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Chóez-Guaranda I, Maridueña-Zavala M, Quevedo A, Quijano-Avilés M, Manzano P, Cevallos-Cevallos JM. Changes in GC-MS metabolite profile, antioxidant capacity and anthocyanins content during fermentation of fine-flavor cacao beans from Ecuador. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298909. [PMID: 38427658 PMCID: PMC10906890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The fermentation of fine-flavor cacao beans is a key process contributing to the enhancement of organoleptic attributes and monetary benefits for cacao farmers. This work aimed to describe the dynamics of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolite profile as well as the antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin contents during fermentation of fine-flavor cacao beans. Samples of Nacional x Trinitario cacao beans were obtained after 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours of spontaneous fermentation. Total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total anthocyanin content were measured by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. Volatiles were adsorbed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) while other metabolites were assessed by an extraction-derivatization method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection and identification. Thirty-two aroma-active compounds were identified in the samples, including 17 fruity, and 9 floral-like volatiles as well as metabolites with caramel, chocolate, ethereal, nutty, sweet, and woody notes. Principal components analysis and Heatmap-cluster analysis of volatile metabolites grouped samples according to the fermentation time. Additionally, the total anthocyanin content declined during fermentation, and FRAP-TPC values showed a partial correlation. These results highlight the importance of fermentation for the improvement of the fine-flavor characteristics of cacao beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chóez-Guaranda
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Maridueña-Zavala
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Adela Quevedo
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Quijano-Avilés
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Juan M. Cevallos-Cevallos
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Chóez-Guaranda I, Espinoza-Lozano F, Reyes-Araujo D, Romero C, Manzano P, Galarza L, Sosa D. Chemical Characterization of Trichoderma spp. Extracts with Antifungal Activity against Cocoa Pathogens. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073208. [PMID: 37049971 PMCID: PMC10095870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecuador is one of the major cocoa producers worldwide, but its productivity has lately been affected by diseases. Endophytic biocontrol agents have been used to minimize pathogenic effects; however, compounds produced by endophytes are minimally understood. This work presents the chemical characterization of the Trichoderma species extracts that proved inhibition against cocoa pathogens. Solid-liquid extraction was performed as a partitioning method using medium with the fungal mycelia of Trichoderma reesei (C2A), Trichoderma sp. (C3A), Trichoderma harzianum (C4A), and Trichoderma spirale (C10) in ethyl acetate individually. The extract of T. spirale (C10) exhibited the growth inhibition (32.97-47.02%) of Moniliophthora perniciosa at 10 µg/mL, while a slight stimulation of Moniliophthora roreri was shown by the extracts of T. reesei (C2A) and T. harzianum (C4A) at higher concentrations. The inhibitory activity could be related to alkaloids, lactones, quinones, flavonoids, triterpenes, and sterols, as indicated by chemical screening and antifungal compounds, such as widdrol, β-caryophyllene, tyrosol, butyl isobutyrate, sorbic acid, palmitic acid, palmitelaidic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, which were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the extracts, particularly T. spirale (C10), have the potential as biocontrol agents against witches' broom disease; however, further studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chóez-Guaranda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Espinoza-Lozano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
| | - Dennys Reyes-Araujo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Ecuador
| | - Christian Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
| | - Luis Galarza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
| | - Daynet Sosa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil P.O. Box 091050, Ecuador
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Valdez N A, Choez I, Van Der Hende S, Ruìz O, Manzano P. Condiciones óptimas de extracción de compuestos antioxidante del alga roja Acanthophora spicifera. RB 2023. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
La Acanthophora spicifera un alga roja de fácil adaptación a diferentes condiciones ambientales, por su capacidad de regenerarse por fragmentación, convirtiéndola en una especie invasora en áreas tropicales y subtropicales. Además, es conocida por sus componentes bioactivos (antioxidantes, fitohormonas, fitopigmentos). En este estudio se plantea determinar las condiciones óptimas de extracción de compuestos antioxidantes de la macroalga que crece en la zona intermareal de la playa de San Pedro de la provincia de Santa Elena, en dos procesos de secado (horno y liofilización) y extracción etanólica (digestión y ultrasonido) a diferentes concentraciones de etanol (50% y 70%) en rangos de tiempo y temperatura para su posterior determinación de actividad antioxidante por los métodos DPPH, ABTS, fenoles, flavonoides y auxinas totales en microplacas. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza (ANOVA) usando el software estadístico R.4.2.0 e InfoStat, observan que los mejores resultados se dieron por digestión con una concentración de etanol al 50% y se obtuvieron valores para: la actividad captadora de radicales DPPH 3.65±0.011 µmol ET/g ps, mayor actividad inhibidora del radical catiónico ABTS 14.06±0.03 µmol ET/g ps, para flavonoides 1278.58±2.94 µg EQ/g ps, para fenoles 900±0.129 µg GEA/g ps. Las condiciones óptimas para la extracción etanolica de la macroalga A. spicifera., fueron 47 °C y 47 minutos para la actividad captadora de radicales DPPH y 47 °C y 39 minutos para la actividad inhibidora del radical catiónico ABTS, 45 °C y 37 minutos para Fenoles totales y 43 °C y 38 minutos para Flavonoides totales.
Palabras clave: actividad antioxidante, Acanthophora spicifera, optimización
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Valdez N
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Iván Choez
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Sofie Van Der Hende
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas (CENAIM), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Omar Ruìz
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas (FCNM), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Espinoza-Vasquez AP, Galatro D, Manzano P, Choez-Guaranda I, Cevallos JM, Salas SD, Gonzalez Y. Tray dryer design under feed uncertainty: A case study on a nutraceutical beverage. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Paladines‐Santacruz GL, Orellana‐Manzano A, Manzano P, Zaruma‐Torres F, Ortíz‐Ulloa J, Cárdenas W, Torres‐Arias M, Seqqat R, Vanden Berghe W. Hepatoprotective effect of a Novel Functional Drink based on Ecuadorian Plant Species. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.0r543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geovanna L. Paladines‐Santacruz
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Ciencias de la vida (FCV)ESPOL Polytechnic University, Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Ciencias de la vida (FCV)Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863, Guayaquil, EcuadorGuayaquil
| | - Andrea Orellana‐Manzano
- Laboratory for biomedical researchESPOL Polytechnic University, Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Ciencias de la vida (FCV)Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863, Guayaquil, EcuadorGuayaquil
- Escuela de Odontología, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Laboratory for Biomedical ResearchFacultad de Ciencias de la vida (FCV)Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863, Guayaquil, EcuadorGuayaquil
| | - Patricia Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del EcuadorESPOL Polytechnic University, Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Ciencias de la vida (FCV)Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863, Guayaquil, EcuadorGuayaquil
| | - Fausto Zaruma‐Torres
- Laboratorio de Proteínas y FarmacologíaUniversidad de Cuenca, Laboratorio de Proteínas y FarmacologíaCuenca
| | - Johana Ortíz‐Ulloa
- Departamento de BiocienciasUniversidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Biociencias. Grupo “Alimentación, Nutrición y Salud”Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasCuenca
| | - Washington Cárdenas
- ESPOL Polytechnic UniversityLaboratory for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Ciencias de la vida (FCV)Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09‐01‐5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Ciencias de la vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 vía PerimetralGuayaquil
| | - Marbel Torres‐Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Ingeniera en Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y VirologíaUniversidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Ingeniera en Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, Av. Gral. RumiñahuiSangolquí
| | - Rachid Seqqat
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Ingeniera en Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y VirologíaUniversidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Ingeniera en Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, Av. Gral. RumiñahuiSangolquí
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Manzano P, Chóez-Guaranda I, Viteri R, Barragán-Lucas A, Quijano-Avilés M, Sánchez C, Orellana-Manzano A, Cardador-Martínez A. Anti-inflammatory potential of processing Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. leaves aqueous extract. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4461-4465. [PMID: 34583605 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1984464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Folk medicine uses decoctions of Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. leaves for healing wounds, and moderate pains. In this study, anti-inflammatory activity of decocted aqueous extract and its fractions is discussed. The fractions were obtained by liquid-liquid extraction in a separating funnel with solvents of increasing polarity: hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. Antioxidant capacity, COX1, and COX2 cyclooxygenase inhibitory activities of aqueous extract (A1), aqueous (A2), and ethyl acetate (A3) fractions were assessed. A3 revealed the highest flavonoid content, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity. Nevertheless, no significance differences were observed between IC50 values of A1 and A2, and A1 showed anti-inflammatory activity with potential selectivity against COX2 enzyme, but intermediate COX1 inhibition. Further experiments are required to complement the remarkable anti-inflammatory effect of assessed aqueous extract. These results support the medicinal use of this plant species and indicate that A1 can be used as raw material for prospective nutraceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ivan Chóez-Guaranda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Viteri
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ana Barragán-Lucas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Quijano-Avilés
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Orellana-Manzano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Escuela de Odontología, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
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Pilay Bajaña J, Ramírez Carguacundo E, Vizcaino Tumbaco MJ, Silva-Ochoa D, Di Grumo D, Dorado-Sanchez L, Orellana-Manzano S, Manzano P, Orellana-Manzano A. Relationship of SARS-CoV-2 and chronic diseases of nutritional origin. RB 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of the virus has claimed multiple lives, especially in vulnerable groups. Therefore, an investigation was carried out to present a viable solution for health personnel using the “JES” algorithm. The present study used the research to determine the possible complications presented by the sick individual, providing a viable and accessible healthcare personnel solution through the proposed “JES” algorithm. A non-experimental, descriptive, correlational, and explanatory research is presented. According to pathologies of interest, the articles were taken virtually from scientific journals present in Google Scholar and PubMed. The excluded publications were: articles that do not detail the established protocol for detecting SARS-CoV-2, studies that do not present a significant number of people with Covid-19 disease, articles that the person has the covid-19 disease but no underlying diseases of nutritional origin. It focused on the vulnerable or higher risk population group, including scientific information from children (over five years old), adults (over 18 years old), and older adults (over 65 years old) found in countries of the Asian and American continents. The R program analyzed the scientific articles using the ggplot2 package with a pie and bar diagram.
A higher prevalence in men than women (56% vs. 44%) stood out. Likewise, arterial hypertension was presented in the first place with 40.82%, followed by diabetes with 30.61%, obesity with 12.24%, overweight and dyslipidemia with 6.12%, malnutrition with 4.08%. There was a higher prevalence of stable individuals (29%) within the health facility than those admitted to the ICU (20%). Adults with 69.39%, followed by older adults with 16.33%, and mixed ages with 14.29%. Comorbidities stand out as risk factors in people infected with SARS-CoV-2, regardless of age. A more significant contagion was observed in the male versus female population; since men do not develop a rapid immune response and have a high content of cytokines that at the time of infection are released more quickly and can cause more significant damage
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pilay Bajaña
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Evelyn Ramírez Carguacundo
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María José Vizcaino Tumbaco
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Silva-Ochoa
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, EcuadorESPOL Polytechnic University, Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Patricia Manzano
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Orellana-Manzano
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador. ESPOL Polytechnic University, Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Escuela de Odontología, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Ecuador
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Paladines‐Santacruz G, Orellana Manzano A, Pilozo G, Iñiga E, Zaruma‐Torres F, Sarmiento G, Manzano P, Ortíz‐Ulloa J, Quijano‐Avilés M, Villacrés MDC, Vanden Berghe W. Acute Oral Toxicity of a Novel Functional Drink base on Ecuadorian Plant Species. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.04193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Paladines-Santacruz G, Orellana-Manzano A, Sarmiento G, Pilozo G, Iñiga E, Zaruma-Torres F, Ortíz-Ulloa J, Quijano-Avilés M, Di Grumo D, Orellana-Manzano S, Villacrés MDC, Manzano P, Vanden Berghe W. Acute oral toxicity of a novel functional drink based on Ilex guayusa, Vernonanthura patens, and cocoa husk. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:747-752. [PMID: 33854951 PMCID: PMC8027533 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel functional drink with nutraceutical properties was formulated from the aqueous extracts of Ilex guayusa, and Vernonanthura patens leaves, and cocoa husks. This juice contains various bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds and methylxanthines, with antioxidant and stimulant properties of pharmacological interest. However, it is known whether herbal extracts' interaction may have adverse toxic effects on human health. To evaluate this functional drink's innocuity, we estimated the acute oral toxicity (AOT) in experimental mice. This paper presents the AOT evaluation of two formulations of a functional drink (pre-formulation and microencapsulation) at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of body weight (b.w.). No signs of adverse toxicity and mortality were observed after a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. Likewise, no significant body and organ weight changes, food and water consumption behavior, and no histopathological changes were observed in the main organs evaluated. In conclusion, this functional drink can be categorized as low toxicity " according to the Globally Harmonized Classification System (GHS), making it a potential beverage with high nutritional and pharmacological value.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, One-way analysis of variance
- AOT, Acute oral toxicity
- Acute oral toxicity
- Cocoa husk
- Functional drink
- GHS, Globally Harmonized Classification System
- INSPI, National Institute of Public Health Research of Ecuador
- Ilex guayusa
- LD50Median, lethal dose
- MCCH, Maquita Cushunchic Fundation
- Mice
- OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- ROW, Relative organ weight
- SD, Standard deviation
- Vernonanthura patens
- b.w., body weight
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanna Paladines-Santacruz
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Laboratorio para investigaciones biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Orellana-Manzano
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Laboratorio para investigaciones biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,School of Dentistry, University of Specialties Espiritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Glenda Sarmiento
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, Cdla. Universitaria "Salvador Allende", Malecón del Salado entre Av. Delta y Av. Kennedy, 090514, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Glenda Pilozo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, Cdla. Universitaria "Salvador Allende", Malecón del Salado entre Av. Delta y Av. Kennedy, 090514, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Elsy Iñiga
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, Cdla. Universitaria "Salvador Allende", Malecón del Salado entre Av. Delta y Av. Kennedy, 090514, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Fausto Zaruma-Torres
- Laboratorio de Proteínas y Farmacología, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de abril y Av. Loja, 010203, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Johana Ortíz-Ulloa
- Departamento de Biociencias. Grupo "Alimentación, Nutrición y Salud", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de abril y Av. Loja, 010203, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - María Quijano-Avilés
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Davide Di Grumo
- School of Dentistry, University of Specialties Espiritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | | | - María Del Carmen Villacrés
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, Cdla. Universitaria "Salvador Allende", Malecón del Salado entre Av. Delta y Av. Kennedy, 090514, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- University of Antwerp, PPES, Epigenetic Signaling Lab, Faculty Biomedical Sciences, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Heredia S, Costa D, Choez I, Barragan A, Quijano MF, Cárdenas W, Manzano P, Reyes C, Sosa del Castillo D, Alvarez-Barreto JF. Porous Sponges from the Mesocarp of Theobroma Cacao L. Pod Shells for Potential Biomaterial Applications. RB 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.01.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials have garnered significant attention in recent years to generate biomaterials, but nothing has been investigated with cacao residues of significant importance in Ecuador. This study's objective was to generate porous, three-dimensional sponges from cacao pod shell mesocarp with potential use in biomaterial application. Discs from the mesocarp of cacao pod shells were subjected to neutral, acid, and alkaline treatments, at 25oC and 100oC, followed by washing and lyophilization. Sponge composition was evaluated, with the alkaline treatment resulting in the highest cellulose content and the lowest percentage of lignin, with the removal of hemicellulose corroborated by FITR. The sponges presented high water absorption capacities, which increased with the treatment temperature; mainly, the alkaline generated structures had the largest capacity. The sponges' porosity also depended on the treatment, with the acid and alkaline treatments generating larger pores, which significantly grew with treatment temperature. Preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity tests were carried out using Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells, according to ISO 10993.5.2009, with none of the materials being cytotoxic; however, those with greater lignin contents resulted in lower cell viability. In general, it is considered that the alkaline generated sponges presented the more significant potential for biomaterial applications, which could be further tested with In vitro cell proliferation and differentiation studies and possible in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heredia
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, ESPOL. Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, CIBE. Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Diego Costa
- Laboratorio para Investigaciones Biomédicas, FCV, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral. Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Iván Choez
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, ESPOL. Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, CIBE. Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ana Barragan
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, ESPOL. Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, CIBE. Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María F. Quijano
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, ESPOL. Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, CIBE. Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Washington Cárdenas
- Laboratorio para Investigaciones Biomédicas, FCV, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral. Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, ESPOL. Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, CIBE. Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Carol Reyes
- Biomaterials Laboratory. Institute for the Development of Alternative Energies and Materials, IDEMA. Department of Chemical Engineering. College of Sciences and Engineering. Universidad San Francisco de Quito. Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daynet Sosa del Castillo
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, ESPOL. Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, CIBE. Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jose F. Alvarez-Barreto
- Biomaterials Laboratory. Institute for the Development of Alternative Energies and Materials, IDEMA. Department of Chemical Engineering. College of Sciences and Engineering. Universidad San Francisco de Quito. Quito, Ecuador
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11
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Chóez-Guaranda I, Viteri-Espinoza R, Barragán-Lucas A, Quijano-Avilés M, Manzano P. Effect of solvent-solvent partition on antioxidant activity and GC-MS profile of Ilex guayusa Loes. leaves extract and fractions. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:1570-1574. [PMID: 33538193 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1882455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes.) leaves as functional food has increase recently. This work discusses the antioxidant activity and volatile compounds of guayusa leaves extract and fractions. The methanol crude extract was obtained by maceration, subsequently hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions were collected by solvent-solvent partition. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonol/flavone content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were measured by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The results revealed that ethyl acetate fraction showed highest inhibition against DPPH radical (93.86 ± 0.95%) at 500 µg/mL, and reduce the ferric-tripyridyltriazine complex (Fe3+-TPTZ) at 1619.81 mg trolox equivalent (TE)/g, followed by aqueous fraction. This bioactivity could be related to phenolic acids, flavones and flavonols content, as well as the caffeine, dodecanoic acid isopropyl ester, caffeic acid, and malic acid identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These findings support the antioxidant properties of this plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chóez-Guaranda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Viteri-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ana Barragán-Lucas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Maria Quijano-Avilés
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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12
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Chóez-Guaranda I, García J, Sánchez C, Pesantes C, Flores J, Manzano P. Identification of lupeol produced by Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. leaf callus culture. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:503-507. [PMID: 31282206 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1636239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The lupeol detection in callus of Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. leaves is discussed. Leaf segments previously treated with sodium hypochlorite, ethanol, and distilled water were placed in MS basal medium (Murashige and Skoog) for 7 days. Next, callus induction were done in two complemented MS medium for 6 weeks. Then, callus propagation were performed in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5 mg/L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 50 days. Fresh callus were extracted every 10 days in an ultrasonic bath using ethyl acetate (1.0 g/10 mL). The identification was carried out by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) using selected ion monitoring (SIM) acquisition mode with characteristic ions of lupeol. The results obtained indicate the occurrence of lupeol in callus extract after twenty days of proliferation. These findings could be use in subsequent scale-up studies for biomass production containing this active compound in order to replace conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chóez-Guaranda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - José García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Pesantes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, UG, Cdla. Universitaria Salvador Allende, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - José Flores
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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13
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Chóez-Guaranda I, Ruíz-Barzola O, Ruales J, Manzano P. Antioxidant activity optimization and GC-MS profile of aqueous extracts of Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. leaves. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:2505-2509. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1539978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chóez-Guaranda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Omar Ruíz-Barzola
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jenny Ruales
- Departamento de Ciencias de los Alimentos y Biotecnología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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14
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Llivisaca S, Manzano P, Ruales J, Flores J, Mendoza J, Peralta E, Cevallos‐Cevallos JM. Chemical, antimicrobial, and molecular characterization of mortiño ( Vaccinium floribundum Kunth) fruits and leaves. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:934-942. [PMID: 29983956 PMCID: PMC6021730 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruits and leaves of Vaccinium spp. are known for their high content of bioactive compounds, but the chemical and biological characteristics of mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth) have not been fully described. In this study, the levels of polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins, antimicrobial activity, and genetic variability were determined in mortiño plants. The Folin-Ciocalteu's, ABTS scavenging, pH differential, and well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the levels of polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins, and antimicrobial activity, respectively. The genetic variability was evaluated by sequencing of the matK and rbcl DNA regions. Polyphenol content was up to 229.81 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g, the average antioxidant capacity was 11.01 mmol Trolox equivalents/100 g, and anthocyanin content was up to 1,095.39 mg/100 g. Mortiño extracts significantly inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacteria including Burkholderia gladioli, Burkholderia cepacia, Salmonella Typhimurium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio vulnificus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomona aeruginosa, as well as Gram-positive bacteria such as Probionibacterium propionicum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis showing greater inhibition halos than those produced by the antibiotic ampicillin. A polymorphic nucleotide was found in position 739 of the matK region. This study shows the potential of mortiño for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Llivisaca
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE)Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE)Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
- Facultad Ciencias de la Vida (FCV)Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
| | - Jenny Ruales
- Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos y Biotecnología (DECAB)Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN)QuitoEcuador
| | - José Flores
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE)Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
- Facultad Ciencias de la Vida (FCV)Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
| | - Joffre Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE)Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
| | - Esther Peralta
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE)Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
| | - Juan M. Cevallos‐Cevallos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE)Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
- Facultad Ciencias de la Vida (FCV)Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)GuayaquilEcuador
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15
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Quijano-Avilés M, Gavica W, Barragán A, Manzano P. Determination of gibberellic acid in a commercial seaweed extract by capillary electrophoresis. Sci agropec 2018. [DOI: 10.17268/sci.agropecu.2018.01.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
A female patient with delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-M antibody is described. Diagnosis was based on laboratory evidence of haemolysis and on characteristic serological findings. Anti-M was detected in the recipient's serum 7 d after the last transfusion episode. This alloantibody had not been present in the pretransfusion serum. In addition, the direct antiglobulin test was positive on post-transfusion testing and the implicated antibody was eluted from post-transfused red cells. Delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions have long been recognized as a potential hazard of transfusion therapy, but such cases due to anti-M are extremely rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sancho
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias y Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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17
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Rojas-Hidalgo E, Manzano P, Sastre A. [Therapy of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Considerations on 46 cases]. Rev Clin Esp 1976; 142:183-92. [PMID: 968108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Rojas-Hidalgo E, Estrada J, Manzano P, Ruíz de Andrés S, García-Alix C, Paz G, Gômez A, Sastre A. [Diabetic retinopathy and peripheral vascular diseases. Comparative study to 103 diabetics using ophthalmoscopy and plethysmo-rheographic technics]. Rev Clin Esp 1975; 136:57-61. [PMID: 1144834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Rojas Hidalgo E, Manzano P, Sastre A. [Senile diabetes. Physiopathological, clinical and therapeutic considerations on 52 cases]. Rev Clin Esp 1974; 133:1-10. [PMID: 4840246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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