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Celis P, Farinelli G, Hidalgo-Simon A, Meij P, Tihaya M, Schüssler-Lenz M, Timón M. EMA commentary on the guideline on quality, nonclinical and clinical aspects of medicinal products containing genetically modified cells. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:1203-1212. [PMID: 38565322 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Great advances have been made in the knowledge of development and regulatory approval of medicinal product containing genetically modified cells. Although a guideline has been available in the EU since 2012, the current updated version provides a useful guide to developers and professionals involved in the regulatory process of these medicines. This article presents the main issues communicated in that guidance, the regulators' insights and a commentary from the academic developers' point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Celis
- European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ana Hidalgo-Simon
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Meij
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Tihaya
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcos Timón
- Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Schuessler-Lenz M, Herberts C, Reischl I, Ruiz S, Celis P, Beuneu C, Kjeken R, Timón M. Marketing Regulatory Oversight of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in Europe. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1430:1-21. [PMID: 37526839 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-34567-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) in the European Union (EU) are regulated by Regulation 1394/2007 and comprise gene and cell therapy and tissue-engineered products. Under this framework, ATMP are authorised by the centralised procedure, coordinated by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), whereas clinical trial authorisations remain at the remit of each National Competent Authority. The Committee for Advanced Therapies is responsible for the scientific evaluation of the marketing authorisation applications and for generating a draft opinion that goes to the Committee for Human Medicinal Products for a final opinion. For every application, data and information relating to manufacturing processes and quality control of the active substance and final product have to be submitted for assessment together with data from non-clinical and clinical safety and efficacy studies. Technical requirements for ATMP are defined in the legislation, and guidance for different products is available through several EMA/CAT guidelines.Due to the diverse and complex nature of ATMP, a need for some regulatory flexibility was recognised. Thus, a risk-based approach was introduced in Regulation 1394/2007 allowing adapted regulatory requirements. This has led, for instance, to the development of good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines specific for ATMP. This, together with enhanced regulatory support, has allowed an increasing number of successful marketing authorisation applications resulting in 25 licensed ATMP in the EU, mainly gene therapy medicinal products. The promise of messenger RNA and genome editing technologies as therapeutic tools make the future for these innovative medicinal products look even brighter.This chapter reviews the regulatory landscape together with some of the support initiatives developed for ATMP in the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schuessler-Lenz
- Division Haematology/Cell and Gene Therapies, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Carla Herberts
- Division Europe, Medicines Evaluation Board, RG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilona Reischl
- Division Clinical Trials, Institute Surveillance, Austrian Medicines and Medical Devices Agency (AGES MEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sol Ruiz
- Division Biological Products, Advanced Therapies and Biotechnology, Spanish Medicines Agency, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Celis
- Advanced Therapies Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Claire Beuneu
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Marcos Timón
- Division Biological Products, Advanced Therapies and Biotechnology, Spanish Medicines Agency, Madrid, Spain.
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Farkas AM, Mariz S, Stoyanova-Beninska V, Celis P, Vamvakas S, Larsson K, Sepodes B. Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products for Rare Diseases: State of Play of Incentives Supporting Development in Europe. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:53. [PMID: 28560211 PMCID: PMC5432638 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2008, the European Union introduced the Advanced Medicines Regulation aiming to improve regulation of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs). We applied the ATMPs classification definitions in this Regulation to understand the link of this emerging group of medicinal products and the use of the Orphan Regulation. A total of 185 products that can be classified as ATMPs based on this Regulation have been submitted for orphan designation. Prior to its introduction in 2008, 4.5% of the products submitted for orphan designation met these criteria. This percentage went up to 15% after 2008. We analyzed several parameters associated with active ATMP ODDs focusing on sponsor type and EU-Member State origin, therapeutic area targeted, and ATMP classification [i.e., somatic cell therapy medicinal product, tissue-engineered product (TEP), or gene therapy medicinal product (GTMP)] and the use of regulatory services linked to incentives such as the use of protocol assistance (PA) and other Committees [Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT) and the Pediatric Committee]. The aim here was to gain insight on the use of different services. The UK submits the largest number of ATMPs for ODD representing ~30% of the total to date. Few submissions have been received from central and Eastern European Member States as well as some of the larger Member States such as Germany (3.6%). ATMPs ODDs were primarily GTMPs (48.7%) and SCTMPs (43.3%). TEPs only represented 8% of all submissions for this medicinal class. This is different from non-ODDs ATMPs where GTMPs make only 20% of ATMPs. A total of 11.7% of ATMP ODDs had received formal CAT classification. A total of 29.8% of all orphan drug (OD) ATMPs requested PA. A total of 71.8% did not have an agreed pediatric investigation plan (PIP). Four products (Glybera one PA; Zalmoxis two; Holoclar one; Strimvelis three) have received a marketing authorization (MAA) and a 10-year market exclusivity. Strimvelis also completed their PIP, which was compliant and received the additional 2-year extension to their 10-year market exclusivity. One OD ATMP (Cerepro) received a negative opinion for MAA. The use of services linked to incentives offered by different legislations for ATMP ODDs is low, indicating a need for increasing awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Farkas
- Human Medicines Research and Development Support Division, Product Development Scientific Support Department, European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - Segundo Mariz
- Human Medicines Research and Development Support Division, Product Development Scientific Support Department, European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - Violeta Stoyanova-Beninska
- College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - Patrick Celis
- Human Medicines Research and Development Support Division, Product Development Scientific Support Department, European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - Spiros Vamvakas
- Human Medicines Research and Development Support Division, Product Development Scientific Support Department, European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - Kristina Larsson
- Human Medicines Research and Development Support Division, Product Development Scientific Support Department, European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - Bruno Sepodes
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, London, UK.,Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Farmácia, Lisboa, Portugal
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Boráň T, Menezes-Ferreira M, Reischl I, Celis P, Ferry N, Gänsbacher B, Krafft H, Lipucci di Paola M, Sladowski D, Salmikangas P. Clinical Development and Commercialization of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in the European Union: How Are the Product Pipeline and Regulatory Framework Evolving? HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2017; 28:126-135. [PMID: 28510497 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2016.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The research and development of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) has been active in Europe and worldwide during recent years. Yet, the number of licensed products remains low. The main expected legal change in the near future in the European Union (EU) concerns the regulation on clinical trials (536/2014), which will come into force in 2018. With this new framework, a more harmonized and swift process for approval of clinical trials is anticipated, which is expected to support the entry of new innovations into the EU market. A survey on ATMPs in clinical trials during 2010-2015 in the EU was conducted in order to study the trends of ATMP development since the earlier survey published in 2012. According to the results, the number of clinical trials using ATMPs is slowly increasing in the EU. Yet, the focus is still in early development, and the projects are mainly carried out by small and medium-sized enterprises, academia, and hospitals. Oncology is the main area of clinical development. Yet, the balance between cell-based products and gene therapy medicinal products in this area may be changing in the future due to the new T-cell technologies. Many limitations and challenges are identified for ATMP development, requiring proportionate regulatory requirements. On the other hand, for such a novel field, the developers should be active in considering possible constraints and actively engage with authorities to look for solutions. This article provides up to-date information on forthcoming regulatory improvements and discusses the main challenges hampering the commercialization of ATMPs in the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Boráň
- 1 Státní üstav pro kontrolu léčiv, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ilona Reischl
- 3 Austrian Medicines and Medical Devices Agency (AGES MEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Celis
- 4 European Medicines Agency (EMA), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bernd Gänsbacher
- 6 Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapeutics, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Dariusz Sladowski
- 9 Medical University of Warsaw , Department of Transplantology and Central Tissue Bank, Warsaw, Poland
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Schüssler-Lenz M, Beuneu C, Menezes-Ferreira M, Jekerle V, Bartunek J, Chamuleau S, Celis P, Doevendans P, O'Donovan M, Hill J, Hystad M, Jovinge S, Kyselovič J, Lipnik-Stangelj M, Maciulaitis R, Prasad K, Samuel A, Tenhunen O, Tonn T, Rosano G, Zeiher A, Salmikangas P. Cell-based therapies for cardiac repair: a meeting report on scientific observations and European regulatory viewpoints. Eur J Heart Fail 2015; 18:133-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schüssler-Lenz
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines; Langen Germany
| | - Claire Beuneu
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products; Brussels Belgium
| | - Margarida Menezes-Ferreira
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- Infarmed-National Authority of Medicines and Health Products; Lisbon Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Celis
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- European Medicines Agency (EMA); London UK
| | - Pieter Doevendans
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- European Society of Cardiology and University Medical Center Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Maura O'Donovan
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- Health Products Regulatory Authority; Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Marit Hystad
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- Norwegian Medicines Agency; Oslo Norway
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- The DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program; Grand Rapids MI USA
| | - Ján Kyselovič
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Comenius University; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Metoda Lipnik-Stangelj
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Medicine; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Romaldas Maciulaitis
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, and State Medicines Control Agency; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Krishna Prasad
- MHRA; London UK
- Cardiovascular Working Party; European Medicines Agency (EMA)
| | - Anthony Samuel
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- Mater Dei Hospital; Malta
| | - Olli Tenhunen
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- Finnish Medicines Agency (Fimea); Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Cardiovascular Working Party; European Medicines Agency (EMA)
- St George's University of London; IRCCS San Raffaele Roma
| | | | - Paula Salmikangas
- Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT); European Medicines Agency (EMA); Langen Germany
- Finnish Medicines Agency (Fimea); Helsinki Finland
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Celis P, Ferry N, Hystad M, Schüßler-Lenz M, Doevendans PA, Flory E, Beuneu C, Reischl I, Salmikangas P. Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products: How to Bring Cell-Based Medicinal Products Successfully to the Market - Report from the CAT-DGTI-GSCN Workshop at the DGTI Annual Meeting 2014. Transfus Med Hemother 2015. [PMID: 26195933 DOI: 10.1159/000382107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On September 11, 2014, a workshop entitled 'Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products: How to Bring Cell-Based Medicinal Product Successfully to the Market' was held at the 47th annual meeting of the German Society for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology (DGTI), co-organised by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the DGTI in collaboration with the German Stem Cell Network (GSCN). The workshop brought together over 160 participants from academia, hospitals, small- or medium-sized enterprise developers and regulators. At the workshop, speakers from EMA, the Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT), industry and academia addressed the regulatory aspects of development and authorisation of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), classification of ATMPs and considerations on cell-based therapies for cardiac repair. The open forum discussion session allowed for a direct interaction between ATMP developers and the speakers from EMA and CAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Celis
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, London, UK ; European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Ferry
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, London, UK ; Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM), Paris, France
| | - Marit Hystad
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, London, UK ; Norwegian Medicines Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martina Schüßler-Lenz
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, London, UK ; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, London, UK ; European Society of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Cardiology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Egbert Flory
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, London, UK ; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Claire Beuneu
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, London, UK ; Agence Fédérale des Médicaments et des Produits de Santé, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilona Reischl
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, London, UK ; BASG/AGES, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paula Salmikangas
- Committee for Advanced Therapies, European Medicines Agency, London, UK ; Finnish Medicines Agency, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Salmikangas P, Menezes-Ferreira M, Reischl I, Tsiftsoglou A, Kyselovic J, Borg JJ, Ruiz S, Flory E, Trouvin JH, Celis P, Ancans J, Timon M, Pante G, Sladowski D, Lipnik-Stangelj M, Schneider CK. Manufacturing, characterization and control of cell-based medicinal products: challenging paradigms toward commercial use. Regen Med 2015; 10:65-78. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, a large number of cell-based medicinal products have been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of various diseases and tissue defects. However, licensed products and those approaching marketing authorization are still few. One major area of challenge is the manufacturing and quality development of these complex products, for which significant manipulation of cells might be required. While the paradigms of quality, safety and efficacy must apply also to these innovative products, their demonstration may be demanding. Demonstration of comparability between production processes and batches may be difficult for cell-based medicinal products. Thus, the development should be built around a well-controlled manufacturing process and a qualified product to guarantee reproducible data from nonclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jan Kyselovic
- • Comenius University, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovakia
| | | | - Sol Ruiz
- • Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, Division of Biologicals & Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Egbert Flory
- • Medical Biotechnology Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | | | - Janis Ancans
- • University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marcos Timon
- • Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, Division of Biologicals & Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Dariusz Sladowski
- • Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Transplantology & Central Tissue Bank, Warsaw, Poland
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Schneider CK, Salmikangas P, Jilma B, Flamion B, Todorova LR, Paphitou A, Haunerova I, Maimets T, Trouvin JH, Flory E, Tsiftsoglou A, Sarkadi B, Gudmundsson K, O'Donovan M, Migliaccio G, Ancāns J, Maciulaitis R, Robert JL, Samuel A, Ovelgönne JH, Hystad M, Fal AM, Lima BS, Moraru AS, Turcáni P, Zorec R, Ruiz S, Akerblom L, Narayanan G, Kent A, Bignami F, Dickson JG, Niederwieser D, Figuerola-Santos MA, Reischl IG, Beuneu C, Georgiev R, Vassiliou M, Pychova A, Clausen M, Methuen T, Lucas S, Schüssler-Lenz M, Kokkas V, Buzás Z, MacAleenan N, Galli MC, Linē A, Gulbinovic J, Berchem G, Fraczek M, Menezes-Ferreira M, Vilceanu N, Hrubisko M, Marinko P, Timón M, Cheng W, Crosbie GA, Meade N, di Paola ML, VandenDriessche T, Ljungman P, D'Apote L, Oliver-Diaz O, Büttel I, Celis P. Challenges with advanced therapy medicinal products and how to meet them. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:195-201. [PMID: 20190786 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), which include gene therapy medicinal products, somatic cell therapy medicinal products and tissue-engineered products, are at the cutting edge of innovation and offer a major hope for various diseases for which there are limited or no therapeutic options. They have therefore been subject to considerable interest and debate. Following the European regulation on ATMPs, a consolidated regulatory framework for these innovative medicines has recently been established. Central to this framework is the Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT) at the European Medicines Agency (EMA), comprising a multidisciplinary scientific expert committee, representing all EU member states and European Free Trade Association countries, as well as patient and medical associations. In this article, the CAT discusses some of the typical issues raised by developers of ATMPs, and highlights the opportunities for such companies and research groups to approach the EMA and the CAT as a regulatory advisor during development.
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Bulmer E, Celis P, Gil D. Parent-absent begging: evidence for sibling honesty and cooperation in the spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor). Behav Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arm134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Celis P, Silvester G. European Regulatory guidance on virus safety of recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies and plasma derived medicinal products. Dev Biol (Basel) 2004; 118:3-10. [PMID: 15645667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
This article gives an overview of the principles of the European Regulatory guidance on virus safety and virus validation for products derived from mammalian cell lines (recombinant DNA products and monoclonal antibodies) and from human blood. It provides an insight of the current views of the European authorities on the virus safety aspects of these different kinds of products. For biotechnology (rDNA and mAb) products, the article elaborates on the experience gained within the centralised procedure and illustrates this by means of a survey of the virus validation studies of all biotechnology medicinal products authorised in the European Union from the beginning of 1995 to mid-2003. Trends in model viruses used in the virus validation studies and virus removal/inactivation steps for these products are identified in the survey. For plasma derivatives, this overview illustrates how EU regulatory guidance on the virus safety of plasma-derived medicinal products is kept under review and links to the topics discussed during the PDA-EMEA Virus Safety Forum.
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Celis JE, Celis P, Ostergaard M, Basse B, Lauridsen JB, Ratz G, Rasmussen HH, Orntoft TF, Hein B, Wolf H, Celis A. Proteomics and immunohistochemistry define some of the steps involved in the squamous differentiation of the bladder transitional epithelium: a novel strategy for identifying metaplastic lesions. Cancer Res 1999; 59:3003-9. [PMID: 10383167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a novel strategy for dissecting some of the steps involved in the squamous differentiation of the bladder urothelium leading to squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). First, we used proteomic technologies and databases (http://biobase.dk/cgi-bin/celis) to reveal proteins that were expressed specifically by fresh normal urothelium and three SCCs showing no urothelial components. Thereafter, antibodies against some of the differentially expressed proteins as well as a few known keratinocyte markers were used to stain serial cryostat sections (immunowalking) of biopsies obtained from bladder cystectomies of two of the SCC-bearing patients (884-1 and 864-1). Because bladder cancer is a field disease, we surmised that the urothelium of these patients may exhibit a spectrum of abnormalities ranging from early metaplastic stages to invasive disease. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed three types of non-keratinizing metaplastic lesions (types 1-3) that did not express keratins 7, 8, 18, and 20 (expressed by normal urothelium) and could be distinguished based on their staining with keratin 19 antibodies. Type 1 lesions showed staining of all cell layers in the epithelium (with differences in the staining intensity of the basal compartment), whereas type 2 lesions exhibited mainly basal cell staining. Type 3 lesions did not stain with keratin 19 antibodies. In cystectomy 884-1, type 3 lesions exhibited the same immunophenotype as the SCC and may be regarded as precursors to the tumor. Basal cells in these lesions did not express keratin 13, suggesting that the tumor, which was also keratin 13 negative, may have arisen from the expansion of these cells. Similar results were observed with cystectomy 864-1, which showed carcinoma in situ of the SCC type. SCC 864-1 exhibited both keratin 19-negative and -positive cells, implying that the tumor arose from the expansion of the basal cell compartment of type 2 and 3 lesions. Besides providing with a novel strategy for revealing metaplastic lesions, our studies have shown that it is feasible to apply powerful proteomic technologies to the analysis of complex biological samples under conditions that are as close as possible to the in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Celis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Danish Centre for Human Genome Research, The University of Aarhus
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14
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Celis JE, Ostergaard M, Rasmussen HH, Gromov P, Gromova I, Varmark H, Palsdottir H, Magnusson N, Andersen I, Basse B, Lauridsen JB, Ratz G, Wolf H, Orntoft TF, Celis P, Celis A. A comprehensive protein resource for the study of bladder cancer: http://biobase.dk/cgi-bin/celis. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:300-9. [PMID: 10197437 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990201)20:2<300::aid-elps300>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In our laboratories we are exploring the possibility of using proteome expression profiles of fresh bladder tumors (transitional cell carcinomas, TCCs; squamous cell carcinomas, SCCs) and random biopsies as fingerprints to subclassify histopathological types and as a starting point to search for protein markers that may form the basis for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Ultimately, the goal of these studies is to identify signaling pathways and components that are affected at various stages of bladder cancer progression and that may provide novel leads in drug discovery. Here we present our ongoing efforts to establish comprehensive two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) databases of TCCs and SCCs which are being constructed based on the proteomic and immunohistochemical analysis of hundreds of fresh tumors, random biopsies and cystectomies received shortly after operation (http://biobase.dk/cgi-bin/celis).
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Celis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Danish Centre for Human Genome Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C.
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Celis A, Rasmussen HH, Celis P, Basse B, Lauridsen JB, Ratz G, Hein B, Ostergaard M, Wolf H, Orntoft T, Celis JE. Short-term culturing of low-grade superficial bladder transitional cell carcinomas leads to changes in the expression levels of several proteins involved in key cellular activities. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:355-61. [PMID: 10197443 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990201)20:2<355::aid-elps355>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fresh, superficial transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of low-grade atypia (3 grade I, Ta; 6 grade II, Ta), as well as primary cultures derived from them were labeled with [35S]methionine for 16 h, between 2 and 6 days after inoculation. Whole protein extracts were subjected to IEF (isoelectric focusing) two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) followed by autoradiography. Proteins were identified by a combination of proteomic technologies that included microsequencing, mass spectrometry, 2-D PAGE immunoblotting and comparison with the bladder TCC protein database available on the internet (http://biobase.dk/cgi-bin/celis). Comparison of the IEF 2-D gel protein profiles of fresh tumors and their primary cultures showed that the overall expression profiles were strikingly similar, although differing significantly in the levels of several proteins whose rate of synthesis was differentially regulated in at least 85% of the tumor/culture pairs as a result of the short-term culturing. Most of the proteins affected by culturing were upregulated and among them we identified components of the cytoskeleton (keratin 18, gelsolin and tropomyosin 3), a molecular chaperone (hsp 28), aldose reductase, GST pi, metastasin, synuclein, the calreticulin precursor and three polypeptides of unknown identity. Only four major proteins were downregulated, and these included two fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP:FABP5 and A-FABP) which are thought to play a role in growth control, the differentiation-associated keratin 20, and the calcium-binding protein annexin V. Proteins that were differentially regulated in only some of the cultured tumors included alpha-enolase, triosphosphate isomerase, members of the 14-3-3 family, hnRNPs F and H, PGDH, hsp (heat-shock protein) 60, BIP, the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, the nucleolar protein B23, as well as several proteins of yet unknown identity. The suitability of in vitro bladder tumor culture models to study complex biological phenomena such as malignancy and invasion is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Celis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Danish Centre for Human Genome Research, The University of Aarhus
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Van Eldere J, Celis P, De Pauw G, Lesaffre E, Eyssen H. Tauroconjugation of cholic acid stimulates 7 alpha-dehydroxylation by fecal bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:656-61. [PMID: 8593067 PMCID: PMC167832 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.2.656-661.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of the type of cholic acid conjugation (taurine-conjugated, glycine-conjugated, or unconjugated cholic acid) on cholic acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylation by intestinal flora. Cholic acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylation in fecal cultures, in cultures of a defined limited flora consisting of a mixture of seven bacterial species isolated from the intestinal tract, and in a binary culture of a 7 alpha-dehydroxylating Clostridium species plus a cholic acid-deconjugating Bacteroides species was studied. We found that tauroconjugation of cholic acid significantly (P < 0.05) increased bacterial 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of cholic acid into deoxycholic acid from 34 to 55% in fecal cultures, from 45 to 60% in defined limited fecal cultures, and from 75 to 100% in binary cultures. Equimolar concentrations of free taurine did not stimulate 7 alpha-dehydroxylation in fecal cultures or in the defined limited flora, but free taurine did stimulate 7 alpha-dehydroxylation in the binary culture. In the binary culture of Clostridium species strain 9/1 plus Bacteroides species strain R1, the minimal flora capable of increased 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of taurocholic acid, strain R1 deconjugated taurine and rapidly reduced it to H2S. Bacteroides species strain R1 did not grow unless taurine or another appropriate reducible sulfur source was present. Clostridium species strain 9/1 did not grow or 7 alpha-dehydroxylate unless H2S or another source of reduced sulfur was present. We conclude that the increased 7 alpha-dehydroxylation of tauroconjugated cholic acid depends on the reduction of taurine to H2S, which is a necessary growth factor for the 7 alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Eldere
- Rega Institute for Medical Research and Biostatistical Centre, Department of Epidemiology, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium.
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Van Eldere J, Brophy L, Loynds B, Celis P, Hancock I, Carman S, Kroll JS, Moxon ER. Region II of the Haemophilus influenzae type be capsulation locus is involved in serotype-specific polysaccharide synthesis. Mol Microbiol 1995; 15:107-18. [PMID: 7752885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The central (serotype-specific) Region II of the Haemophilus influenzae Type b capsulation locus cap is 8.3 kb long and contains a cluster of four genes. We show that these genes, designated orf1 to orf4, are involved in the biosynthetic steps required for the formation of the Type b capsular polysaccharide and that orf1 probably encodes a CDP-ribitolpyrophosphorylase. We present evidence that growth of polysaccharide chains takes place through the alternating addition of single sugar nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Eldere
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Katske
- Southern California Stone Center, Sherman Oaks
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