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Nicolae D, Cox NJ, Lester LA, Schneider D, Tan Z, Billstrand C, Kuldanek S, Donfack J, Kogut P, Patel NM, Goodenbour J, Howard T, Wolf R, Koppelman GH, White SR, Parry R, Postma DS, Meyers D, Bleecker ER, Hunt JS, Solway J, Ober C. Fine mapping and positional candidate studies identify HLA-G as an asthma susceptibility gene on chromosome 6p21. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:349-57. [PMID: 15611928 PMCID: PMC1196380 DOI: 10.1086/427763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma affects nearly 14 million people worldwide and has been steadily increasing in frequency for the past 50 years. Although environmental factors clearly influence the onset, progression, and severity of this disease, family and twin studies indicate that genetic variation also influences susceptibility. Linkage of asthma and related phenotypes to chromosome 6p21 has been reported in seven genome screens, making it the most replicated region of the genome. However, because many genes with individually small effects are likely to contribute to risk, identification of asthma susceptibility loci has been challenging. In this study, we present evidence from four independent samples in support of HLA-G as a novel asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness susceptibility gene in the human leukocyte antigen region on chromosome 6p21, and we speculate that this gene might contribute to risk for other inflammatory diseases that show linkage to this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Nicolae
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucille A. Lester
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zheng Tan
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Billstrand
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Kuldanek
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Donfack
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Kogut
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M. Patel
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Goodenbour
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Howard
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul Wolf
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard H. Koppelman
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven R. White
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rodney Parry
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S. Postma
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Meyers
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene R. Bleecker
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joan S. Hunt
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Solway
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carole Ober
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City; Center for Human Genetics and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls; and Beatrix Children’s Hospital and Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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