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Tummidi S, Anthony ML, Kumar JR, Shankaralinagappa A, Pannerselvam NK, Reddy PA, Balakrishna P. Fungal infection mimicking soft tissue lesion: Role of on-site evaluation, special stain, and cellblock. Diagn Cytopathol 2024; 52:228-232. [PMID: 38348558 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a basic diagnostic method used for the investigation of superficial and deep lesions. The implementation of rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) in cytological analysis can help in reducing the inadequacy rate and obtaining proper samples for further tests/analysis. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of 44-year-old male, who presented to our outpatient department with complaints of swelling in his right arm for the last 34 years. FNA with ROSE using 1% aq. toluidine blue helped identify the pathology (fungal lesion) in the patient with further confirmation by cellblock, periodic acid Schiff & Gomori methenamine silver stains. CONCLUSION The role of FNA was significant in the above case, special stains prove their efficacy when sufficient sample is available. The differential diagnosis of fungal etiology should be considered in subcutaneous soft tissue lesions. There has been a major leap in diagnostic cytopathology with the advent of molecular testing. However, FNA still holds its charm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Tummidi
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, AIIMS, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
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Gupta A, Tripathi M, Siddiqui Ma B, Sripad DV, Reddy K V, Rama Mohan D, Reddy PA, Upparakadiyala R. Effects of the Decrease in Blood Lead Levels on Renal and Neurological Functions Among Occupationally Exposed and Unexposed Populations of South India: A Cohort Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e54432. [PMID: 38510854 PMCID: PMC10951684 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to lead in excess of the permissible limit is a known risk factor leading to preventable morbidity. The present study aimed to assess whether there is a change in the neurological and renal parameters among adults with blood lead levels (BLLs) higher than recommended at baseline and after prevention among differently exposed adults. METHODOLOGY In the Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh, India, a cohort study was carried out in 2022-2023 among 180 adult males and females aged 20 to 60 years in three groups: direct occupational exposure, indirect occupational exposure, and no occupational exposure. If the blood levels were more than or equal to 5 mcg/dL, the participant's detailed neurological examination was done at baseline and end of follow-up. During the six-month follow-up period, health education on lead awareness was given monthly. BLLs were estimated using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Serum creatinine was estimated using Jaffe's modified method. On neurological examination, reflexes, power, and sensation were assessed. The vibration perception threshold was determined using a biothesiometer. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Among the 180 participants, the mean BLLs at baseline were 7.15±3.06 mcg/dL. The findings revealed a statistically significant decrease in mean BLLs at baseline to end of six-month follow-up. Despite this improvement, participants with BLLs ≥5 mcg/dL still accounted for a considerable proportion, albeit reduced, particularly in Groups 1 and 2. There were no statistically significant changes observed in the proportions of participants with abnormal serum creatinine, anemia, or abnormal neurological parameters. CONCLUSION These results suggest that while prevention activities may effectively reduce overall BLLs, there might be challenges in completely mitigating the impact on certain health parameters, such as renal and neurological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Gupta
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
| | - Mukesh Tripathi
- Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
| | - Bari Siddiqui Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
| | - Desai V Sripad
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
| | - Vamsikrishna Reddy K
- Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
| | - Desu Rama Mohan
- Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
| | - Prudhvinath A Reddy
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
| | - Rakesh Upparakadiyala
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
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Arumugam S, Manaswini DP, Reddy PA, Ghoshal JA, Subbiah NK. A Study of Valvular Incompetencies in the Lower Limb Veins Using Doppler Ultrasound Findings. Cureus 2024; 16:e53765. [PMID: 38465064 PMCID: PMC10922251 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Varicose veins (VV) are one of the most common pathologies associated with the venous system of the lower limb. In the Indian population, its incidence is higher, and it is one of the most commonly encountered cases in the hospital. The study aimed to note the widely affected anatomical structure in male and female varicose patients using Doppler ultrasound (DU) examination findings. METHODS A total of 200 Doppler ultrasound reports of varicose patients were retrospectively analyzed and categorized based on the affected structure. The demographic data of all cases, such as age, sex, brief history, signs, symptoms, and affected side of the lower limb, was noted. Anatomical structures causing venous refluxes in the saphenous systems, junctions, and perforating venous systems were noted. Pearson's correlation coefficient was applied to find out its association. RESULTS Out of 200 Doppler reports studied, 133 (67%) were male and 67 (33%) were female patients. The majority, 180 (90%) cases, belonged to C1-C3 stages according to the Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathological (CEAP) classification, while 20 (10%) were in C4-C5 stages. Male patients aged between 31 and 40 years were predominantly affected, with their left side being affected most commonly. In female patients, the older age group of 50-60 years was predominantly affected. Great saphenous reflux in the groin due to incompetent terminal valve was noted in 126 (63%) cases. In the perforator venous (PV) system, defects in the medial leg perforator (189 (95%)), posterior leg (92 (46%)), and thigh perforator (20 (10%)) were noted. CONCLUSION In the present study, the occurrence of varicose veins is due to the involvement of superficial, deep, and perforator veins with varying percentages. Among the structures, the medial leg perforator was predominantly involved, followed by other perforators. Since most patients were in C1-C3 stages, the involvement of deep veins was noted minimally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Arumugam
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
| | | | - Prudhvinath A Reddy
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
| | - Joy A Ghoshal
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
| | - Nandha Kumar Subbiah
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, IND
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Manda S, Tummidi S, Shankaralingappa A, Annam CS, Das S, Bakshi SS, Reddy PA. Primary Thyroid Lymphoma Diagnosed on Rapid Onsite and Cytology: A Rare Case Report. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12070-022-03326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Tummidi S, Singh HK, Reddy PA, Sindhura M, Kosaraju N, Shankaralingappa A, Kumar NP. ROSE in Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes (RDD) disease: a cytological diagnosis. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:34. [PMID: 33849657 PMCID: PMC8045294 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rosai–Dorfman–Destombes (RDD) is also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML). It is a benign proliferative disorder of histiocytes, affecting lymph nodes, rarely with extra-nodal involvement. Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can be utilized as a minimally invasive investigation to avoid unnecessary surgery of this self-limiting disease. Case presentation A 65-year-old female presented with complaints of bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy since 1 year. Rapid on-site stain with FNAC from bilateral cervical lymph nodes revealed features of Rosai–Dorfman–Destombes (RDD) disease. Conclusion FNAC with rapid on-site evaluation can provide a simple and cost-effective method for looking at the unique cytological features of the disease and act as a first-line investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Tummidi
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, Mangalagiri, Guntur, A.P., India, 522503.
| | - Hemant Kumar Singh
- Department of General Surgery, AIIMS, Mangalagiri, Guntur, A.P., India, 522503
| | - Prudhvinath A Reddy
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, AIIMS, Mangalagiri, Guntur, A.P., India, 522503
| | - Manda Sindhura
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, Mangalagiri, Guntur, A.P., India, 522503
| | - Navya Kosaraju
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, AIIMS, Mangalagiri, Guntur, A.P., India, 522503
| | | | - Naresh P Kumar
- Department of General Surgery, AIIMS, Mangalagiri, Guntur, A.P., India, 522503
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Krustrup P, Williams CA, Mohr M, Hansen PR, Helge EW, Elbe AM, de Sousa M, Dvorak J, Junge A, Hammami A, Holtermann A, Larsen MN, Kirkendall D, Schmidt JF, Andersen TR, Buono P, Rørth M, Parnell D, Ottesen L, Bennike S, Nielsen JJ, Mendham AE, Zar A, Uth J, Hornstrup T, Brasso K, Nybo L, Krustrup BR, Meyer T, Aagaard P, Andersen JL, Hubball H, Reddy PA, Ryom K, Lobelo F, Barene S, Helge JW, Fatouros IG, Nassis GP, Xu JC, Pettersen SA, Calbet JA, Seabra A, Rebelo AN, Figueiredo P, Póvoas S, Castagna C, Milanovic Z, Bangsbo J, Randers MB, Brito J. The "Football is Medicine" platform-scientific evidence, large-scale implementation of evidence-based concepts and future perspectives. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28 Suppl 1:3-7. [PMID: 29917263 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - C A Williams
- CHERC, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - M Mohr
- University of Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - P R Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - E W Helge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A-M Elbe
- Universitat Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M de Sousa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Dvorak
- Spine Unit, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Junge
- Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Hammami
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Benarous, Tunisia
| | - A Holtermann
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M N Larsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - D Kirkendall
- James R. Urbaniak, Sport Sciences Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J F Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T R Andersen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - P Buono
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University Parthenope, Napoli, Italy
| | - M Rørth
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, UK
| | - D Parnell
- Department of Economics, Policy & International Business, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - L Ottesen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Bennike
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J J Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A E Mendham
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Zar
- Department of Sport Science, Jahrom University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - J Uth
- The University Hospitals Centre for Health Care Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Hornstrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Brasso
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Nybo
- NEXS, UCPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B R Krustrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Germany
| | - P Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J L Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Hubball
- Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - K Ryom
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - F Lobelo
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health and Exercise is Medicine Global Research and Collaboration Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S Barene
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - J W Helge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I G Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - J C Xu
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - S A Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic Uniiversity of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - J A Calbet
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - A Seabra
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal
| | - A N Rebelo
- Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal
| | - S Póvoas
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD) University Institute of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - C Castagna
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Fitness Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Italian Footbal Association (FIGC), Technical Department, Coverciano, Italy
| | - Z Milanovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia.,Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - J Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal
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Reddy PA, Atreya CD. Identification of simian cyclophilin A as a calreticulin-binding protein in yeast two-hybrid screen and demonstration of cyclophilin A interaction with calreticulin. Int J Biol Macromol 1999; 25:345-51. [PMID: 10456775 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(99)00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CyPA) was identified as one of the calreticulin (CR)-binding proteins in a yeast two-hybrid screen utilizing simian cDNA expression-library. The simian CyPA protein had 96% identity with that of human, differing only at eight amino acid residues. We further established CyPA-CR interaction by incubation of glutathione transferase-fused CyPA (GST-CyPA) and CR proteins with CV-1 cyto-lysates, followed by CR and CyPA-specific immuno-blot analysis. The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A, a CyPA ligand, did not inhibit CyPA-CR interaction. Our results established a new property of CyPA binding activity to CR. Since CR is a Ca2+-binding protein, CR-CyPA interactions may be important in signaling pathways for induction of Ca2+-dependent cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Reddy
- Section of Viral Pathogenesis and Adverse Reactions, Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hill MW, Reddy PA, Covey DF, Rothman SM. Contribution of subsaturating GABA concentrations to IPSCs in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 1998; 18:5103-11. [PMID: 9651194 PMCID: PMC6793480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/1998] [Revised: 04/08/1998] [Accepted: 04/24/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The time course of EPSCs and IPSCs is at least partly determined by the concentration profile of neurotransmitter acting on postsynaptic receptors. Several recent reports have suggested that the peak synaptic cleft concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA likely reaches at least 500 microM, a level that saturates the GABAA receptor. In the course of investigating the experimental anticonvulsant 3,3-diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (diethyl-lactam), we have observed an important contribution to IPSC decay by subsaturating concentrations of GABA. Diethyl-lactam augments currents elicited by the exogenous application of subsaturating concentrations of GABA in voltage-clamped, cultured hippocampal neurons and significantly prolongs the decay of autaptic IPSCs and miniature IPSCs in our cultures. In addition, diethyl-lactam potentiates currents in excised outside-out membrane patches elicited by the prolonged application of low concentrations of GABA. However, when patches are exposed to 1-2 msec pulses of 1 mM GABA, diethyl-lactam does not alter current decay. Tiagabine, which blocks GABA reuptake, does not prolong IPSCs, so it is unlikely that uptake inhibition accounts for the enhancement of IPSCs. EPSCs and miniature IPSC frequency are unaffected by diethyl-lactam, again consistent with a postsynaptic site of action. We propose that during an IPSC, a substantial number of postsynaptic receptors must be exposed to subsaturating concentrations of GABA. A simplified model of GABAA receptor kinetics can account for the effects of diethyl-lactam on exogenous GABA and IPSCs if diethyl-lactam has its main effect on the monoliganded states of the GABAA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hill
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Hill MW, Reddy PA, Covey DF, Rothman SM. Inhibition of voltage-dependent sodium channels by the anticonvulsant gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulator, 3-benzyl-3-ethyl-2-piperidinone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 285:1303-9. [PMID: 9618437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Benzyl-3-ethyl-2-piperidinone (3-BEP) belongs to a family of compounds that includes alpha- substituted gamma-butyrolactones, gamma-thiobutyrolactones, 2-pyrrolidinones and hexahydro-2H-azepin-2-ones. Many of these drugs exhibit potent in vivo anticonvulsant activity in mice. Previous electrophysiological studies demonstrated that they potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid- (GABA) mediated chloride currents. This GABAA receptor modulation was thought to be the main mechanism of anticonvulsant activity. We report that 3-BEP also modulates sodium channels. It decreased sodium currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons in a voltage- and concentration-dependent manner. The drug's apparent affinity increased as neurons were depolarized. At a holding potential of -60 mV, the apparent IC50 was 487 microM. This concentration is comparable to its EC50 for GABAA modulation (575 microM). Current blockade occurred over all activation voltages tested. The steady state inactivation curve was shifted by 600 microM 3-BEP from V50 = -65.3 mV to -72.0 mV, and recovery from inactivation was slowed from tau = 4.9 to 12.8 msec. Sodium current inhibition was not observed for three related compounds, suggesting a degree of chemical specificity for this activity. We conclude that in addition to its known effects on GABAA receptors, 3-BEP modulates sodium channels. Therefore this compound may prevent seizures by both enhancing inhibition and diminishing neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hill
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Flippen-Anderson JL, Deschamps JR, George C, Reddy PA, Lewin AH, Brine GA, Sheldrick G, Nikiforovich G. X-ray structure of Tyr-D-Tic-Phe-Phe-NH2 (D-TIPP-NH2), a highly potent mu-receptor selective opioid agonist. Comparison with proposed model structures. J Pept Res 1997; 49:384-93. [PMID: 9211219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1997.tb00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tyr-D-Tic-Phe-Phe-NH2 (D-TIPP), a linear tetrapeptide containing the conformationally restricted Tic residue (tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), is an opioid agonist which exhibits high affinity and selectivity for the mu-receptor. Its conformational features have been studied using a combination, a solid-state (X-ray) and modeling (molecular mechanics and Monte Carlo simulations) methods. The results of the X-ray study showed two distinct conformers for D-TIPP, with the main differences lying in the orientation of the Tyr side-chain and the presence of both D-Tic(+) and D-Tic(-) conformations for the D-Tic residue. The peptide backbone is folded and stabilized by the formation of one intramolecular hydrogen bond. The modeling results also indicated a folded backbone for the peptide and both cis and trans conformers for the D-Tic residue are found in the lowest-energy structures. Comparison of the X-ray and modeling results shows many similarities especially around the D-Tic residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Flippen-Anderson
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, USA.
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Reddy PA, Woodward KE, McIlheran SM, Hsiang BC, Latifi TN, Hill MW, Rothman SM, Ferrendelli JA, Covey DF. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activities of 3,3-dialkyl- and 3-alkyl-3-benzyl-2-piperidinones (delta-valerolactams) and hexahydro-2H-azepin-2-ones (epsilon-caprolactams). J Med Chem 1997; 40:44-9. [PMID: 9016327 DOI: 10.1021/jm960561u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3-substituted 2-piperidinone (delta-valerolactam) and hexahydro-2H-azepin-2-one (epsilon-caprolactam) derivatives were prepared and evaluated as anticonvulsants in mice. In the 2-piperidinone series, 3,3-diethyl compound 7b is the most effective anticonvulsant against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures (ED50, 37 mg/kg; PI (TD50/ED50), 4.46), and 3-benzyl compound 4c (ED50, 41 mg/kg; PI, 7.05) is the most effective anticonvulsant against seizures induced by maximal electroshock. By contrast, none of the epsilon-caprolactams tested had anticonvulsant effects below doses causing rotorod toxicity. log P values were correlated with neurotoxicity and [35S]TBPS displacement, but not with anticonvulsant activity. Electrophysiological evaluations of selected compounds from each series indicated that both the delta-valero-lactams and epsilon-caprolactams potentiated GABA-mediated chloride currents in rat hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Reddy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Reddy PA, Hsiang BC, Latifi TN, Hill MW, Woodward KE, Rothman SM, Ferrendelli JA, Covey DF. 3,3-Dialkyl- and 3-alkyl-3-benzyl-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones: a new class of anticonvulsant agents. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1898-906. [PMID: 8627613 DOI: 10.1021/jm9600196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3,3-dialkyl- and 3-alkyl-3-benzyl-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones (lactams) have been prepared and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activities. In the pentylenetetrazole mouse seizure model, 3,3-diethyl lactam 7c and 3-benzyl-3-ethyl lactam 7j are the most effective anticonvulsants (ED50 = 46 and 42 mg/kg, respectively) and have protective index (PI = TD50/ED50) values of 5.65 and 3.00, respectively. These protective index values compare favorably to those of the clinically used antiepileptic drugs ethosuximide (ED50 = 161 mg/kg), phenobarbital (ED50 = 22 mg/kg), and valproic acid (ED50 = 133 mg/kg), which have PI values of 2.35, 4.00, and 2.12, respectively. The benzyl compounds [3-substituents are Bn, H (7h); Bn, Me (7i); and Bn, Et (7j)] are also very effective anticonvulsants against seizures induced by maximal electroshock (ED50 = 41, 55, and 74 mg/kg, respectively) and have PI values of 3.51, 3.04, and 1.70, respectively. The corresponding PI values for phenobarbital and valproic acid are 1.37 and 5.18, respectively. As a class of anticonvulsants, the 3,3-disubstituted 2-pyrrolidinones have a broad spectrum of action and may be useful for the treatment of human epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Reddy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Abstract
We have studied the prevalence and molecular nature of hereditary anaemias (abnormal haemoglobins, beta-thalassaemia, alpha-thalassaemia, and Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency) in a primitive central Indian tribe, the Baiga. 43% of the population appear to be iron-deficient. Hereditary anaemia gene frequencies are, sickle cell 0.0824, G6PD deficiency (in males) 0.0457, beta-thalassaemia 0.0057, and deletional alpha-plus thalassaemia 0.65. Both -alpha 3.7 and -alpha 4.2 deletions were observed and non-deletional alpha-thalassaemia was suspected. The overall gene frequency of Xmn I+polymorphism (C-->T - 158 cap site; upstream of G gamma region) is 0.35. This polymorphism is preferentially linked to beta s genes. It appears that sickle cell disease covers a wide range of severity in the Baiga tribe based on higher mortality in the offspring of AS x AS parents (2.5/couple) compared to AA x AS (0.75/couple) and AA x AA (0.76/couple) parents. This is compatible with the high frequency of genetic modifying factors, i.e., the Xmn I polymorphism and alpha-thalassaemia. The results also indicate that "normal" red cell values must be defined for each population where thalassaemias, G6PD deficiency and iron deficiency are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Reddy
- University College London Medical School, Department of Obstetics & Gynaecology, U.K
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Holland KD, Mathews GC, Bolos-Sy AM, Tucker JB, Reddy PA, Covey DF, Ferrendelli JA, Rothman SM. Dual modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor/ionophore by alkyl-substituted gamma-butyrolactones. Mol Pharmacol 1995; 47:1217-23. [PMID: 7603463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyl-substituted gamma-butyrolactones (GBLs) and gamma-thiobutyrolactones exhibit convulsant or anticonvulsant activity, depending on the alkyl substituents. alpha-Substituted lactones with small alkyl substituents are anticonvulsant and potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated chloride currents, whereas beta-substituted compounds are usually convulsant and block GABAA currents. We have now found that this distinction is not so clear-cut, in that some compounds can both block and augment GABAA currents, but with different time courses. For example, alpha,alpha-diisopropyl-GBL (alpha-DIGBL) potentiates exogenous GABA currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons but diminishes GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents. A more detailed analysis demonstrates a triphasic effect of alpha-DIGBL on GABA currents, with a rapid inhibitory phase, a slower potentiating phase, and then an "off response" when the GABA/alpha-DIGBL perfusion is stopped. Thus, alpha-DIGBL can inhibit and potentiate GABA currents with kinetically different time courses. Inhibition is more rapid, but at steady state potentiation dominates. Using a simplified model of the GABAA receptor/ionophore, we have simulated our experimental observations with alpha-DIGBL. Another lactone, beta-ethyl-beta-methyl-gamma-thiobutyrolactone, also has dual actions, with inhibition predominating at low concentrations and potentiation predominating at high concentrations. We propose two distinct GBL modulatory sites on the GABAA receptor, i.e., an inhibitory "picrotoxin" site and an enhancing "lactone site." New information on the structure of the GABAA receptor/ionophore may allow the molecular dissection of these two sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Reddy PA, Gupta I, Ganguly NK. Hepatitis-B vaccination in pregnancy: safety and immunogenic response in mothers and antibody transfer to neonates. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 20:361-5. [PMID: 7832667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1994.tb00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B infection during pregnancy causes increased, maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality. No specific therapy is available, hence neonatal immunoprophylaxis is recommended by WHO. However, the advantages of maternal immunization are manifold. Therefore, 15 pregnant HBsAg negative women were studied after 3 dozes of hepatitis B specific vaccine. No untoward effects of vaccine were observed and a good immunogenic response with very high antibody titres 178 IU/l and 184 IU/l at delivery and 3 months post delivery respectively were noted. Passive transfer of antibodies to the neonates was 100% at birth but these levels declined rapidly. Hence hepatitis B specific vaccine is safe and immunogenic in pregnant women and protects their babies in the immediate neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Reddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Lea MA, Luke A, Assad A, Patel M, Reddy PA. Inhibitory action of orotate, 2-thioorotate and isoorotate on nucleotide metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis in hepatoma cells. Int J Biochem 1992; 24:1453-9. [PMID: 1330764 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The specificity of the action of orotate on hepatoma cells was investigated. 2. Orotic acid and its methyl ester had similar inhibitory effects on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA of hepatoma cells. 3. In contrast to previous studies in vivo, incubation of rat kidney cells with orotate caused an increase in the ratio of UTP/ATP concentrations that was similar to effects on hepatic cells. 4. Inhibitory effects of 2-thioorotate and isoorotate on metabolism were found to be less selective and required higher concentrations than with orotate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103
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Wright SD, Reddy PA, Jong MT, Erickson BW. C3bi receptor (complement receptor type 3) recognizes a region of complement protein C3 containing the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:1965-8. [PMID: 3550803 PMCID: PMC304562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.7.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human phagocytes express a receptor termed complement receptor type 3 (CR3) that recognizes the complement protein fragment C3bi. We show here that CR3 recognizes a region of C3 that contains the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD). CR3 is down-modulated upon spreading of macrophages on surfaces coated with a synthetic 21-residue peptide from C3 (residues 1383-1403). This peptide was also attached to erythrocytes by coupling myristic acid to its amino terminus and allowing the myristoylated peptide to bind to erythrocytes through hydrophobic interactions. Erythrocytes coated with this RGD-containing segment of C3 were bound by macrophages, and binding could be blocked by specific monoclonal antibodies against CR3. Since CR3 recognizes a peptide sequence that contains the RGD triplet, it appears to be a member of a larger family of adhesion-promoting receptors that recognize RGD-containing proteins. However, since CR3 does not recognize a hexapeptide containing RGD, we presume that residues beyond the RGD triplet contribute to binding. We have compared the RGD-containing region of fibronectin and vitronectin, proteins known to be recognized by means of their RGD-containing regions, with those in human and murine C3. A striking homology is observed over an approximately equal to 50 amino acid sequence present in all four proteins. We suggest that this extended region of homology contains a structure recognized by adhesion-promoting receptors.
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Reddy PA, Anandavalli TE, Anandaraj MP. Calcium activated neutral proteases (milli- and micro-CANP) and endogenous CANP inhibitor of muscle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Clin Chim Acta 1986; 160:281-8. [PMID: 3024865 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(86)90195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcium activated neutral protease (milli- and micro-forms) and its endogenous inhibitor have been quantified in muscle from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. The specific activities of both the enzymes are found to be significantly elevated. Some of the properties studied indicate that the enzymes from DMD and normal are not qualitatively different. The ratios of milli- to micro-enzyme in normal and disease state suggest that these enzymes have independent roles to play. The absence of a significant increase in the level of the endogenous inhibitor is probably indicative of its mode of regulation, in disease condition.
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Bergstrom DE, Ruth JL, Reddy PA, De Clercq E. Synthesis of (E)-5-(3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2'-deoxyuridine and related analogues: potent and unusually selective antiviral activity of (E)-5-(3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2'-deoxyuridine against herpes simplex virus type 1. J Med Chem 1984; 27:279-84. [PMID: 6321735 DOI: 10.1021/jm00369a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Syntheses of (E)-5-(3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (TFPe-dUrd) (1), 5-(3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (11), 5-(3,3,3-trifluoro-1-methoxy-1-propyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (8), and 5-(3,3,3-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-propyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (10) from 5-chloromercuri-2'-deoxyuridine are described. The antiviral activity of TFPe-dUrd was determined in cell culture against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and vaccinia virus and compared concurrently with 5-(1-propenyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, and 5-(trifluoromethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine. TFPe-dUrd demonstrated a potent and unusually selective activity against HSV-1, with a 2-log reduction in virus yield at 0.03 micrograms/mL (0.09 microM); L-1210 cell growth was inhibited by 50% only at 290 micrograms/mL. Isopycnic centrifugation of 32P-labeled DNA indicated that if 0.5 or 2 microM TFPe-dUrd was present for 0-6 h postinfection, viral DNA synthesis was reduced by ca. 50 and 85%, respectively; concomitantly, a new DNA band appeared at lower density than normal cellular or viral DNA.
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Bergstrom DE, Brattesani AJ, Ogawa MK, Reddy PA, Schweickert MJ, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Antiviral activity of C-5 substituted tubercidin analogues. J Med Chem 1984; 27:285-92. [PMID: 6699874 DOI: 10.1021/jm00369a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics tubercidin, toyocamycin, and sangivamycin and the synthetic analogues 5-chloro-, 5,6-dichloro-, 5-bromo-, 6-bromo-, 5,6-dibromo-, 5-iodo-, 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)-, 5-(1-methoxyethyl)-, (E)-5-(2-bromoethenyl)-, (E)-5-(2-cyanoethenyl)-, 5-(2-buten-1-yl)-, 5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-, and 5-butyltubercidin were evaluated for their antiviral properties against six RNA viruses and three DNA viruses in HeLa cell, primary rabbit kidney cell, and Vero cell cultures. Most of the derivatives had substantial activity against the RNA viruses, with the least activity shown by 6-bromo-, 5,6-dichloro-, and 5,6-dibromotubercidin. The C-5 substituted derivatives were quite toxic for the host cells. 5-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-, 5-(1-methoxyethyl)-, and 5-(2-buten-1-yl)tubercidin were more selective against reovirus type 1, parainfluenza virus type 3 and Coxsackie virus B4 than tubercidin and the 5-halotubercidins. When tested for in vivo activity against Coxsackie B4 virus infection in newborn NMRI mice, 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)- and 5-(1-methoxyethyl)tubercidin caused a significant decrease in the mortality rate at a dose level of 100 micrograms per mouse. The inhibitory effects on L-1210 cell growth were also determined, and toyocamycin (ID50 = 0.006 micrograms/mL) was found to be the most active compound. This study demonstrates the significance of structural modification at C-5 and the potential of C-5 substituted analogues of tubercidin as biologically active agents.
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Reddy PA, Sutaria M, Brasher CA, Christianson CS. Disseminated histoplasmosis: Cutaneous (subcutaneous abscess), vesical and prostatic histoplasmosis. South Med J 1970; 63:819-21. [PMID: 5427173 DOI: 10.1097/00007611-197007000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Reddy PA, Christianson CS, Brasher CA, Larsh H, Sutaria M. Comparison of treated and untreated pulmonary aspergilloma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1970; 101:928-34. [PMID: 5419974 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1970.101.6.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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