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Sahoo H, Dhillon P, Anand E, Srivastava A, Usman M, Agrawal PK, Johnston R, Unisa S. Status and correlates of non-communicable diseases among children and adolescents in slum and non-slum areas of India's four metropolitan cities. J Biosoc Sci 2023; 55:1064-1085. [PMID: 36698328 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932022000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in childhood poses a serious risk to a healthy adult life. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of NCDs among children and adolescents in slums and non-slums areas of four metropolitan cities of India, and in rural areas of the respective states The study further, investigated the effect of the place residence as slum vs. non-slum and other risk factors of the NCDs. Nationally representative data from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) was used.. Estimates were based on children (5-9 years) and adolescents (10-19 years) for whom biomarkers predicting diabetes, high total cholesterol, high triglycerides and hypertension were determined. Weight, height and age data were used to calculate z-scores of the body mass index. Overweight and obesity was higher in urban areas than in rural areas among children and adolescents. Regional differences in the prevalence of diseases were observed; children in Delhi and Chennai had a higher likelihood of being diabetic while children in Kolkata were at a greater risk of high total cholesterol and high triglycerides. The risk of hypertension was strikingly high among non-slum children in Delhi. Children from slums were at a higher risk of diabetes compared to the children from non-slums, while children and adolecents from non-slums were at a greater risk of high triglycerides and hypertension respectively than their counterparts from slums. Male children and adolecents had a higher risk of diabetes and high cholesterol. Screening of children for early detection of NCDs should be integrated with the already existing child and adolescent development schemes in schools and the community can help in prevention and control of NCDs in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harihar Sahoo
- Department of Family and Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, (IIPS)Mumbai, India
| | - Preeti Dhillon
- Department of Survey Research and Data Analytics, IIPS, Mumbai, India
| | - Enu Anand
- Doctoral Fellow, IIPS, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Sayeed Unisa
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, IIPS, Mumbai, India
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Ramesh S, Abraham RA, Sarna A, Sachdev HS, Porwal A, Khan N, Acharya R, Agrawal PK, Ashraf S, Ramakrishnan L. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adolescents in India: a population-based study. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:258. [PMID: 36280821 PMCID: PMC9594972 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In India, the prevalence of overweight among adolescents is on the rise, setting the stage for an increase in metabolic syndrome (MS). This paper presents the national prevalence of MS in adolescents in India. METHODS A nationally representative data of adolescents (10-19 years) from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey was used. MS was defined based on the NCEP-ATP III criteria for adolescents. Bivariate analysis was used to report socio-demographic differentials in prevalence and to assess interstate variability. Multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to measure the association between socio-demographic characteristics and prevalence of MS. Census data from 2011 was projected to 2017 to calculate burden. RESULTS The prevalence of MS was 5.2% among adolescents. 11.9%, 15.4%, 26.0%, 31.9% and 3.7% had central obesity, high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol and high fasting glucose, respectively. The prevalence was higher among males (5.7% vs. 4.7%, adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0, 1.6), those residing in urban areas (7.9% vs 4.2%, AOR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.8), and from wealthier households as compared to their counterparts (8.3% vs. 2.4%, AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: 2.1, 5.5). There was wide interstate variability in the prevalence of MS (0.5% - 16.5%). In 2017, 14.2 million adolescents had MS in India. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of MS among adolescents in India is low and clustered in urban areas and richer households. Early prevention interventions promoting a healthy lifestyle, especially in high prevalence areas, are needed to keep MS from becoming a public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Ramesh
- Population Council, Zone 5A, Ground Floor India Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110003, India.
| | - Ransi Ann Abraham
- Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Avina Sarna
- Population Council, Zone 5A, Ground Floor India Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110003, India
| | | | - Akash Porwal
- Population Council, Zone 5A, Ground Floor India Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Nizamuddin Khan
- Population Council, Zone 5A, Ground Floor India Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Rajib Acharya
- Population Council, Zone 5A, Ground Floor India Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110003, India
| | | | - Sana Ashraf
- Population Council, Zone 5A, Ground Floor India Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110003, India
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Dhillon P, Sahoo H, Usman M, Srivastava A, Agrawal PK, Johnston R, Unisa S. Status and correlates of micronutrient deficiencies in slum and non-slum areas of India's four metropolitan cities: Investigation from CNNS. Soc Sci Med 2022; 309:115259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Kulkarni B, Peter R, Ghosh S, Pullakhandam R, Thomas T, Reddy GB, Rajkumar H, Kapil U, Deb S, Johnston R, Agrawal PK, De Wagt A, Kurpad AV, Sachdev HS. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Sociodemographic Patterning in Indian Children and Adolescents: Findings from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-18. J Nutr 2021; 151:2422-2434. [PMID: 34049401 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia control programs in India focus mainly on the measurement of hemoglobin in response to iron-folic acid supplementation. However, representative national estimates of iron deficiency (ID) are not available. OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to evaluate ID prevalence among children and adolescents (1-19 y) using nationally representative data and to examine the sociodemographic patterning of ID. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey in children (1-4 y: n = 9635; 5-9 y: n = 11,938) and adolescents (10-19 y; n = 11,507) on serum ferritin (SF) and other biomarkers were analyzed to determine inflammation-adjusted ID prevalence [SF (μg/L): <12 in 1-4 y and <15 in 5-19 y] and its relation to sociodemographic indicators. Multiple-regression analyses were conducted to identify the exposure associations of iron status. In addition, the relation between SF and hemoglobin was assessed as an indicator of iron utilization in different wealth quintiles. RESULTS ID prevalence was higher in 1- to 4-y-old children (31.9%; 95% CI: 31.0%, 32.8%) and adolescent girls (30.4%; 95% CI: 29.3%, 31.5%) but lower in adolescent boys and 5- to 9-y-old children (11%-15%). In all age groups, ID prevalence was higher in urban than in rural participants (1-4 y: 41% compared with 29%) and in those from richer quintiles (1-4 y: 44% in richest compared with 22% in poorest), despite adjustment for relevant confounders. SF significantly interacted with the wealth index, with declining trends in the strength of association between hemoglobin and SF from the richest to the poorest groups suggesting impaired iron utilization for hemoglobin synthesis in poorer wealth quintiles. CONCLUSIONS ID prevalence was indicative of moderate (in preschool children and adolescent girls) or mild (in 5- to 9-y-old children and adolescent boys) public health problem with significant variation by state and age. Focusing on increasing iron intake alone, without addressing the multiple environmental constraints related to poverty, may not result in intended benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Kulkarni
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajini Peter
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Santu Ghosh
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Raghu Pullakhandam
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hemalatha Rajkumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Umesh Kapil
- Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Sila Deb
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Delhi, India
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Pullakhandam R, Agrawal PK, Peter R, Ghosh S, Reddy GB, Kulkarni B, Thomas T, Kurpad AV, Sachdev HS, Porwal A, Khan N, Ramesh S, Acharya R, Sarna A, Kapil U, Rajkumar H, De Wagt A, Deb S, Johnston R. Prevalence of low serum zinc concentrations in Indian children and adolescents: findings from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-18. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:638-648. [PMID: 33831945 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is thought that there is a high risk of zinc deficiency in India, but there are no representative national estimates. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the national and state-level prevalence of low serum zinc concentrations (SZCs) in Indian children from the nationally representative Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey. METHODS Prevalence of low SZC, adjusted for C-reactive protein, was estimated among preschool (1-4 y; n = 7874) and school-age children (5-9 y; n = 10,430) and adolescents (10-19 y; n = 10,140), using SZC cutoffs defined by the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group. RESULTS Prevalence of low SZC was high among adolescents (31.1%; 95% CI: 29.8%, 32.4%), compared with school-age (15.8%; 95% CI: 15.3%, 16.3%) or preschool children (17.4%; 95% CI: 16.7%, 18.0%). However, stratification of prevalence by fasting status or using an alternative lower SZC cutoff independent of fasting status led to a reduction in prevalence by 3.7% or 7.8% in children <10 y, respectively. The prevalence of low SZC was higher among rural preschool children, those belonging to households with poor socioeconomic status, and those with severe stunting or underweight. Preschool children with diarrhea (22.6%; 95% CI: 20.8%, 24.4%), productive cough (22.7%; 95% CI: 18.5%, 27.5%), or malaria/dengue (38.5%; 95% CI: 29.4%, 48.2%) in the 2 wk preceding the survey had a higher prevalence of low SZC than those without morbidity (16.5%; 95% CI: 15.9%, 17.2%; 17.6%; 95% CI: 16.9%, 18.2%; and 17.5%; 95% CI: 16.8%, 18.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The national prevalence of low SZC among preschool (17%) or school-age children (16%) was <20%, which is considered the cutoff indicating a problem of public health significance; but there were variations by state and socioeconomic status. In adolescents, however, the prevalence of low SZC was 31%, which warrants further investigation. The association of low SZC with diarrhea in preschool children necessitates better coverage of Zn administration in the management of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajini Peter
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Umesh Kapil
- Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Sila Deb
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
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Abraham RA, Rana G, Agrawal PK, Johnston R, Sarna A, Ramesh S, Acharya R, Khan N, Porwal A, Kurundkar SB, Pandey A, Pullakhandam R, Nair KM, Kumar GT, Sachdev H, Kapil U, Deb S, Wagt AD, Khera A, Ramakrishnan L. The Effects of a Single Freeze-Thaw Cycle on Concentrations of Nutritional, Noncommunicable Disease, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Serum Samples. J Lab Physicians 2021; 13:6-13. [PMID: 34054235 PMCID: PMC8154350 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The stability of biological samples is vital for reliable measurements of biomarkers in large-scale survey settings, which may be affected by freeze-thaw procedures. We examined the effect of a single freeze-thaw cycle on 13 nutritional, noncommunicable diseases (NCD), and inflammatory bioanalytes in serum samples.
Method
Blood samples were collected from 70 subjects centrifuged after 30 minutes and aliquoted immediately. After a baseline analysis of the analytes, the samples were stored at − 70°C for 1 month and reanalyzed for all the parameters. Mean percentage differences between baseline (fresh blood) and freeze-thaw concentrations were calculated using paired sample
t
-tests and evaluated according to total allowable error (TEa) limits (desirable bias).
Results
Freeze-thaw concentrations differed significantly (
p
< 0.05) from baseline concentrations for soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) (− 5.49%), vitamin D (− 12.51%), vitamin B12 (− 3.74%), plasma glucose (1.93%), C-reactive protein (CRP) (3.45%), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (7.98%), and cholesterol (9.76%), but they were within respective TEa limits. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (− 0.67%), creatinine (0.94%), albumin (0.87%), total protein (1.00%), ferritin (− 0.58%), and triglycerides (TAG) (2.82%) concentrations remained stable following the freeze-thaw cycle. In conclusion, single freeze-thaw cycle of the biomarkers in serum/plasma samples after storage at − 70°C for 1 month had minimal effect on stability of the studied analytes, and the changes in concentration were within acceptable limit for all analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ransi Ann Abraham
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Garima Rana
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sucheta Banerjee Kurundkar
- Clinical Development Services Agency, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana
| | - Arvind Pandey
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Hps Sachdev
- Paediatrics and Clinical Epidemiology, B-16 Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Kapil
- Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Sila Deb
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Delhi, India
| | | | - Ajay Khera
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Delhi, India
| | - Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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Madan EM, Frongillo EA, Unisa S, Dwivedi L, Johnston R, Daniel A, Agrawal PK, Deb S, Khera A, Menon P, Nguyen PH. Effect of Differences in Month and Location of Measurement in Estimating Prevalence and Trend of Wasting and Stunting in India in 2005-2006 and 2015-2016. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa092. [PMID: 32582875 PMCID: PMC7299523 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child undernutrition in India remains widespread. Data from the National Family Health Survey 3 and 4 (NFHS-3 and NFHS-4) suggest that wasting prevalence has increased while stunting prevalence has declined. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to do the following: 1) describe wasting and stunting by month of measurement in India in children <5 y of age in NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 surveys, and 2) test whether differences in the timing of anthropometric data collection and in states between survey years introduced bias in the comparison of estimates of wasting and stunting between NFHS-3 and NFHS-4. METHODS Data on wasting and stunting for 42,608 and 232,744 children aged >5 y in the NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 survey rounds were analyzed. Differences in the prevalence of wasting and stunting by month of year and by state of residence were examined descriptively. Regression analyses were conducted to test the sensitivity of the estimate of differences in wasting and stunting prevalence across survey years to both state differences and seasonality. RESULTS Examination of the patterns of wasting and stunting by month of measurement and by state across survey years reveal marked variability. When both state and month were adjusted, regardless of the method used to account for sample size, there was a small negative difference from 2005-2006 to 2015-2016 in the prevalence of wasting (-0.8 ± 0.6 percentage points; P = 0.2) and a negative difference in stunting prevalence (-8.3 ± 0.7 percentage points; P < 0.001), indicating a small bias for wasting but not for stunting in unadjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS State and seasonal differences may have introduced bias to the estimated difference in prevalence of wasting between the survey years but did not do so for stunting. Future data collection should be designed to maximize consistency in coverage of both time and place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Madan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Sayeed Unisa
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Sila Deb
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Khera
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Purnima Menon
- Poverty and Health Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Phuong H Nguyen
- Poverty and Health Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
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8
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Abraham RA, Agrawal PK, Johnston R, Ramesh S, Porwal A, Sarna A, Acharya R, Khan N, Sachdev HS, Kapil U, Saxena R, Janmohamed A, Wagt A, Deb S, Khera A, Ramakrishnan L. Comparison of hemoglobin concentrations measured by HemoCue and a hematology analyzer in Indian children and adolescents 1‐19 years of age. Int J Lab Hematol 2020; 42:e155-e159. [DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ransi Ann Abraham
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Harshpal Singh Sachdev
- Paediatrics and Clinical Epidemiology Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research New Delhi India
| | - Umesh Kapil
- Department of Human Nutrition All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Renu Saxena
- Department of Hematology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | | | | | - Sila Deb
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare New Delhi India
| | - Ajay Khera
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare New Delhi India
| | - Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
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9
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Raushan R, Dhawan S, Agrawal PK, Shree P, Kumar A. Prevalance of PAH in CKD patients and correlation with its stages. J Assoc Physicians India 2020; 68:77. [PMID: 31979752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Abraham RA, Agrawal PK, Acharya R, Sarna A, Ramesh S, Johnston R, de Wagt A, Khan N, Porwal A, Kurundkar SB, Pandey A, Pullakhandam R, Nair KM, Kumar GT, Sachdev HPS, Kapil U, Saxena R, Deb S, Khera A, Ramakrishnan L. Effect of temperature and time delay in centrifugation on stability of select biomarkers of nutrition and non-communicable diseases in blood samples. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2019; 29:020708. [PMID: 31223262 PMCID: PMC6559620 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2019.020708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Preanalytical conditions are critical for blood sample integrity and poses challenge in surveys involving biochemical measurements. A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the stability of select biomarkers at conditions that mimic field situations in surveys. Material and methods Blood from 420 volunteers was exposed to 2 - 8 °C, room temperature (RT), 22 - 30 °C and > 30 °C for 30 min, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours prior to centrifugation. After different exposures, whole blood (N = 35) was used to assess stability of haemoglobin, HbA1c and erythrocyte folate; serum (N = 35) for assessing stability of ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), vitamins B12, A and D, zinc, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), tryglicerides, albumin, total protein and creatinine; and plasma (N = 35) was used for glucose. The mean % deviation of the analytes was compared with the total change limit (TCL), computed from analytical and intra-individual imprecision. Values that were within the TCL were deemed to be stable. Result Creatinine (mean % deviation 14.6, TCL 5.9), haemoglobin (16.4%, TCL 4.4) and folate (33.6%, TCL 22.6) were unstable after 12 hours at 22-30°C, a temperature at which other analytes were stable. Creatinine was unstable even at RT for 12 hours (mean % deviation: 10.4). Albumin, CRP, glucose, cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, vitamins B12 and A, sTfR and HbA1c were stable at all studied conditions. Conclusion All analytes other than creatinine, folate and haemoglobin can be reliably estimated in blood samples exposed to 22-30°C for 12 hours in community-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ransi Ann Abraham
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sucheta Banerjee Kurundkar
- Clinical Development Services Agency, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana
| | - Arvind Pandey
- Ex Director, National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - H P S Sachdev
- Senior Consultant, Paediatrics and Clinical Epidemiology, B-16 Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Kapil
- Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Saxena
- Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Sila Deb
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Khera
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Delhi, India
| | - Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Maiti
- International Institute for Population Sciences , G.S. Road, Deonar, Mumbai 400088, Maharashtra, India
| | - Praween K. Agrawal
- International Institute for Population Sciences , G.S. Road, Deonar, Mumbai 400088, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Maiti
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sayeed Unisa
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088, Maharashtra, India
| | - Praween K. Agrawal
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai 400 088, Maharashtra, India
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jha
- Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhand Sansthan (VPKAS), Almora 263601,
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14
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Babu BK, Agrawal PK, Saha S, Gupta HS. Mapping QTLs for opaque2 modifiers influencing the tryptophan content in quality protein maize using genomic and candidate gene-based SSRs of lysine and tryptophan metabolic pathway. Plant Cell Rep 2015; 34:37-45. [PMID: 25236159 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The mapping analysis resulted in identification of five significant QTLs for opaque2 modifiers influencing the tryptophan content in quality protein maize using functional and genomic SSR markers. Quality protein maize (QPM) was developed by selecting genetic modifiers that convert opaque2 mutant containing high lysine and tryptophan. There are several unlinked opaque2 modifier loci (Opm) in QPM whose location, nature and mode of action are not clear. To identify these Opm QTLs, we developed a population of 218 F2:3 individuals from a cross between VQL2 and VQL8, two isogenic QPM inbreds significantly differing in tryptophan content. Based on the data of the F2:3 population, five significant QTLs on chromosomes 5, 7 and 9 with LOD values more than 2.5 were identified and together explained 38.6 % of the total phenotypic variance (R (2)). The Wx1 gene which has influence on the amino acid composition of the maize endosperm was mapped on chromosome 9 near the marker phi022 and also validated by bulk analysis. The QTL near the SSR marker ZmASK3, developed from the aspartate kinase 2 gene of the lysine pathway, mapped on chromosome 5 and had LOD of 2.7 with R (2) of 5.1 %. On chromosome 9, the QTL between the loci umc1430 and bnlg1401 had an LOD of 4.5 with R (2) of 9.1 %, whereas the QTL between the loci bnlg1401 and phi022 had an LOD of 4.2 with R (2) of 8.4 %. The third QTL was observed to be close to the marker umc2207 with an LOD of 4.8 and R (2) of 8.4 %. The identified QTLs will be very useful in the marker-assisted back-cross breeding and transgressive breeding for the development of QPM maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kalyana Babu
- Vivekananda Parvateeya Krishi Anusanthan Sansthan (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Almora, 263601, Uttarakhand, India,
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Mozumdar A, Agrawal PK. Prevalence, trends, and determinants of menopause in India: NFHS 1992-93 to NFHS 2005-06. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 27:421-5. [PMID: 25348677 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of menopause in three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), determine correlates of menopause, and estimate the age of start of menopause in Indian women. METHODS Three rounds of NFHS data collected during 1992-93, 1998-99, and 2005-06 were analyzed. The NFHS was carried out using a uniform sample design all over the country. Age adjusted complex sample analyses, multivariate logistic regression, and probit analysis were carried out. RESULTS The prevalence of menopause (natural and surgical) remained similar from 1992-93 to 2005-06 among Indian women. A higher prevalence and earlier onset of menopause was associated with farming, no education, belonging to a scheduled caste or scheduled tribe, underweight, higher parity, and motherhood before 16 years of age. The age of the start of menopause did not increase much from the first to third round of NFHS. CONCLUSIONS Women of poor socio-economic status have an earlier age at menopause and may be unable to utilize their full reproductive potential.
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Agrawal S, Srivastava D, Gangwar HS, Agrawal S, Agrawal PK. Sonography as an objective tool for monitoring serial corrections and detecting spurious corrections in clubfoot: a review. Foot (Edinb) 2012; 22:315-8. [PMID: 22985728 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonography is an emerging tool for monitoring clubfoot correction and for early diagnosis of spurious correction and of deformity recurrence. Sonography is widely available, inexpensive and has dynamic capability and can visualize tarsals in infants accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Agrawal
- Department of Orthopaedics, M.L.B. Medical College, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Agrawal PK, Rai SK, Khanal LK, Ghimire G, Banjara MR, Singh A. Intestinal parasitic infections among patients attending Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J 2012; 14:80-83. [PMID: 23671951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among patients attending Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu from July 2011 to February 2012. A total of 312 stool samples collected in a clean, dry screw capped plastic container were examined using the formal-ether concentration and sucrose-flotation techniques. Overall parasite positivity rate was 30.1% with significant difference between males (34.2%) and Female (26.3%) (p < 0.05). Out of total positive, 90.4% had single parasitism whereas 9.6% had multiple parasitism. Children aged < or = 5 years were found to be highly infected (35.8%), followed by 6-15 years (32.1%) and > 15 years old (26.9%). Rate of infection was significantly higher among patients from inside Kathmandu Valley (31.1%) than outside valley (17.4%) (p < 0.05). E. histolytica (38.5%) and Hookworm (10.6%) were the commonest protozoa and helminthes respectively. Other parasites detected were G. lamblia (26.0%), E. coli (1.0%), T. trichiura (7.7%), A. lumbricoides (6.7%), H. nana (5.8%) and Taenia species (3.8%). Out of total parasites detected, 65.4% were protozoa and 34.6% were helminthes. Positive rate was higher in Dalit (37.5%) and Aadibasi-Janjati (34.3%) than Brahman-Chhetri (22.6%) (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Agrawal PK, Agrawal S, Mullany LC, Darmstadt GL, Kumar V, Kiran U, Ahuja RC, Srivastava VK, Santosham M, Black RE, Baqui AH. Clean cord care practices and neonatal mortality: evidence from rural Uttar Pradesh, India: Table 1. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012; 66:755-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2011-200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Agrawal PK, Agrawal S, Ahmed S, Darmstadt GL, Williams EK, Rosen HE, Kumar V, Kiran U, Ahuja RC, Srivastava VK, Santosham M, Black RE, Baqui AH. Effect of knowledge of community health workers on essential newborn health care: a study from rural India. Health Policy Plan 2011; 27:115-26. [PMID: 21385799 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czr018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the relationship between the knowledge of community health workers (CHWs)-anganwadi workers (AWWs) and auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs)-and their antenatal home visit coverage and effectiveness of the visits, in terms of essential newborn health care practices at the household level in rural India. METHODS We used data from 302 AWWs and 86 ANMs and data from recently delivered women (RDW) (n=13,023) who were residents of the CHW catchment areas and gave birth to a singleton live baby during 2004-05. Using principal component analysis, knowledge scores for preventive care and danger signs were computed separately for AWWs and ANMs and merged with RDW data. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted effect of knowledge level. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to account for clustering. RESULTS Coverage of antenatal home visits and newborn care practices were positively correlated with the knowledge level of AWWs and ANMs. Initiation of breastfeeding in the first hour of life (odds ratio 1.97; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.55-2.49 for AWW, and odds ratio 1.62; 95% CI: 1.25-2.09 for ANM), clean cord care (odds ratio 2.03; 95% CI: 1.64-2.52 for AWW, and odds ratio 1.43; 95% CI: 1.17-1.75 for ANM) and thermal care (odds ratio 2.16; 95% CI: 1.64-2.85 for AWW and odds ratio 1.88; 95% CI: 1.43-2.48 for ANM) were significantly higher among women visited by AWWs or ANMs who had better knowledge compared with those with poor knowledge. CONCLUSION CHWs' knowledge is one of the crucial aspects of health systems to improve the coverage of community-based newborn health care programmes as well as adherence to essential newborn care practices at the household level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praween K Agrawal
- International Planned Parenthood Federation–South Asia Regional Office (IPPF–SARO), New Delhi, India
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Baqui A, Williams EK, Rosecrans AM, Agrawal PK, Ahmed S, Darmstadt GL, Kumar V, Kiran U, Panwar D, Ahuja RC, Srivastava VK, Black RE, Santosham M. Impact of an integrated nutrition and health programme on neonatal mortality in rural northern India. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86:796-804, A. [PMID: 18949217 PMCID: PMC2649510 DOI: 10.2471/blt.07.042226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of the newborn health component of a large-scale community-based integrated nutrition and health programme. METHODS Using a quasi-experimental design, we evaluated a programme facilitated by a nongovernmental organization that was implemented by the Indian government within existing infrastructure in two rural districts of Uttar Pradesh, northern India. Mothers who had given birth in the 2 years preceding the surveys were interviewed during the baseline (n = 14 952) and endline (n = 13 826) surveys. The primary outcome measure was reduction of neonatal mortality. FINDINGS In the intervention district, the frequency of home visits by community-based workers increased during both antenatal (from 16% to 56%) and postnatal (from 3% to 39%) periods, as did frequency of maternal and newborn care practices. In the comparison district, no improvement in home visits was observed and the only notable behaviour change was that women had saved money for emergency medical treatment. Neonatal mortality rates remained unchanged in both districts when only an antenatal visit was received. However, neonates who received a postnatal home visit within 28 days of birth had 34% lower neonatal mortality (35.7 deaths per 1000 live births, 95% confidence interval, CI: 29.2-42.1) than those who received no postnatal visit (53.8 deaths per 1000 live births, 95% CI: 48.9-58.8), after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Three-quarters of the mortality reduction was seen in those who were visited within the first 3 days after birth. The effect on mortality remained statistically significant when excluding babies who died on the day of birth. CONCLUSION The limited programme coverage did not enable an effect on neonatal mortality to be observed at the population level. A reduction in neonatal mortality rates in those receiving postnatal home visits shows potential for the programme to have an effect on neonatal deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahh Baqui
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Ocular adnexal infestation in cysticercosis is unusual. A case of lacrimal canalicular obstruction by cysticercus cellulosae in a 35-year-old female is reported. The diagnosis was established by histopathological examination of the cyst, surgically removed from the above patient with a suspected benign neoplasm in the lacrimal passage. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of lacrimal canalicular obstruction by cysticercus cellulosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apjit Kaur
- Department of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
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Abstract
Diabetic and ischaemic non-healing pedal ulcers have a tendency for chronicity and increased chances of infection, which may threaten the viability of the foot. Systemic administration of therapeutic agents may be insufficient in these cases. We have assessed the role of retrograde venous perfusion (RVP) for the treatment of nine diabetic and 10 ischaemic non-healing pedal ulcers. Agents used were soda bicarbonate, heparin, lignocaine, gentamicin and pentoxiphylline. Five of nine diabetic non-healing ulcers showed complete healing and the remaining four improved. The complete recovery in the cases of diabetic ulcer occurred in 10-24 days (mean 16 days), while ischaemic ulcers took 10-14 days for complete recovery (mean 13.6 days). There was a reduction of rest pain in all 10 patients with ischaemic disease; five patients showed complete healing of ulcers, and the other five improved significantly. In two patients, pre-gangrene changes were reversed. RVP is a useful adjunct to conservative or surgical treatment of non-healing pedal ulcers. Its main impact was in improving ischaemia and promoting healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Agarwal
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, NSCB Government Medical College, Jabalpur (MP), India 482003.
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Krishna NR, Agrawal PK. Molecular structure of the carbohydrate-protein linkage region fragments from connective-tissue proteoglycans. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2001; 56:201-34. [PMID: 11039112 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(01)56005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N R Krishna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-2041, USA
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Abstract
The present report, describes for the first time the clinical efficacy of curcumin, the active constituent of rhizomes of Curcuma longa, in the treatment of patients suffering from idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumours. Curcumin was administered orally at a dose of 375 mg/3 times/day orally for a period of 6-22 months in eight patients. They were followed up for a period of 2 years at 3 monthly intervals. Five patients completed the study, out of which four recovered completely and in one patient the swelling regressed completely but some limitation of movement persisted. No side effect was noted in any patient and there was no recurrence. It is suggested that curcumin could be used as a safe and effective drug in the treatment of idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lal
- Department of Ophthalmology, K.G. Medical College, Lucknow, India
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25
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Abstract
The nature of deformation of the deep continental roots beneath the Archean-Early Proterozoic terrains opens the question whether these ancient terrains have had stable roots since the Precambrian or whether recent plate motions have deformed them. In view of this, we make an attempt to study the thermal structure beneath the cratonic regions of the Indian shield, which vary in lithospheric thickness from 65 km in the Singhbhum craton to 148 km in the Archean Dharwars. The average depth of 104 km to the top of the underlying asthenosphere is consistent with other termination methods and is in fact less than half the 200-400-km depth found in other stable areas of the earth. Similarly, the average reduced heat flow of about 35 mW/m2 and Moho temperature of about 550 degrees C (range: 400 degrees -730 degrees C) for the Indian cratons are also much higher than their counterparts elsewhere. Our study indicates a large-scale deformation of the cratonic mantle lithosphere beneath the Indian shield since the Mesoproterozoic caused by various geodynamic causes, challenging the idea of stability of deep continental roots.
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Abstract
Curcumin, obtained from rhizomes of Curcuma longa, was administered orally to patients suffering from chronic anterior uveitis (CAU) at a dose of 375 mg three times a day for 12 weeks. Of 53 patients enrolled, 32 completed the 12-week study. They were divided into two groups: one group of 18 patients received curcumin alone, whereas the other group of 14 patients, who had a strong PPD reaction, in addition received antitubercular treatment. The patients in both the groups started improving after 2 weeks of treatment. All the patients who received curcumin alone improved, whereas the group receiving antitubercular therapy along with curcumin had a response rate of 86%. Follow up of all the patients for the next 3 years indicated a recurrence rate of 55% in the first group and of 36% in the second group. Four of 18 (22%) patients in the first group and 3 of 14 patients (21%) in the second group lost their vision in the follow up period due to various complications in the eyes, e.g. vitritis, macular oedema, central venous block, cataract formation, glaucomatous optic nerve damage etc. None of the patients reported any side effect of the drug. The efficacy of curcumin and recurrences following treatment are comparable to corticosteroid therapy which is presently the only available standard treatment for this disease. The lack of side effects with curcumin is its greatest advantage compared with corticosteroids. A double blind multi-centric clinical trial with this drug in CAU is highly desirable to further validate the results of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lal
- Department of Ophthalmology, K.G. Medical College, Lucknow, India
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Agrawal PK, Reynolds DL. A comparative analysis of the mitogenic response of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in various age groups of turkeys. Avian Dis 1999; 43:376-83. [PMID: 10494405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitogenic responsiveness of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) to concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium were evaluated in various age groups of turkeys by a colorimetric blastogenic microassay. Comparisons were made between mitogenic responses of turkey i-IEL and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The results from this study demonstrated that i-IEL and PBL of turkeys responded to T-cell mitogens, Con A and PHA-P, in every age group examined. The LPS induced a significant mitogenic response in PBL but not in i-IEL of turkeys. The mitogenic responses of turkey i-IEL and PBL to the three mitogens examined were similar to mitogenic responses observed in an earlier study performed by using chicken i-IEL and PBL. The results indicated a difference in mitogenic response between different age groups. An increase was found in mitogenic response of i-IEL to both T-cell mitogens from 3 days of age to 1 wk of age, whereas mitogenic response of PBL to all three mitogens declined significantly from 1 day of age to 3 days of age. The highest mitogenic response of i-IEL to T-cell mitogens was observed at 1 wk of age. The highest mitogenic response of PBL to both T-cell mitogens was observed at 1 day of age and the highest PBL response to LPS was observed at 16 wk of age. The mitogenic response induced by PHA-P provided less variability between age groups than the mitogenic response induced by Con A.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Agrawal PK, Jacquinet JC, Krishna NR. NMR and molecular modeling studies on two glycopeptides from the carbohydrate-protein linkage region of connective tissue proteoglycans. Glycobiology 1999; 9:669-77. [PMID: 10362836 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.7.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments are reported for two glycopeptides representing the carbohydrate-protein linkage region of connective tissue proteoglycans. These glycopeptides are the octasaccharide hexapeptide, Ser(GlcpAbeta(1-->3) Galpbeta(1-->3)Galpbeta(1-->4)Xylpbeta)-Gly-Ser-Gly-Se r (GlcpAbeta(1-->3)Galpbeta(1-->3)Galpbeta(1-->4)Xylp beta)-Gly (1), and the tetrasaccharide dipeptide, Ser(GlcpAbeta(1-->3)Galpbeta(1-->3)Galpbeta(1-->4)X ylpbeta)-Gly (2). The vicinal coupling constant data show that the monosaccharide residues adopt4 C 1 chair conformations. Distance geometry/simulated annealing calculations using 2D NOESY derived distance constraints yielded a single family of structures for the tetrasaccharide moiety, with well defined interglycosidic linkage conformations. The straight phi torsion angles of the glycosidic C1'-O1 bonds showed a strict preference for the -sc range whereas the psi torsion angles (O1-Cn) exhibited dependence upon the interglycosidic linkage position (-ac for beta(1-->3) linkage, +ac for beta(1-->4) linkage). The predominant conformation about the glycopeptide bond is straight phi = -sc and psi = +ac. The presence of strong daN (i, i+1) NOE contacts, and the general absence of dNN (i, i+1) contacts (except for a weak Ser-5/Gly-6 dNN contact) and the dbN (i, i+1) contacts (except for Ser-1/Gly-2) in the ROESY spectrum, suggest that the backbone for 1 is predominantly in an extended conformation. A comparison of the ROESY data for 1 with those obtained from the unglycosylated hexapeptide (3) of the same sequence suggests that glycosylation has only a marginal influence on the backbone conformation of the hexapeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2041, USA
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Abstract
Curcumin, obtained from rhizomes of Curcuma longa, was administered orally to patients suffering from chronic anterior uveitis (CAU) at a dose of 375 mg three times a day for 12 weeks. Of 53 patients enrolled, 32 completed the 12-week study. They were divided into two groups: one group of 18 patients received curcumin alone, whereas the other group of 14 patients, who had a strong PPD reaction, in addition received antitubercular treatment. The patients in both the groups started improving after 2 weeks of treatment. All the patients who received curcumin alone improved, whereas the group receiving antitubercular therapy along with curcumin had a response rate of 86%. Follow up of all the patients for the next 3 years indicated a recurrence rate of 55% in the first group and of 36% in the second group. Four of 18 (22%) patients in the first group and 3 of 14 patients (21%) in the second group lost their vision in the follow up period due to various complications in the eyes, e.g. vitritis, macular oedema, central venous block, cataract formation, glaucomatous optic nerve damage etc. None of the patients reported any side effect of the drug. The efficacy of curcumin and recurrences following treatment are comparable to corticosteroid therapy which is presently the only available standard treatment for this disease. The lack of side effects with curcumin is its greatest advantage compared with corticosteroids. A double blind multi-centric clinical trial with this drug in CAU is highly desirable to further validate the results of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lal
- Department of Ophthalmology, K.G. Medical College, Lucknow, India
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Agrawal PK, Reynolds DL. An evaluation of the mitogenic reactivity of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of chickens. Avian Dis 1999; 43:172-81. [PMID: 10396629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
A colorimetric assay employing MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl], 2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was used to determine the mitogenic response of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IELs) of chickens to T- and B-cell mitogens. Comparisons between mitogenic responses of i-IELs and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were made to examine potential relationships. The results from this study indicated that T-cell mitogens, concanavalin A (Con A), and phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) induced mitogenic stimulation in i-IELs. Although stimulation indexes of both i-IELs and PBLs were similar, the optical densities (ODs) of i-IEL cultures containing Con A or PHA-P were 20- to 50-fold lower than the ODs of PBL cultures containing the same mitogen. The lower conversion of MTT to formazan resulting in lower ODs in i-IEL cultures indicated a lower level of cellular activity in the i-IELs than in the PBLs. The mitogenic responses of both i-IELs and PBLs to Con A and PHA-P were dose dependent. The responsive concentration of Con A for i-IELs was within the range of 25-50 micrograms/ml, whereas the responsive concentration of PHA-P for i-IELs was 50 micrograms/ml. Three days of incubation was found to be adequate to induce a significant (P < 0.05) mitogenic response for both T-cell mitogens. Lipopolysaccharide was unable to induce a mitogenic response in i-IELs, which was attributed to the lack of B cells in the i-IEL population. This technique may prove useful in evaluating and studying the role of i-IELs in local cell-mediated immune responses of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Agrawal PK, Bunsawansong P, Morris GA. Dependence of the 1H NMR chemical shifts of ring F resonances on the orientation of the 27-methyl group of spirostane-type steroidal sapogenins. Phytochemistry 1998; 47:255-257. [PMID: 9431674 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A relationship between the 1H NMR chemical shifts of the ring F resonances and orientation of the H3-27 group has been derived for the establishment of 25R- and 25S-stereochemistry in spirostane type of steroidal sapogenins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
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Nagar S, Agrawal PK. Is general surgery going the way of the dinosaur. J Indian Med Assoc 1998; 96:29. [PMID: 9601191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fritz TA, Agrawal PK, Esko JD, Krishna NR. Partial purification and substrate specificity of heparan sulfate alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I: synthesis, NMR spectroscopic characterization and in vitro assays of two aryl tetrasaccharides. Glycobiology 1997; 7:587-95. [PMID: 9254041 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/7.5.587-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of heparan sulfate biosynthesis on beta-D-xylosides have led to the hypothesis that heparan sulfate alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (alpha-GlcNAc-TI) recognizes structures at the reducing end of the proteoglycan linkage tetrasaccharide. We report here the in vivo and in vitro testing of this hypothesis using four synthetic substrates, benzyl- and 2-naphthalenemethanyl-beta-D-xylosides, and two proteoglycan linkage tetrasaccharides containing benzyl alcohol or naphthalmethanol aglycones, viz., GlcAbeta(1 --> 3)Gal beta(1 --> 3)Gal beta(1 --> 4)Xyl beta-O-Bn (BNT) and GlcAbeta(1 --> 3)Gal beta(1 --> 3)Gal beta(1 --> 4)Xyl beta-O-NM (NMT). The aryl tetrasaccharides were chemically synthesized and the 1H and 13C resonances were assigned by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The inter-residue spatial constraints, determined by the 2D NOESY data, revealed essentially identical conformations for the interglycosidic linkages and Xyl-O-CH2Ar linkages in both compounds. Interestingly, the aromatic rings in both tetrasaccharides undergo rapid internal rotation across the CH2-Ar bond. These tetrasaccharides were used to assay heparan sulfate alpha-GlcNAc-TI from homogenates of wild-type CHO cells. alpha-GlcNAc-TI was also purified approximately 900-fold from rat liver and assayed with BNT and NMT. At nearly all concentrations tested, alpha-GlcNAc-TI activity from both CHO cell homogenates and rat liver was greater with the NMT. When fed to CHO cells, benzyl-beta-D-xyloside primed heparan sulfate poorly relative to 2-naphthalenemethanyl-beta-D-xyloside. Thus, the in vitro enzyme activity is consistent with the in vivo priming data that suggests that alpha-GlcNAc-TI can directly recognize structure at the reducing end of the linkage tetrasaccharide. These studies provide an in vivo basis for the possible role of core protein sequences in the biosynthesis of specific glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Agrawal PK, Agrawal U, Agrawal NK. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of hydranencephaly. J Indian Med Assoc 1996; 94:322. [PMID: 8855587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Abstract
Scrokoelziside A, isolated from the aerial parts of Scrophularia koelzii was shown to be 3-O-([alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3), beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-beta-D-fucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D- glucopyranosyl]-13 beta,28-epoxyolean-11-en-23-ol, on the basis one- and two-dimensional NMR homo- and hetero-nuclear spectroscopic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Bhandari
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
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Agrawal PK, Kumar P, Agrawal BK. Floating intraperitoneal hydatidosis. J Indian Med Assoc 1994; 92:300. [PMID: 7814905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna
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Agrawal BK, Suman A, Agrawal PK, Kumar P. Bifid pancreas: an endoscopic retrograde pancreaticographic curiosity. Indian J Gastroenterol 1994; 13:66. [PMID: 8206541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bifid pancreas, representing a major bifurcation of the main pancreatic duct, has rarely been reported. We report four such cases where this condition was picked up incidentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Agrawal
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna
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Agrawal PK, Kumar H. Microphthalmos with cyst: a clinical study. Indian J Ophthalmol 1993; 41:177-9. [PMID: 8005649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in closure of embryonic fissure and invagination of optic vesicle results in varied clinical presentation of microphthalmos with cyst. In our study, three patients had microphthalmos with cyst in one of their orbits. The cyst presented either as a swelling in the lower lid or as a sinus with purulent discharge associated with absent or small sized eyeball. The microphthalmic eye showed a spectrum of posterior segment abnormalities such as retinal disorganisation, gliosis, choroidal, and scleral coloboma. Microscopically, the cyst connected to the coloboma consisted of an outer layer of fibrovascular tissue and an inner gliotic neuroectodermal layer. The treatment consisted of excision of cyst alone or of microphthalmic eye with cyst. The use of conformers was mandatory after removal of cystic eyeball for near normal development of both orbits to maintain facial symmetry in our paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Department of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical College, Lucknow
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Saxena S, Agrawal PK, Pratap VB, Nath R, Saxena RC. The predictive value of the relative lens position in primary angle-closure glaucoma. Ann Ophthalmol 1993; 25:453-6. [PMID: 8129328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The relative lens position has been considered to be an important determinant in primary angle-closure glaucoma, but its predictive value needs to be assessed. Therefore, in this tertiary-care center-based case-control study, 70 cases and an equal number of controls were investigated to analyze this association. It was found that, after controlling for age, sex, and refractive error, the relative lens position and anterior chamber depth had a strong association with the disease in separate logit models (P < .01). The predictability of the separate logit models with the relative lens position and anterior chamber depth was found to be statistically significant (-2 x maximized logarithmic likelihood, 93.94 and 19.39, respectively, P < .01). Because the relative lens position represents a composite measure from a set of variables, it can be used as a significant predictive alternative to anterior chamber depth in the genesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saxena
- Department of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical College, University of Lucknow, India
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Abstract
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, an uncommon lesion of bone and extraskeletal tissue, is rare in the orbit. A case of extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the orbit in a 28-year-old woman presenting with proptosis and diminution of vision in the left eye is reported. Histologically, the tumor showed areas of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with islands of cartilage. Immunohistochemical analysis for S-100 protein showed focal positivity in chondroid areas. The eye was preserved and the patient has good vision after 2 years of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bagchi
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical College, Lucknow, India
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Agrawal PK, Rai HS, Amitabh V. Ultrasound guided percutaneous renal biopsy. J Indian Med Assoc 1993; 91:231-2. [PMID: 8263347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous renal biopsy is a useful tool in the diagnosis and prognostication of the medical renal diseases. The ultrasonography helps in accurately localising the site of renal biopsy as well as in detecting contra-indications like polycystic disease, solitary kidney and hydronephrosis, etc. In this series of 100 consecutive cases of ultrasound guided renal biopsy, the success rate was 99% and reasonably good length of renal tissues were obtained in 97% cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna
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Saxena S, Agrawal PK, Pratap VB, Nath R. Anterior chamber depth and lens thickness in primary angle-closure glaucoma: a case-control study. Indian J Ophthalmol 1993; 41:71-3. [PMID: 8262605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior chamber depth and lens thickness have been considered as important biometric determinants in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). In a tertiary care centre-based case-control study, 70 patients and equal number of controls were investigated to analyse the strength of association and predictability of anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT) in the disease. Mean (+/- S.D.) ACD and LT in the cases and the controls were found to be 2.28 +/- 0.19, 2.87 +/- 0.10; 4.57 +/- 0.34 and 4.13 +/- 0.19 mm respectively. Two sample t test demonstrated statistically significant difference in the ACD and LT between the cases and the controls (Difference being -0.59, 0.44; 95% confidence interval of the difference: -0.64, -0.53 and 0.34, 0.53 respectively, P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated statistically significant protective effect of ACD over PACG (P < 0.01). The odds ratio corresponding to an increase of 0.01 mm in ACD and LT were computed as 0.83 and 1.11 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saxena
- Department of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical College, Lucknow
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Agrawal PK, Mittal S, Gupta P, Agrawal K, Agrawal J, Agrawal PK. Plasmacytoma of orbit. Indian J Ophthalmol 1993; 41:34-6. [PMID: 8225523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Department of Ophthalmology, K.G. Medical College, Lucknow
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Suman A, Agrawal BK, Kumar A, Agrawal PK. Endoscopic removal of ascaris from biliary tree. Indian J Gastroenterol 1993; 12:60. [PMID: 8340144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary ascariasis is an uncommon condition outside the Kashmir valley. We report here a patient with this disease from the eastern part of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Radiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar
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Abstract
The potential of one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques for the identification of individual sugar residues, their anomeric configuration, interglycosidic linkages, sequencing and the site of any appended group, in establishing the structures of naturally occurring oligosaccharides and glycosides is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
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Agrawal PK, Kumar P, Jaiswal SP. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of haematometrocolpos in patients refusing vaginal examination. J Indian Med Assoc 1992; 90:127-8. [PMID: 1517615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Department of Radiology, Patna Medical College and Hospital
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Agrawal PK. Hentriacontan-7-ol and Hentriacont-7Z-ene from Tamarix dioica1. Planta Med 1991; 57:397. [PMID: 17226177 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-960131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow- 226016, India
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Agrawal PK, Reynolds DL. Evaluation of the cell-mediated immune response of chickens vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus as determined by the under-agarose leukocyte-migration-inhibition technique. Avian Dis 1991; 35:360-4. [PMID: 1830203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The under-agarose leukocyte-migration-inhibition (LMI) assay for the evaluation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was developed for use in chickens. A significant CMI response was demonstrated in chickens vaccinated with Newcastle disease vaccine by using this assay. Results also indicated that the under-agarose LMI test was a reproducible and relatively easy assay to perform. Serologic antibody titers were determined to study the correlation between hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers and LMI levels using the HI microassay. The presence of the CMI response always correlated to the presence of the serologic immune response and vice versa. However, the quantitative level of the CMI response did not always correspond to the quantitative level of the serologic immune response. Going by results of this study, we were unable to predict humoral antibody level on the basis of a CMI response and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Agrawal
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Affiliation(s)
- B Singh
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226016, India
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