Comparative Assessment of Reliability and Accuracy of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Over Direct Surgical Measurement for Periodontal Bone Loss: A Prospective, Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION

Assessing bone condition holds significant value in the diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognosing the periodontal disease; its importance is undeniable. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of alveolar bone measurements due to periodontal disease using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), by comparing with surgical measurements, considered as the gold standard.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A prospective cross-sectional study included a sample of 40 individuals diagnosed with chronic periodontitis who required periodontal surgery. A total of 202 sites were assessed for vertical and horizontal bone loss in the anterior (76 sites) and posterior (126 sites) teeth. Bone loss was measured using CBCT and a UNC 15 periodontal probe during the surgical intervention, and then compared. The statistical analysis involved employing a Student's t-test to compare measurements. Unpaired t-tests and correlation analyses were conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient test. To establish statistical significance, a threshold of p<0.05 was considered appropriate.

RESULTS

The statistical analysis carried out on the mean values of CBCT and direct surgical measurements for vertical bone loss demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.01). However, the values obtained for horizontal bone loss did not display statistical significance. A strong correlation of 0.94-0.99 existed between surgical and CBCT measurements. A statistically significant distinction was observed between the two methods in measuring bone loss at the distal and palatal sites of the anterior teeth.

CONCLUSION

Both CBCT and direct surgical measurement exhibit comparable accuracy potential in assessing alveolar bone loss. CBCT provides an accessibility advantage by enhancing visual access to challenging sites during surgical interventions, including palatal and distal areas of the teeth.

An In-Vitro Analysis of Root Fracture Strength Using Single File Systems

Aim Root canal obturation during endodontic therapy supports the root canal space and helps the extra tooth structure resist fracture. Some believe endodontic-treated teeth are more likely to break than natural teeth. The most common causes of tooth decay are endodontic treatment's extensive tooth structure loss and coronal and radicular dentin drying. Materials and methods Two hundred removed human permanent mandibular first molars were allowed to be stored in isotonic saline solution for a maximum of 72 hours. The collection, storing, sterilizing, and handling of the samples were done per the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. Out of a total of 200 newly removed mandibular first molars, 120 teeth were finally gathered, sterilized, and kept in 1% thymol in normal saline at 30 degrees Celsius. The access cavity was prepared, and the pulp chamber was cleaned and debrided using an ultrasonic scaler tip while being irrigated with regular saline. A digital radiograph was taken after a 6# K file was placed to the working length in the mesiobuccal canal. Based on their weights, the samples were dispersed equally across the six groups (n=20). They looked inside them to ensure that the root morphology was normal and that the canal was open and free of any abnormalities, damage, or fillings. They looked at the curvature of the mesial root and chose samples with a curvature of 20-35 degrees. The mesial roots were dissected, labeled, and put in a different location. Results Overall, the experimental group's incidence of buccolingual fractures was 55%, making it the most prevalent fracture type. The mesiodistal type of fracture had a 35% incidence rate, which was the second most prevalent. We found that comminuted and transverse fractures occurred in only 15% and 5% of patients, respectively, of all fractures. Both the test and the control groups had a disproportionately high number of buccolingual fractures. When comparing the root fracture loads of the two experimental groups, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) Conclusion Within this study's restrictions and standardization techniques, it can be concluded that the single file system-prepared roots' resistance to fracture was comparable to that of the control group. It is recommended to conduct additional research on these single file systems using different metrics and to assess them in a clinical setting.

Traumatic Ulcerations Frequencies and Postinsertion Adjustment Appointments in Complete Denture Patients

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The patient who is wearing a denture after missing teeth faces traumatic ulceration very frequently. This ulceration creates difficulties in denture wearing. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the most common locations of traumatic injuries in form of ulcerations, their frequency, and also the duration and number of adjustment visits required to achieve patient comfort following placement of complete removable dentures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eighty edentulous patients were selected from a private clinic. Complete removable dentures were fabricated for all patients. All patients were evaluated for their complaints after denture insertion. Patients were followed up till the problem persisted. Descriptive analysis was done. Chi-squared test was used to differentiate the associations between lesions, postinsertion visits, and gender.

RESULTS

About 85.62% of patients need denture adjustment because of mucosal injuries during their first visit following. Approximately four appointments are needed for maxillary and six appointments needed for mandibular denture. Male and female have no difference in the number of mucosal injuries in the anatomical area evaluated in the maxilla and mandible using Fisher's exact test (P > 0.05). Mandibular dentures need more appointments than maxillary dentures after post insertion (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The vestibule was the most common site for mucosal injuries which can be corrected by proper extension of denture flanges during border molding. Pressure indicator ink (arti spot) and paste is used to correct the overextended denture flanges.

Comparison of efficacy of oral and parenteral cobalamin supplementation in normalising low cobalamin concentrations in dogs: A randomised controlled study

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacies of parenteral and oral cobalamin supplementation protocols in dogs with chronic enteropathies and low cobalamin concentrations. It was hypothesised that both treatments would increase serum cobalamin concentrations significantly. Fifty-three dogs with chronic enteropathies and serum cobalamin concentrations<285ng/L (reference interval 244-959ng/L) were enrolled. Dogs were randomised to treatment with either daily oral cobalamin tablets (0.25-1.0mg cyanocobalamin daily according to body weight) or parenteral cobalamin (0.4-1.2mg hydroxycobalamin according to body weight). Serum cobalamin concentrations were analysed 28±5days and 90±15days after initiation of supplementation. After 28 days, all dogs had serum cobalamin concentrations within the reference interval or above. In the parenteral group (n=26), median (range) cobalamin concentrations were 228 (150-285) ng/L at inclusion, 2107 (725-10,009) ng/L after 28days and 877 (188-1267) ng/L after 90 days. In the oral group (n=27), median (range) serum cobalamin concentrations were 245 (150-285) ng/L at inclusion, 975 (564-2385) ng/L after 28days and 1244 (738-4999) ng/L after 90 days. In both groups, there were significant differences in serum cobalamin concentrations between baseline and 28 days, and between 28days and 90days (P<0.001). In conclusion, both parenteral and oral cobalamin supplementation effectively increase serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs with chronic enteropathies and low cobalamin concentrations.

Magnifying the Senescence: Impact of Oral Health on Quality of Life and Daily Performance in Geriatrics: A Cross-Sectional Study

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study is to study the behavior of the GOHAI as well as the OIDPs as potent measures in oral health related to quality of life in senior citizens.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An outreach program-based cross-sectional study conducted in Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 340 study participants aged >60 years were selected from outreach program which were held between January 2017 and April 2017 based on inclusion and exclusion criterion. The dental health status and its influence on the self-perceived value of life was assessed using GOHAI and OIDP index among the participants. The data were estimated using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-square analysis and Pearson correlation were used to test the significance of the independent variables and the distinct the overall oral impact scores in groups with different dental status.

RESULTS

OIDP shows that most of the patients are suffering from eating food (57.74) and speaking clearly (45.96). GOHAI shows that most of the geriatric population with a lowest mean score of 2.12 and 2.13 were difficulty in chewing food and sorrowful with the condition of mouth and teeth. Similarly, a lower number of population of 3.68 had difficulty in swallowing food.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of OIDPs in this geriatric population was high. Oral impact mainly effect their quality or value of life leading to difficulty in eating and verbal communication.

Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Intelligence Quotient of 12-14-Year-Old Children in Mathura District: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aims:

The aim was to assess and correlate the influence of the concentration of fluoride in ingested water on the intelligence quotient (IQ) of 12–14-year-old youngsters in Mathura district.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 219 children were selected, 75 from low F area, 75 medium F area, and 69 from high F area. The concentration of fluoride in the routinely ingested water was estimated using “Ion Selective Electrode method”; then, Raven's Test was utilized to estimate the IQ of the study participants. Independent t-test, Tukey's post hoc, Chi-square an analysis of variance tests were used to associate the mean and proportion IQ scores in high-, medium-, and low-fluoride regions along with inter-group significant differences (P ≤ 0.05).

Results:

The comparison of IQ score showed that 35 (46.7%) participants from the high fluoride and 10 (13.3%) participants from the medium-fluoride areas had below average IQ. Further, it was noted that the lowest mean marks were obtained by the children in the high-fluoride region (13.9467) followed by those in medium (18.9467) and uppermost in least noted fluoride area (38.6087). However, gender-based intergroup comparison did not produce a significant relation with fluoride (P ≥ 0.05).

Conclusion:

Concentration of Fluoride in the ingested water was significantly associated with the IQ of children. It has also coined the proportional variability in mental output in accordance to the ingested fluoride level. As two sides of a coin, fluoride cannot be utterly blamed for a lower intelligence in a population; it puts forward a fact that intelligence is a multifactorial variable with a strategic role played by genetics and nutrition to develop cognitive and psychosomatic activities in an individual.

Subgingivally Delivered 3% Satranidazole in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis among Smokers: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND

The present clinical trial was designed to investigate the effectiveness of subgingivally delivered satranidazole (SZ) gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of smokers with chronic periodontitis.

METHODS

Sixty smoker subjects with probing depth (PD) ≥ 5 mm were selected. Thirty subjects each were randomly assigned to SRP + placebo and SRP + SZ. SZ or placebo (0.1 mL) was injected into the pocket using a syringe with a blunt cannula. The clinical outcomes evaluated were plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL) and PD at baseline, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months.

RESULTS

At 6 months, SRP + SZ resulted in greater mean reduction (3.05 mm) in PD as compared to SRP + placebo (1.97 mm; p < 0.05) and also a greater mean CAL gain (2.89 mm) in SRP + SZ as compared to SRP + placebo (1.88 mm; p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

When compared to the placebo, the adjunctive use of 3% SZ resulted in significant improvement in clinical outcome in the treatment of chronic periodontitis among smokers.

Alteration in Taste Perception among Young Children during the use of Removable Orthodontic Appliance Therapy

BACKGROUND

The sense of smell is very influential in the taste of foods. If the smell pleases us, we anticipate the taste of the food with a great deal of relish. If our sense of smell is impaired, so is our taste. The effect of appliance on taste perceptions has always had a controversial subject.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was designed to analyze the change in taste perception in children using removable orthodontic appliances. All the selected volunteers were given different taste stimuli and were asked to score as per their perception. The verbal score was calculated based on the correct and incorrect taste stimuli given to them. Visual analog scale was used to assess intensity and hedonic (palatability) estimation of the volunteers.

RESULTS

The volunteers from both study and control groups scored different values for taste stimuli. The majority of stimuli were estimated correctly by both groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the study and control groups.

CONCLUSION

In different testing sessions, the scoring of the volunteers was nearly constant, indicating that an appliance does not play a major role in the alteration of taste stimuli.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The appliance brings about transient change in taste perception, we should educate the patient before delivering the appliance about the transient change in taste perception and encourage full-time wear of the appliance, including during meals, without fear of affecting taste sensations.

Thermal decomposition of expanded polystyrene in a pebble bed reactor to get higher liquid fraction yield at low temperatures

Expanded polystyrene is one of the polymers produced in large quantities due to its versatile application in different fields. This polymer is one of the most intractable components in municipal solid waste. Disposal of polymeric material by pyrolysis or catalytic cracking yields valuable hydrocarbon fuels or monomers. Literature reports different types of reactors and arrangements that have uniform temperatures during pyrolysis and catalytic cracking. The present study focuses on reducing the temperature to maximize the quantity of styrene monomer in the liquid product. A bench scale reactor has been developed to recover the styrene monomer and other valuable chemicals. Experiments were carried under partial oxidation and vacuum conditions in the temperature range of 300-500 degrees C. In the pyrolysis optimization studies, the best atmospheric condition was determined to be vacuum, the pyrolysis temperature should be 500 degrees C, yield of liquid product obtained was 91.7% and yield of styrene obtained was 85.5%. In the characterization studies, distillation and IR spectroscopy experiments were carried out. The remaining of the liquid product comprises of benzene, ethyl benzene, and styrene dimers and trimers.

Hormonal profiles and embryo survival of sows subjected to induced stress during days 13 and 14 of pregnancy

Group housing of sows during the mating and gestation period has become the overall common management practice in Sweden. Loose housing is probably less stressful for the animals because it allows them more opportunities to behave naturally, but mixing unfamiliar sows does create a stressful situation due to aggressive interactions, which can lead to food deprivation. The objective of the present study was to investigate and compare the effects of stress in form of food deprivation and ACTH administration at days 13 and 14 of pregnancy (day 1, first day of standing oestrus) in sows. The hormonal secretion of the sows and foetal survival by day 30 of pregnancy was, therefore, studied in 17 crossbred multiparous sows. The sows were randomly allocated into three different groups: one control (C-) group; one food deprived (FD-) group, which was deprived of food from the morning of day 13 of pregnancy until the evening meal on day 14; and a third group (A-), which was given intravenous injections of synthetic ACTH (Synachten Depot), at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg body weight every sixth hour from 6 a.m. on day 13 until 6 a.m. on day 15 of pregnancy. All sows were slaughtered at 30 +/- 2 day of pregnancy and the genital tracts recovered. Total number of corpora lutea (CL), total number of viable or nonviable embryos and foetal survival rates were determined. Samples from the peripheral blood circulation were collected four times a day from day 12 until slaughter, except during days 13-15 when blood was collected every second hour. The blood samples were analysed for cortisol, progesterone, oestrone, prostaglandin F(2alpha)-metabolite, oestrone-sulphate, insulin, free fatty acids and triglycerides. FD-sows had increased levels of cortisol, free fatty acids and progesterone, as well as a lowered level of insulin in the peripheral blood plasma, while A-group sows had increased levels of both cortisol and insulin compared with the C-group. Treatment with ACTH seemed to cause a 2-day delay in the increase of oestrone, from day 19, as seen in the FD- and C-group, to day 21 of pregnancy. At the time of slaughter, there were no significant differences among groups in terms of total number of foetuses and foetal survival rate. The results of the present study suggest a capacity of the sow to compensate for the influence of induced moderate stress at the time of pregnancy when maternal recognition occurs.

Transport of fertilised and unfertilized ova in sows

Transport of fertilised and unfertilized ova was studied in 22 crossbred (Landrace x Yorkshire) multiparous sows. Sows in the inseminated group (I-group, n=11) were inseminated once with 100ml of BTS extended semen from two fertile boars with a total of 10 x 10 (9) spermatozoa during the second oestrus after weaning between 18 and 8h prior to estimated time of ovulation, as estimated from the first oestrus after weaning. All the sows were slaughtered between 36 and 48 h after ovulation in the second oestrus after weaning by stunning and bleeding. After slaughter, the reproductive tract was immediately recovered, the isthmus was divided into three equal segments, and the number of ova was determined in each segment and in the upper third of the uterine horn from the UTJ. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) either in the intervals from ovulation to slaughter (42.3+/-6.2h versus 43.2+/-5.4h) or in the numbers of corpora lutea (CL) (18.2+/-5.5 versus 15.9+/-3.5) between the non-inseminated (N-group) and the inseminated groups (I-group), respectively. Ova recovery rate was 92.5% in the N-group and 82.9% in the I-group (P>0.05). In the I-group, ova had passed 2.2+/-0.3 segments whereas in the N-group, ova had passed 2.6+/-0.3 segments (P=0.38). It can be concluded that there is no difference in the transportation of either fertilised or unfertilized ova in the reproductive tract of pigs.

Effect of repeated ACTH-stimulation on early embryonic development and hormonal profiles in sows

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adrenal stimulation by synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) on the first 2 days of pregnancy in 22 multiparous sows. The experiment was performed during the second oestrus after weaning and the sows were divided into one control (C-group) and one experiment group (E-group). To determine the time of ovulation, transrectal ultrasonographic examination was performed. E-group sows were treated repeatedly with 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight of synthetic ACTH (tetracosactide) i.v. 4-8h after ovulation and continuing every 6h, until slaughter. Blood samples were collected every second hour from about 12h before expected ovulation until slaughter and were analyzed for cortisol, prostaglandin F(2 alpha) -metabolite, and progesterone (P(4)). All sows were slaughtered approximately 48 h after ovulation and the isthmic part of the oviduct was divided into three equally long segments and flushed separately with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The uterine horns were also flushed with PBS. The embryos of the E-group sows tended (P=0.056) to have a lower cleavage rate than the embryos of the C-group sows but there was no difference between groups in oviductal transport rate of the embryos. In the E-group, significantly (P<0.05) more sows had only embryos with <20 spermatozoa attached to the ZP compared with the C-group. The plasma concentration of cortisol was significantly higher (P<0.0001) in the E-group sows during the time of treatment while the baseline level of prostaglandin F(2 alpha) -metabolite was significantly lower. The baseline level of progesterone increased in both groups after ovulation but there was no significant difference between the groups. Repeated ACTH-stimulation (1) had no effect on the oviductal transport rate of the embryos, (2) had a negative effect on the embryo development, (3) and caused a changed endocrine profile that might have changed oviductal milieu affecting embryo development.

Study of the distribution of inflammatory cells in the sow endometrium: effect of intravenous administration of adrenocorticotropin hormone

Seventeen multiparous cross-bred sows (Swedish Land-race x Swedish Yorkshire) were inseminated in their second oestrus after weaning and divided into two groups. One group (ACTH, n = 9) was given an intravenous injection of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) every 6 h commencing 4-8 h after ovulation, whereas another group (control, n = 8) was given saline solution at the same times. The sows were slaughtered 35-53 h after ovulation. Uterine samples, taken from the mesometrial side of the uterine horns immediately after slaughter, were fixed, embedded in plastic resin and stained with toluidine blue. The endometrium was then examined by light microscopy. There was no significant effect of the ACTH treatment on the distribution of lymphocytes and macrophages, but there was a tendency of an effect on the distribution of neutrophils (P = 0.1) in the sow endometrium.

Impact of postovulatory food deprivation on the ova transport, hormonal profiles and metabolic changes in sows

The effect of food deprivation on ova transport, hormonal profiles and metabolic changes was studied in 20 crossbred multiparous sows during their second oestrus after weaning. To determine the time of ovulation, transrectal ultrasonographic examination was performed. The sows were divided into 2 groups, one control group (C-group), which was fed according to Swedish standards, and one experimental group (E-group). The E-group sows were deprived of food from the first morning meal after ovulation until slaughter. Blood samples were collected every second hour from about 12 h before expected ovulation in the second oestrus after weaning until slaughter and were analysed for progesterone, prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite, insulin, glucose, free fatty acids and triglycerides. All sows were slaughtered approximately 48 h after ovulation and the genital tract was recovered. The isthmic part of the oviduct was divided into 3 equally long segments and flushed separately with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Uterine horns were also flushed with PBS. A significantly greater number of ova were found in the first and second part of the isthmus in the E-group (p = 0.05) while in the C-group most of the ova were found in the third part of the isthmus or the uterus (p = 0.01). The level of prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite was significantly higher in the E-group compared with the C-group. The concentration of progesterone increased in both groups after ovulation but there were no significant differences between the groups. The other blood parameters showed that the food-deprived sows were in a catabolic state. The 48 h period of fasting results, directly or indirectly in an delayed ova transport, which may be due to a delayed relaxation in the smooth circular muscle layer of the isthmus.