drinking occasion within licenced premises in the UK.Descriptive statistics will report the efficacy and efficiency of the study processes and the rates of licenced premises recruitment, participant recruitment and attrition. Mean and 95% confidence intervals will be used to compare the consumption of alcohol and the duration of participation in study sessions, between the intervention arm and the control arm. The mean and standard deviation of UK units of alcohol consumed will be used to calculate a sample size for a definitive RCT. DISCUSSION This is the first naturalistic experimental study to assess the effect of alcohol strength on alcohol consumption in a single drinking occasion within licenced premises. Results from this pilot study will establish the feasibility of, and inform key data parameters for, a larger scale study. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered in the American Economic Association (AEA) Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) Registry as of 16 June 2017. The unique identifying number is AEARCTR-0002266.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma L. Davies
- Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP UK
| | - David R. Foxcroft
- Oxford Brookes University, Marston Campus, Jack Straw’s Lane, Oxford, OX3 0FL UK
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Perman-Howe PR, Davies EL, Foxcroft DR. The Classification and Organisation of Alcohol Misuse Prevention with a Focus on Environmental Prevention. Curr Addict Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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