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Crawford K, Florez T, Rodriguez M, Cirado L, Read R, Haar R. "There is a fear that you will be attacked just for the act of working in health": a survey of experiences of violence against healthcare in Colombia. Confl Health 2023; 17:51. [PMID: 37875980 PMCID: PMC10594855 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-023-00548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colombia has experienced decades of conflict between the government and non-state actors. Attacks on healthcare have been a grave but regular facet of that violence. In response, the Misión Médica (MM) program was developed to support, protect, and defend healthcare. Sporadic violence continues, with many recent attacks perpetrated not by armed actors but by residents. Given the history of conflict and ongoing violence, we sought to capture the perspectives of both healthcare workers (HCWs) and community members (CMs) regarding the characteristics and impacts of attacks on health in Colombia to gain insight into how to better prevent violence and mitigate its impacts. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to March 2021 in seven departments in Colombia in regions that witnessed attacks on healthcare. Questionnaires were administered to HCWs and CMs via purposive sampling, probing their experiences with attacks on health with both closed and open-ended questions. The categorical responses were stratified by health worker vs. non-health worker and descriptively analyzed. Narrative responses were analyzed via a hybrid deductive/inductive thematic approach. RESULTS Seventy-three individuals participated in the study (36 HCWs and 37 cm). Approximately 77% of HCWs believed that attacks on healthcare impacted health outcomes while 68% of CMs did not see a direct connection between violence against healthcare and poor health outcomes. Awareness of the MM program was significantly different between HCWs (83.3%) and CMs (37.8%). The survey responses explored the characteristics of attacks on health, compounded impacts of violence on the health system, personal impacts, and perspectives on mitigation efforts. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that: (1) attacks on healthcare are context-dependent and require a local lens for mitigation and management; (2) both HCWs and CMs have critical perspectives that must be considered, (3) the impacts of violence against healthcare are complex and compounded and (4) that awareness of the legal protections of the Geneva Conventions must be combined with education on the health impacts for robust protection strategies. Critically, Both CMs and HCWs experience fear and psychosocial ramifications of these attacks, suggesting the need for stronger protections and resources to support the health workforce and the local community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Florez
- RIAH Consortium, University of Manchester, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Lendy Cirado
- RIAH Consortium, University of Manchester, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Róisín Read
- University of Manchester, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Rohini Haar
- School of Public Health. Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Park CH, Jeoung YH, Yeddula SGR, Read R, Telugu B. 80 Depletion of. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv35n2ab80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Oeffner R, McCoy A, Millán C, Croll T, Read R. Peering at the data inside the black box. Acta Cryst Sect A 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s205327332209430x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Haar RJ, Read R, Fast L, Blanchet K, Rinaldi S, Taithe B, Wille C, Rubenstein LS. Violence against healthcare in conflict: a systematic review of the literature and agenda for future research. Confl Health 2021; 15:37. [PMID: 33962623 PMCID: PMC8103060 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-021-00372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attacks on health care in armed conflict, including those on health workers, facilities, patients and transports, represent serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. Information about these incidents and their characteristics are available in myriad forms: as published research or commentary, investigative reports, and within online data collection initiatives. We review the research on attacks on health to understand what data they rely on, what subjects they cover and what gaps exist in order to develop a research agenda going forward. METHODS AND FINDINGS This study utilizes a systematic review of peer-reviewed to identify and understand relevant data about attacks on health in situations of conflict. We identified 1479 papers published before January 1, 2020 using systematic and hand-searching and chose 45 articles for review that matched our inclusion criteria. We extracted data on geographical and conflict foci, methodology, objectives and major themes. Among the included articles, 26 focused on assessment of evidence of attacks, 15 on analyzing their impacts, three on the legal and human rights principles and one on the methods of documentation. We analyzed article data to answer questions about where and when attacks occur and are investigated, what types of attacks occur, who is perpetrating them, and how and why they are studied. We synthesized cross-cutting themes on the impacts of these attacks, mitigation efforts, and gaps in existing data. CONCLUSION Recognizing limitations in the review, we find there have been comparatively few studies over the past four decades but the literature is growing. To deepen the discussions of the scope of attacks and to enable cross-context comparisons, documentation of attacks on health must be enhanced to make the data more consistent, more thorough, more accessible, include diverse perspectives, and clarify taxonomy. As the research on attacks on health expands, practical questions on how the data is utilized for advocacy, protection and accountability must be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini J Haar
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Róisín Read
- University of Manchester, School of Arts, Languages and Cultures, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Larissa Fast
- University of Manchester, School of Arts, Languages and Cultures, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Karl Blanchet
- Geneva Centre of Humanitarian Studies, University of Geneva, The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Rinaldi
- University of Manchester, School of Arts, Languages and Cultures, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Bertrand Taithe
- University of Manchester, School of Arts, Languages and Cultures, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Leonard S Rubenstein
- Program on Human Rights, Health and Conflict, Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Grzymski JJ, Elhanan G, Morales Rosado JA, Smith E, Schlauch KA, Read R, Rowan C, Slotnick N, Dabe S, Metcalf WJ, Lipp B, Reed H, Sharma L, Levin E, Kao J, Rashkin M, Bowes J, Dunaway K, Slonim A, Washington N, Ferber M, Bolze A, Lu JT. Population genetic screening efficiently identifies carriers of autosomal dominant diseases. Nat Med 2020; 26:1235-1239. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sepandj F, Ceri H, Gibb A, Read R, Olson M. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration versus Minimum Biofilm Eliminating Concentration in Evaluation of Antibiotic Sensitivity of Enterococci Causing Peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080702700417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Sepandj
- Department of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - H. Ceri
- Biofilm Research Group University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A. Gibb
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R. Read
- Department of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Biofilm Research Group University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M. Olson
- Biofilm Research Group University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Vigneswaran K, Oh S, Lallani S, Read R, Olson J. OS1.6 Characterizing the Over-expression of Yki/YAP/TAZ Transcription Factors in Gliomagenesis and Results of a Phase 0 Clinical Trial for a Proposed Novel Treatment of Glioblastomas. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy139.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Vigneswaran
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - S Oh
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - S Lallani
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - R Read
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J Olson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Coetzee B, Loades M, Du Toit S, Read R, Kagee A. Fatigue among South African adolescents living with HIV: Is the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire a suitable measure and how common is fatigue? Vulnerable Child Youth Stud 2018; 13:305-316. [PMID: 32587628 PMCID: PMC7316568 DOI: 10.1080/17450128.2018.1510147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that HIV-infected adolescents experience elevated levels of fatigue that impacts their functioning at school and other important aspects of their lives. Yet, fatigue has not been measured amongst this population group. In this cross-sectional, mixed-methods study we explored the psychometric properties of the 11-item Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) amongst 134 South African adolescents (11-18 years old) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Western Cape. Using the Likert scoring method for the CFQ, the mean total score was 14.89 (SD=3.83) and about a quarter (n=33, 24.63%) of adolescents scored ≥ 18, indicating problematic levels of fatigue. The CFQ demonstrated good internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.83 (0.84, with item 11 deleted), which is comparable to other validation studies. On the first iteration of the principal component analysis (PCA) with a Varimax rotation, three factors accounted for 59.15% of the variance. However, the third factor consisted of one item only which we chose to remove from the analysis. On the second iteration of the PCA, a two factor solution was retained that accounted for 54.24% of the variance. The first factor, 'Physical fatigue', represented the first eight items on the scale. The second factor 'Mental fatigue' represented items nine and ten. The CFQ also demonstrated modest content and construct validity. The CFQ is a short, easy-to-use and cost-effective measure of fatigue, and demonstrates reliability and validity amongst a South African sample of adolescents. Given the high rate of fatigue amongst our participants, we recommend that future interventions be developed to reduce fatigue among HIV-infected adolescents, which may ultimately lead to improvements in school performance and social functioning. Future research may include test-retest reliability of the CFQ in order to show stability over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Coetzee
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - M.E Loades
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - S Du Toit
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - R Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - A Kagee
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Dorea HC, Cantwell HD, Read R, Armbrust L, Pool R, Roush JK, Boyle C, McLaughlin RM. Evaluation of healing in feline femoral defects filled with cancellous autograft, cancellous allograft or Bioglass. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1632947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryCancellous bone grafting is a widely accepted technique in human and veterinary orthopaedic surgery. However, the use of autogenous bone graft is limited by the additional surgical time required to harvest the graft, the morbidity associated with the donor site, and the limited availability of cancellous bone, especially in feline patients. Various allografts and bone graft substitutes are available commercially but have not been fully evaluated for efficacy in the cat. The purpose of this study was to compare the incorporation of autogenous and allogenous cancellous bone graft and Bioglass®, a synthetic bone graft substitute, in femoral defects in cats. Four (4.0 mm diameter) defects were created in the lateral diaphyseal cortex of the left femur with an orthopaedic drill. In each femur, one of the cortical defects was filled with autogenous cancellous graft (harvested from the tibia), one was filled with allogenic cancellous graft, and one was filled with Bioglass. The fourth defect remained unfilled. Graft incorporation within the femoral defects was evaluated by radiographic evaluation every two weeks. Six weeks after the grafting procedure, the cats were euthanatized and high detailed radiography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), histopathology and histomorphometry of the defects were performed. Satisfactory bone healing was observed within all of the defects.
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Irwin P, Bolton J, Read R. Emeritus Professor William (Bill) Towler Clark BVMS, PhD, FRCVS 1935 - 2015. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:348. [PMID: 27671077 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Read R, Moberly NJ, Salter D, Broome MR. Concepts of Mental Disorders in Trainee Clinical Psychologists. Clin Psychol Psychother 2016; 24:441-450. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Read
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust; UK
| | - N. J. Moberly
- Mood Disorders Centre; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - D. Salter
- Salomons Centre for Applied Psychology; Canterbury Christ Church University; Canterbury UK
| | - M. R. Broome
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
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Adachi D, Singh A, Read R, Simmonds K, Sikora C, Tang J. Evolving patterns of antiretroviral drug resistance from HIV genotyping in Northern Alberta, Canada: 2007–2013, a retrospective 15 year analysis. J Clin Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.07.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Read R, Marquez J, Mosley C. CS-29 * A KINOME-WIDE RNAi-SCREEN IN DROSOPHILA GLIA AND HUMAN GBM CELLS REVEALS THAT Stk17A DRIVES NEOPLASTIC GLIAL CELL PROLIFERATION AND INVASION. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou242.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Gratrix J, Singh AE, Bergman J, Egan C, Plitt SS, McGinnis J, Bell CA, Drews SJ, Read R. Evidence for Increased Chlamydia Case Finding After the Introduction of Rectal Screening Among Women Attending 2 Canadian Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinics. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:398-404. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Agarwal M, Nitta R, Dovat S, Li G, Arita H, Narita Y, Fukushima S, Tateishi K, Matsushita Y, Yoshida A, Miyakita Y, Ohno M, Collins VP, Kawahara N, Shibui S, Ichimura K, Kahn SA, Gholamin S, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H, Weissman I, Mitra S, Cheshier S, Avril T, Hamlat A, Le Reste PJ, Mosser J, Quillien V, Carrato C, Munoz-Marmol A, Serrano L, Pijuan L, Hostalot C, Villa SL, Ariza A, Etxaniz O, Balana C, Benveniste ET, Zheng Y, McFarland B, Drygin D, Bellis S, Bredel M, Lotsch D, Engelmaier C, Allerstorfer S, Grusch M, Pichler J, Weis S, Hainfellner J, Marosi C, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Berger W, Bronisz A, Nowicki MO, Wang Y, Ansari K, Chiocca EA, Godlewski J, Brown K, Kwatra M, Brown K, Kwatra M, Bui T, Nitta R, Li G, Zhu S, Kozono D, Li J, Kushwaha D, Carter B, Chen C, Schulte J, Srikanth M, Das S, Zhang J, Lathia J, Yin L, Rich J, Olson E, Kessler J, Chenn A, Cherry A, Haas B, Lin YH, Ong SE, Stella N, Cifarelli CP, Griffin RJ, Cong D, Zhu W, Shi Y, Clark P, Kuo J, Hu S, Sun D, Bookland M, Darbinian N, Dey A, Robitaille M, Remke M, Faury D, Maier C, Malhotra A, Jabado N, Taylor M, Angers S, Kenney A, Ren X, Zhou H, Schur M, Baweja A, Singh M, Erdreich-Epstein A, Fu J, Koul D, Yao J, Saito N, Zheng S, Verhaak R, Lu Z, Yung WKA, Gomez G, Volinia S, Croce C, Brennan C, Cavenee W, Furnari F, Lopez SG, Qu D, Petritsch C, Gonzalez-Huarriz M, Aldave G, Ravi D, Rubio A, Diez-Valle R, Marigil M, Jauregi P, Vera B, Rocha AADL, Tejada-Solis S, Alonso MM, Gopal U, Isaacs J, Gruber-Olipitz M, Dabral S, Ramkissoon S, Kung A, Pak E, Chung J, Theisen M, Sun Y, Monrose V, Franchetti Y, Sun Y, Shulman D, Redjal N, Tabak B, Beroukhim R, Zhao J, Buonamici S, Ligon K, Kelleher J, Segal R, Haas B, Canton D, Diaz P, Scott J, Stella N, Hara K, Kageji T, Mizobuchi Y, Kitazato K, Okazaki T, Fujihara T, Nakajima K, Mure H, Kuwayama K, Hara T, Nagahiro S, Hill L, Botfield H, Hossain-Ibrahim K, Logan A, Cruickshank G, Liu Y, Gilbert M, Kyprianou N, Rangnekar V, Horbinski C, Hu Y, Vo C, Li Z, Ke C, Ru N, Hess KR, Linskey ME, Zhou YAH, Hu F, Vinnakota K, Wolf S, Kettenmann H, Jackson PJ, Larson JD, Beckmann DA, Moriarity BS, Largaespada DA, Jalali S, Agnihotri S, Singh S, Burrell K, Croul S, Zadeh G, Kang SH, Yu MO, Song NH, Park KJ, Chi SG, Chung YG, Kim SK, Kim JW, Kim JY, Kim JE, Choi SH, Kim TM, Lee SH, Kim SK, Park SH, Kim IH, Park CK, Jung HW, Koldobskiy M, Ahmed I, Ho G, Snowman A, Raabe E, Eberhart C, Snyder S, Agnihotri S, Gugel I, Remke M, Bornemann A, Pantazis G, Mack S, Shih D, Sabha N, Taylor M, Tatagiba M, Zadeh G, Krischek B, Schulte A, Liffers K, Kathagen A, Riethdorf S, Westphal M, Lamszus K, Lee JS, Xiao J, Patel P, Schade J, Wang J, Deneen B, Erdreich-Epstein A, Song HR, Leiss L, Gjerde C, Saed H, Rahman A, Lellahi M, Enger PO, Leung R, Gil O, Lei L, Canoll P, Sun S, Lee D, Ho ASW, Pu JKS, Zhang XQ, Lee NP, Dat PJR, Leung GKK, Loetsch D, Steiner E, Holzmann K, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Pirker C, Hlavaty J, Petznek H, Hegedus B, Garay T, Mohr T, Sommergruber W, Grusch M, Berger W, Lukiw WJ, Jones BM, Zhao Y, Bhattacharjee S, Culicchia F, Magnus N, Garnier D, Meehan B, McGraw S, Hashemi M, Lee TH, Milsom C, Gerges N, Jabado N, Trasler J, Pawlinski R, Mackman N, Rak J, Maherally Z, Thorne A, An Q, Barbu E, Fillmore H, Pilkington G, Maherally Z, Tan SL, Tan S, An Q, Fillmore H, Pilkington G, Malhotra A, Choi S, Potts C, Ford DA, Nahle Z, Kenney AM, Matlaf L, Khan S, Zider A, Singer E, Cobbs C, Soroceanu L, McFarland BC, Hong SW, Rajbhandari R, Twitty GB, Gray GK, Yu H, Benveniste EN, Nozell SE, Minata M, Kim S, Mao P, Kaushal J, Nakano I, Mizowaki T, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Mizukawa K, Nishihara M, Nakamizo S, Tanaka H, Kohta M, Hosoda K, Kohmura E, Moeckel S, Meyer K, Leukel P, Bogdahn U, Riehmenschneider MJ, Bosserhoff AK, Spang R, Hau P, Mukasa A, Watanabe A, Ogiwara H, Saito N, Aburatani H, Mukherjee J, Obha S, See W, Pieper R, Nakajima K, Hara K, Kageji T, Mizobuchi Y, Kitazato K, Fujihara T, Otsuka R, Kung D, Nagahiro S, Rajbhandari R, Sinha T, Meares G, Benveniste EN, Nozell S, Ott M, Litzenburger U, Rauschenbach K, Bunse L, Pusch S, Ochs K, Sahm F, Opitz C, von Deimling A, Wick W, Platten M, Peruzzi P, Chiocca EA, Godlewski J, Read R, Fenton T, Gomez G, Wykosky J, Vandenberg S, Babic I, Iwanami A, Yang H, Cavenee W, Mischel P, Furnari F, Thomas J, Ronellenfitsch MW, Thiepold AL, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M, Steinbach JP, Rybakova Y, Kalen A, Sarsour E, Goswami P, Silber J, Harinath G, Aldaz B, Fabius AWM, Turcan S, Chan TA, Huse JT, Sonabend AM, Bansal M, Guarnieri P, Lei L, Soderquist C, Leung R, Yun J, Kennedy B, Sisti J, Bruce S, Bruce R, Shakya R, Ludwig T, Rosenfeld S, Sims PA, Bruce JN, Califano A, Canoll P, Stockhausen MT, Kristoffersen K, Olsen LS, Poulsen HS, Stringer B, Day B, Barry G, Piper M, Jamieson P, Ensbey K, Bruce Z, Richards L, Boyd A, Sufit A, Burleson T, Le JP, Keating AK, Sundstrom T, Varughese JK, Harter P, Prestegarden L, Petersen K, Azuaje F, Tepper C, Ingham E, Even L, Johnson S, Skaftnesmo KO, Lund-Johansen M, Bjerkvig R, Ferrara K, Thorsen F, Takeshima H, Yamashita S, Yokogami K, Mizuguchi S, Nakamura H, Kuratsu J, Fukushima T, Morishita K, Tanaka H, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Nakamizo S, Mizukawa K, Kohmura E, Tang Y, Vaka D, Chen S, Ponnuswami A, Cho YJ, Monje M, Tateishi K, Narita Y, Nakamura T, Cahill D, Kawahara N, Ichimura K, Tiemann K, Hedman H, Niclou SP, Timmer M, Tjiong R, Rohn G, Goldbrunner R, Timmer M, Tjiong R, Stavrinou P, Rohn G, Perrech M, Goldbrunner R, Tokita M, Mikheev S, Sellers D, Mikheev A, Kosai Y, Rostomily R, Tritschler I, Seystahl K, Schroeder JJ, Weller M, Wade A, Robinson AE, Phillips JJ, Gong Y, Ma Y, Cheng Z, Thompson R, Wang J, Fan QW, Cheng C, Gustafson W, Charron E, Zipper P, Wong R, Chen J, Lau J, Knobbe-Thosen C, Weller M, Jura N, Reifenberger G, Shokat K, Weiss W, Wu S, Fu J, Zheng S, Koul D, Yung WKA, Wykosky J, Hu J, Taylor T, Villa GR, Gomez G, Mischel PS, Gonias SL, Cavenee W, Furnari F, Yamashita D, Kondo T, Takahashi H, Inoue A, Kohno S, Harada H, Ohue S, Ohnishi T, Li P, Ng J, Yuelling L, Du F, Curran T, Yang ZJ, Zhu D, Castellino RC, Van Meir EG, Zhu W, Begum G, Wang Q, Clark P, Yang SS, Lin SH, Kahle K, Kuo J, Sun D. CELL BIOLOGY AND SIGNALING. Neuro Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Seto J, Kapral O, Wong T, Gale-Rowe M, Demers A, Dodds J, Fisher W, Read R, Steben M. P6.074 Tailoring Clinical Knowledge Products For Guidance on Addressing Sexually Transmitted Infections and Blood-Borne Infection (STBBIs) to Meet the Different Needs of Family Medicine Practitioners in Canada. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Seto J, Kapral O, Wong T, Gale-Rowe M, Demers A, Dodds J, Fisher W, Steben M, Read R. P6.072 Differences Among Canadian Family Practitioners by Years of Practise in Uptake of Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections (STBBIs) Clinical Recommendations. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Watkins ER, Taylor RS, Byng R, Baeyens C, Read R, Pearson K, Watson L. Guided self-help concreteness training as an intervention for major depression in primary care: a Phase II randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med 2012; 42:1359-1371. [PMID: 22085757 PMCID: PMC3359637 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of widely accessible, effective psychological interventions for depression is a priority. This randomized trial provides the first controlled data on an innovative cognitive bias modification (CBM) training guided self-help intervention for depression. METHOD One hundred and twenty-one consecutively recruited participants meeting criteria for current major depression were randomly allocated to treatment as usual (TAU) or to TAU plus concreteness training (CNT) guided self-help or to TAU plus relaxation training (RT) guided self-help. CNT involved repeated practice at mental exercises designed to switch patients from an unhelpful abstract thinking habit to a helpful concrete thinking habit, thereby targeting depressogenic cognitive processes (rumination, overgeneralization). RESULTS The addition of CNT to TAU significantly improved depressive symptoms at post-treatment [mean difference on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) 4.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-7.26], 3- and 6-month follow-ups, and for rumination and overgeneralization post-treatment. There was no difference in the reduction of symptoms between CNT and RT (mean difference on the HAMD 1.98, 95% CI -1.14 to 5.11), although CNT significantly reduced rumination and overgeneralization relative to RT post-treatment, suggesting a specific benefit on these cognitive processes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that CNT guided self-help may be a useful addition to TAU in treating major depression in primary care, although the effect was not significantly different from an existing active treatment (RT) matched for structural and common factors. Because of its relative brevity and distinct format, it may have value as an additional innovative approach to increase the accessibility of treatment choices for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Watkins
- Mood Disorders Centre, University of Exeter, UK.
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Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, Garau J, Huchon G, Ieven M, Ortqvist A, Schaberg T, Torres A, van der Heijden G, Read R, Verheij TJM. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections--summary. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 17 Suppl 6:1-24. [PMID: 21951384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This document is an update of Guidelines published in 2005 and now includes scientific publications through to May 2010. It provides evidence-based recommendations for the most common management questions occurring in routine clinical practice in the management of adult patients with LRTI. Topics include management outside hospital, management inside hospital (including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), acute exacerbations of bronchiectasis) and prevention. The target audience for the Guideline is thus all those whose routine practice includes the management of adult LRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Woodhead
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, Garau J, Huchon G, Ieven M, Ortqvist A, Schaberg T, Torres A, van der Heijden G, Read R, Verheij TJM. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections--full version. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17 Suppl 6:E1-59. [PMID: 21951385 PMCID: PMC7128977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This document is an update of Guidelines published in 2005 and now includes scientific publications through to May 2010. It provides evidence-based recommendations for the most common management questions occurring in routine clinical practice in the management of adult patients with LRTI. Topics include management outside hospital, management inside hospital (including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), acute exacerbations of bronchiectasis) and prevention. Background sections and graded evidence tables are also included. The target audience for the Guideline is thus all those whose routine practice includes the management of adult LRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Woodhead
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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21
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Singh A, Fonseca K, Mukhi S, Gratrix J, Plitt S, Read R, Sutherland K, Zahariadis G, Tyrrell G, Lee B. LBP-1.10 Misclassification of syphilis cases using a reactive enzyme immunoassay and reactive RPR algorithm alone for diagnosis. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050119.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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Chu A, Read R, Scarrott R. P1-S6.09 An audit of management of prenatal syphilis serology in the STI Clinic, Calgary, AB, Canada. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Vogel P, Read R, Hansen G, Wingert J, Dacosta CM, Buhring LM, Shadoan M. Pathology of congenital generalized lipodystrophy in Agpat2-/- mice. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:642-54. [PMID: 21051554 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810383870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) comprises a heterogeneous group of rare diseases associated with partial or total loss of adipose tissue. Of these, autosomal recessive Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is characterized by the absence of metabolically active subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. Metabolic abnormalities associated with lipodystrophy include insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, and diabetes. One form of BSCL has been linked to genetic mutations affecting the lipid biosynthetic enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2), which is highly expressed in adipose tissue. Precisely how AGPAT2 deficiency causes lipodystrophy remains unresolved, but possible mechanisms include impaired lipogenesis (triglyceride synthesis and storage), blocked adipogenesis (differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes), or apoptosis/necrosis of adipocytes. Agpat2(-/-) mice share important pathophysiologic features of CGL previously reported in humans. However, the small white adipose tissue (WAT) depots consisting largely of amoeboid adipocytes with microvesiculated basophilic cytoplasm showed that adipogenesis with deficient lipogenesis was present in all usual locations. Although well-defined lobules of brown adipose tissue (BAT) were present, massive necrosis resulted in early ablation of BAT. Although necrotic or apoptotic adipocytes were not detected in WAT of 10-day-old Agpat2(-/-), the absence of adipocytes in aged mice indicates that these cells must undergo necrosis/apoptosis at some point. Another significant finding in aged lipodystrophic mice was massive pancreatic islet hypertrophy in the face of chronic hyperglycemia, which suggests that glucotoxicity is insufficient by itself to cause β-cell loss and that adipocyte-derived factors help regulate total β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Pathology Department, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA.
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Abstract
This investigation found that genetic inactivation of mouse Atg4b, 1 of the 4 mammalian homologs of the autophagy-related gene Atg4, resulted in amorphous globular bodies in the neuropil of the deep cerebellar nuclei and adjacent vestibular nuclei but nowhere else in the brain or other tissues. The spheroid-like bodies in the deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei showed heterogeneous composition, reactivity with anti-ubiquitin antibody, and staining characteristics of proteinaceous material. Atg4b-deficient (Atg4b (-/-)) mice also showed a mild but measurable impairment of motor performance on the Rotarod. Atg4b (-/-) mice produced by breeding heterozygous parents were produced at a slightly lower than expected ratio to heterozygous and wild-type siblings but showed no other clear abnormalities in a battery of screening tests. These findings appear to be different than those reported for inactivation of other Atg4 homologs, suggesting that these homologs have tissue-specific functions beyond redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Read
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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Rajan I, Read R, Small DL, Perrard J, Vogel P. An alternative splicing variant in Clcn7-/- mice prevents osteopetrosis but not neural and retinal degeneration. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:663-75. [PMID: 20448277 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810370164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed chloride channel 7 (CLCN7) is present within the ruffled border of osteoclasts. Mutations in the CLCN7 gene in humans (homologous to murine Clcn7) are responsible for several types of osteopetrosis in humans, and deficiencies in CLCN7 can present with retinal degeneration and a neuronal storage disease. A previously reported Clcn7(-/-) mouse showed diffuse osteopetrosis accompanied by severe retinal and neuronal degeneration. In contrast, the authors produced a novel Clcn7(-/-) mutant where mice did not develop osteopetrosis but still developed lethal neural and retinal degeneration. In these mice, there was a rapid progressive loss of the outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor layers of the retina. Laminar degeneration and necrosis of neurons in layers IV and V of the cerebral cortex and in the CA2/CA3 regions of the hippocampus were associated with intraneuronal accumulations of autofluorescent granules (periodic acid-Schiff positive). The extensive reactive gliosis was always associated with the accumulation of intraneuronal cytoplasmic material. The authors found, through quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction analyses, that an alternate Clcn7 transcript (previously identified only in bone marrow) showed minimal expression in the brain and eye but moderate expression in bone, which correlates with rescue of the osteopetrotic phenotype in the face of continued retinal and neuronal degeneration. Findings in this knockout mouse model prove that osteopetrotic compression of the brain is not responsible for neuronal and retinal degeneration in CLCN7-deficient mice; rather, they suggest that neurotoxicity is most likely due to lysosomal dysfunction as a result of the functional lack of this chloride channel in the central nervous system and eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rajan
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Pathology Department, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA
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Vogel P, Hansen G, Fontenot G, Read R. Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like 1 deficiency results in chronic rhinosinusitis and abnormal development of spermatid flagella in mice. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:703-12. [PMID: 20442420 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810363485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like 1 (TTLL1) protein is a member of the tubulin tyrosine ligase superfamily of proteins that are involved in the posttranslational polyglutamylation of tubulin in axonemal microtubules within cilia and flagella. To investigate the physiological role of TTLL1, the authors generated mice with a gene trap mutation in the Ttll1 gene that provide confirmation in a mammalian model that polyglutamylation plays an important role in some ciliary and flagellar functions. For the first time, mice homozygous for the Ttll1 mutation exhibited accumulations of exudates in the nasal passages and sinuses, rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and male infertility. In homozygous mutant male mice, abnormal sperm morphology and function were characterized by shortened or absent flagella and immotility. Although homozygous mutant males were infertile, the females were fertile. These findings are consistent with a diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) resulting from ciliary dysfunction. They indicate that Ttll1 is essential for normal motility of respiratory cilia and the biogenesis and function of sperm flagella but that the defect does not result in the hydrocephalus or laterality defects often seen in other forms of PCD. The absence of early-onset lethal hydrocephalus in Ttll1-mutant mice may enable studies to evaluate the long-term effects of PCD in the respiratory system of mice. Although no mutations in the orthologous gene have been linked with PCD in humans, investigating the role of TTLL1 and polyglutamylation of tubulin in cilia and flagella should advance an understanding of the biogenesis and function of these organelles in mammals and have potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Pathology Department, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA.
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Abstract
Situs inversus (SI) is a congenital condition characterized by left-right transposition of thoracic and visceral organs and associated vasculature. The usual asymmetrical positioning of organs is established early in development in a transient structure called the embryonic node. The 2-cilia hypothesis proposes that 2 kinds of primary cilia in the embryonic node determine left-right asymmetry: motile cilia that generate a leftward fluid flow, and immotile mechanosensory cilia that respond to the flow. Here, we describe 3 mouse SI models that provide support for the 2-cilia hypothesis. In addition to having SI, Dpcd/Poll(-/-) mice (for: deleted in a mouse model of primary ciliary dyskinesia) and Nme7(-/-) mice (for: nonmetastatic cells 7) had lesions consistent with deficient ciliary motility: Hydrocephalus, sinusitis, and male infertility developed in Dpcd/Poll(-/-) mice, whereas hydrocephalus and excessive nasal exudates were seen in Nme7(-/-) mice. In contrast, the absence of respiratory tract lesions, hydrocephalus, and male infertility in Pkd1l1(-/-) mice (for: polycystic kidney disease 1 like 1) suggested that dysfunction of motile cilia was not involved in the development of SI in this line. Moreover, the gene Pkd1l1 has considerable sequence similarity with Pkd1 (for: polycystic kidney disease 1), which encodes a protein (polycystin-1) that is essential for the mechanosensory function of immotile primary cilia in the kidney. The markedly reduced viability of Pkd1l1(-/-) mice is somewhat surprising given the absence of any detected abnormalities (other than SI) in surviving Pkd1l1(-/-) mice subjected to a comprehensive battery of phenotype-screening exams. However, the heart and great vessels of Pkd1l1(-/-) mice were not examined, and it is possible that the decreased viability of Pkd1l1(-/-) mice is due to undiagnosed cardiovascular defects associated with heterotaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Pathology Department, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Moles
- Murdoch University – Surgery, Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - J. A. McGhie
- Murdoch University – Surgery, Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - O. R. Schaaf
- Murdoch University – Surgery, Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - R. Read
- Murdoch University – Surgery, Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Vogel P, Read R, Hansen G, Freay L, Zambrowicz B, Sands A. Situs inversus and related ciliopathies in Dpcd-/-, Pkd1l1-/- and Nme7-/- mice. Vet Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.09-vp-0118-v-am] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The object of this study was to assess the extent of ovarian damage produced by ovarian cauterisation. This was a prospective comparative study between four and eight holes using monopolar diathermy comparing the extent of damage of ovarian tissue in the human. The study was carried out in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Cairo University. We studied 50 patients aged 40-45 years who were scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for benign gynaecological disease. One ovary was subjected to unipolar diathermy with four holes (group I) and the contralateral ovary involved eight holes (group II). The main outcome measured was the extent of ovarian damage produced by the cautery. The percentage area of cautery showed a median of 0.4% and a mean of 0.48% +/- 0.35 in group I, compared to a median of 1% and a mean of 1% +/- 0.31 in group II. The difference between the two groups is statistically significant (P < 0.001). The study suggests that the extent of injury to the ovary produced by cautery might be small, especially when using four holes; however, it is difficult to determine long-term host tissue response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Sheikhah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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31
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Tappenden P, Jackson R, Cooper K, Rees A, Simpson E, Read R, Nicholson K. Amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir for the prophylaxis of influenza (including a review of existing guidance no. 67): a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2009; 13:iii, ix-xii, 1-246. [PMID: 19215705 DOI: 10.3310/hta13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness of amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir for seasonal and post-exposure prophylaxis of influenza. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search strategy was used and searches were carried out in July 2007. REVIEW METHODS An independent health economic model was developed based on a review of existing cost-effectiveness models and clinical advice.The model draws together a broad spectrum of evidence relating to the costs and consequences associated with influenza and its prevention. Where direct evidence concerning the effectiveness of prophylaxis within specific model subgroups was lacking, the model uses estimates from mixed subgroups or extrapolates from other mutually exclusive subgroups. RESULTS Twenty-six published references relating to 22 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the clinical effectiveness review, along with one unpublished report. Eight, six and nine RCTs were included for amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir respectively. The study quality was variable and gaps in the evidence base limited the assessment of the clinical effectiveness of the interventions. For seasonal prophylaxis, there was limited evidence for the efficacy of amantadine in preventing symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed influenza (SLCI) in healthy adults [relative risk (RR) 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08-2.03]. Oseltamivir was effective in preventing SLCI, particularly when used in at-risk elderly subjects (RR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.63). The preventative efficacy of zanamivir was most notable in at-risk adults and adolescents (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.07-0.44), and healthy and at-risk elderly subjects (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.02-1.72). For post-exposure prophylaxis, data on the use of amantadine were again limited: in adolescents an RR of 0.10 (95% CI 0.03-0.34) was reported for the prevention of SLCI. Oseltamivir was effective in households of mixed composition (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.08-0.45). The efficacy of zanamivir in post-exposure prophylaxis within households was also reported (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.13-0.33). Interventions appeared to be well tolerated. Limited evidence was available for the effectiveness of the interventions in preventing complications and hospitalisation and in minimising length of illness and time to return to normal activities. No clinical effectiveness data were identified for health-related quality of life or mortality outcomes. With the exception of at-risk children, the incremental cost-utility of seasonal influenza prophylaxis is expected to be in the range 38,000-428,000 pounds per QALY gained (depending on subgroup). The cost-effectiveness ratios for oseltamivir and zanamivir as post-exposure prophylaxis are expected to be below 30,000 pounds per QALY gained in healthy children, at-risk children, healthy elderly and at-risk elderly individuals. Despite favourable clinical efficacy estimates, the incorporation of recent evidence of viral resistance to amantadine led to it being dominated in every economic comparison. CONCLUSIONS All three interventions showed some efficacy for seasonal and post-exposure prophylaxis. However, weaknesses and gaps in the clinical evidence base are directly relevant to the interpretation of the health economic model and rendered the use of advanced statistical analyses inappropriate. These data limitations should be borne in mind in interpreting the findings of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tappenden
- University of Sheffield, School of Health and Related Research, UK
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Abstract
UDP-GlcNAc: lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase) is an alpha(2)beta(2)gamma(2) hexameric enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of the mannose 6-phosphate targeting signal on lysosomal hydrolases. In humans, mutations in the gene encoding the alpha/beta subunit precursor give rise to mucolipidosis II (MLII), whereas mutations in the gene encoding the gamma subunit cause the less severe mucolipidosis IIIC (MLIIIC). In this study we describe the phenotypic, histologic, and serum lysosomal enzyme abnormalities in knockout mice lacking the gamma subunit and compare these findings to those of mice lacking the alpha/beta subunits and humans with MLII and MLIIIC. We found that both lines of mutant mice had elevated levels of serum lysosomal enzymes and cytoplasmic alterations in secretory cells of several exocrine glands; however, lesions in gamma-subunit deficient (Gnptg(-/-)) mice were milder and more restricted in distribution than in alpha/beta-subunit deficient (Gnptab(-/-)) mice. We found that onset, extent, and severity of lesions that developed in these two different knockouts correlated with measured lysosomal enzyme activity; with a more rapid, widespread, and severe storage disease phenotype developing in Gnptab(-/-) mice. In contrast to mice deficient in the alpha/beta subunits, the mice lacking the gamma subunits were of normal size, lacked cartilage defects, and did not develop retinal degeneration. The milder disease in the gamma-subunit deficient mice correlated with residual synthesis of the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker. Of significance, neither strain of mutant mice developed cytoplasmic vacuolar inclusions in fibrocytes or mesenchymal cells (I-cells), the characteristic lesion associated with the prominent skeletal and connective tissue abnormalities in humans with MLII and MLIII. Instead, the predominant lesions in both lines of mice were found in the secretory epithelial cells of several exocrine glands, including the pancreas, and the parotid, submandibular salivary, nasal, lacrimal, bulbourethral, and gastric glands. The absence of retinal and chondrocyte lesions in Gnptg(-/-) mice might be attributed to residual beta-glucuronidase activity. We conclude that mice lacking either alpha/beta or gamma subunits displayed clinical and pathologic features that differed substantially from those reported in humans having mutations in orthologous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Pathology Department, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA.
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Read R, Hansen G, Kramer J, Finch R, Li L, Vogel P. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase type 5 (Entpd5)-deficient mice develop progressive hepatopathy, hepatocellular tumors, and spermatogenic arrest. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:491-504. [PMID: 19176496 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0201-r-am] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase type 5 (ENTPD5, also CD39L4) is a soluble enzyme that hydrolyzes purine nucleoside diphosphates. Genetic inactivation of ENTPD5 in mice (Entpd5(-/-)) resulted in 2 major histopathologic lesions: hepatopathy and aspermia. The hepatopathy was progressive and characterized by centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy, oval cell proliferation, bile staining of Kupffer cells, and hepatocyte degeneration with increasing incidence and severity of degenerative lesions, development of multiple foci of cellular alteration, and hepatocellular neoplasia with age. Greatly increased proliferation of hepatocytes in young adult as well as aged Entpd5(-/-) mice was demonstrated by Ki67 immunohistochemistry and 5'-bromo-3'-deoxyuridine incorporation. Of 15 Entpd5(-/-) mice between 44 and 69 weeks of age, all showed foci of cellular alteration in the liver, and at least 6 of 15 developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatocellular adenoma, or both. Significantly, none of these lesions were observed in 13 wild-type Entpd5(+/+) littermates. These findings, combined with the historically low incidence (about 5%) of HCC in mice up to 2 years of age with the same genetic background, strongly suggest that loss of Entpd5 promotes hepatocellular neoplasia in mice. In humans, ENTPD5 has been found to be identical to the PCPH proto-oncogene, and dysregulation of this gene has been demonstrated in some human cancers. This mouse model could contribute to the understanding of the influence of ENTPD5/PCPH on cellular proliferation and neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Read
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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Melrose J, Burkhardt D, Taylor TKF, Dillon CT, Read R, Cake M, Little CB. Calcification in the ovine intervertebral disc: a model of hydroxyapatite deposition disease. Eur Spine J 2009; 18:479-89. [PMID: 19165512 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-008-0871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The study design included a multidisciplinary examination of the mineral phase of ovine intervertebral disc calcifications. The objective of the study was to investigate the mineral phase and its mechanisms of formation/association with degeneration in a naturally occurring animal model of disc calcification. The aetiology of dystrophic disc calcification in adult humans is unknown, but occurs as a well-described clinical disorder with hydroxyapatite as the single mineral phase. Comparable but age-related pathology in the sheep could serve as a model for the human disorder. Lumbar intervertebral discs (n = 134) of adult sheep of age 6 years (n = 4), 8 years (n = 12) and 11 years (n = 2) were evaluated using radiography, morphology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, histology, immunohistology and proteoglycan analysis. Half of the 6-year, 84% of the 8-year and 86% of the 11-year-old discs had calcific deposits. These were not well delineated by plain radiography. They were either: (a) punctate deposits in the outer annulus, (b) diffuse deposits in the transitional zone or inner annulus fibrosus with occasional deposits in the nucleus, or (c) large deposits in the transitional zone extending variably into the nucleus. Their maximal incidence was in the lower lumbar discs (L4/5-L6/7) with no calcification seen in the lumbosacral or lower thoracic discs. All deposits were hydroxyapatite with large crystallite sizes (800-1,300 A) compared to cortical bone (300-600 A). No type X-collagen, osteopontin or osteonectin were detected in calcific deposits, although positive staining for bone sialoprotein was evident. Calcified discs had less proteoglycan of smaller hydrodynamic size than non-calcified discs. Disc calcification in ageing sheep is due to hydroxyapatite deposition. The variable, but large, crystal size and lack of protein markers indicate that this does not occur by an endochondral ossification-like process. The decrease in disc proteoglycan content and size suggests that calcification may precede or predispose to disc degeneration in ageing sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Sepandj F, Ceri H, Gibb A, Read R, Olson M. Minimum inhibitory concentration versus minimum biofilm eliminating concentration in evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity of enterococci causing peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2007; 27:464-5. [PMID: 17602158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
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Zhang Z, Wilson F, Read R, Pace L, Zhang S. Detection and characterization of naturally acquired West Nile virus infection in a female wild turkey. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 18:204-8. [PMID: 16617704 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult female wild turkey exhibiting disorientation and failure to flee when approached was submitted to the Mississippi Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Laboratory. Gross pathologic examination revealed evidence of dehydration and the presence of modest numbers of adult nematodes in the small intestine. Histologic examination revealed extensive multifocal perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in brain, marked heterophilic hyperplasia in bone marrow, and multifocal interstitial lymphocytic infiltration in heart, pancreas, ventriculus, and skeletal muscles. West Nile virus (WNV) was isolated from the brain, lung, and kidney tissues using cultured Vero cells. Higher copies of viral RNA were detected from brain, lung, and kidney than from heart, liver, or spleen by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) analysis. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis detected WNV antigen in various tissues including neurons, kidney, respiratory tract epithelium, heart, and bone marrow. On the basis of the data from this investigation, it is concluded that WNV caused encephalitis along with many other pathologic changes in the affected wild turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Mississippi Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Jackson 39216, USA
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Dorea HC, McLaughlin RM, Cantwell HD, Read R, Armbrust L, Pool R, Roush JK, Boyle C. Evaluation of healing in feline femoral defects filled with cancellous autograft, cancellous allograft or Bioglass. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2005; 18:157-68. [PMID: 16594447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancellous bone grafting is a widely accepted technique in human and veterinary orthopaedic surgery. However, the use of autogenous bone graft is limited by the additional surgical time required to harvest the graft, the morbidity associated with the donor site, and the limited availability of cancellous bone, especially in feline patients. Various allografts and bone graft substitutes are available commercially but have not been fully evaluated for efficacy in the cat. The purpose of this study was to compare the incorporation of autogenous and allogenous cancellous bone graft and Bioglass, a synthetic bone graft substitute, in femoral defects in cats. Four (4.0 mm diameter) defects were created in the lateral diaphyseal cortex of the left femur with an orthopaedic drill. In each femur, one of the cortical defects was filled with autogenous cancellous graft (harvested from the tibia), one was filled with allogenic cancellous graft, and one was filled with Bioglass. The fourth defect remained unfilled. Graft incorporation within the femoral defects was evaluated by radiographic evaluation every two weeks. Six weeks after the grafting procedure, the cats were euthanatized and high detailed radiography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), histopathology and histomorphometry of the defects were performed. Satisfactory bone healing was observed within all of the defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Dorea
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762, USA
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Hume EBH, Baveja J, Muir B, Schubert TL, Kumar N, Kjelleberg S, Griesser HJ, Thissen H, Read R, Poole-Warren LA, Schindhelm K, Willcox MDP. The control of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation and in vivo infection rates by covalently bound furanones. Biomaterials 2004; 25:5023-30. [PMID: 15109864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2001] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the continuing infection rate associated with biomaterials, the use of covalently bound furanones as an antibiofilm coating for biomaterials has been investigated. Furanones have previously been shown to inhibit growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of these studies were to covalently bind furanones to polymers and to test their efficacy for inhibiting biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and in vivo infection rate. Two methods of covalent attachment of furanones were used. The first, a co-polymerisation with a styrene polymer, and second, a plasma-1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) reaction to produce furanone-coated catheters. Biofilm formation by S. epidermidis in vitro was inhibited by 89% for polystryene-furanone disks and by 78% by furanone-coated catheters (p<0.01). In an in vivo sheep model we found furanones were effective at controlling infection for up to 65 days. Furanones have potential to be used as a coating for biomaterials to control infection caused by S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B H Hume
- Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology, Vision CRC, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Appleyard RC, Burkhardt D, Ghosh P, Read R, Cake M, Swain MV, Murrell GAC. Topographical analysis of the structural, biochemical and dynamic biomechanical properties of cartilage in an ovine model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:65-77. [PMID: 12505489 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2002.0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between the topographical variations in the structural, biochemical and dynamic biomechanical properties of articular cartilage (AC) before and 6 months after meniscectomy has not been previously reported but is clearly relevant to our understanding of the role of mechanical factors on the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The objective of this study was to address this deficiency using an ovine model of OA induced by bilateral lateral meniscectomy. DESIGN The dynamic effective shear modulus (G*) and phase lag were determined ex vivo at 26 individual locations over the medial and lateral tibial plateaux of non-operated and meniscectomized ovine joints 6 months after surgery using a novel hand-held dynamic indentation probe. AC thickness was measured with a needle penetration probe. The AC from the same topographical locations as indented was then analysed for sulfated glycosaminoglycans (S-GAG) as a measure of proteoglycan (PG) levels, collagen and water content. Histological evaluation of the collagen organization using quantitative analysis of birefringence intensity was performed on stained tissue sections from the same topographical locations of each animal. RESULTS It was demonstrated that the AC of the entire lateral tibial compartment of the meniscectomized joints underwent significant local degenerative and compensatory changes as indicated by a decreased G* and an increase in phase lag and water content. This was accompanied by a decrease in PG content of the AC of the middle and inner regions. While the AC of the outer region of the lateral meniscectomized compartment showed a marked increase in PG content and a more than two-fold increase in thickness, these tissues were also found to be structurally inferior, as indicated by a decreased G* and abnormal collagen birefringence intensity. The AC thickness was elevated at all locations of the lateral and medial tibial plateau of the meniscectomized joints. Strong and significant correlations between the biomechanical and biochemical data were established for a number of the parameters examined, especially between collagen content and G*, collagen content and AC thickness, and G* and AC thickness. An inverse correlation between S-GAG content and G* was only apparent in non-operated control tissues, whereas correlations between collagen and water content, water content and G*, and water content and thickness were evident for AC of the meniscectomized tibial plateaux. Less striking changes were noted in the medial compartment where the intact meniscus remained in place. However, elevated PG content, thicker AC together with slight changes in G* suggested an early hypertrophic response in these tissues. CONCLUSION This study has highlighted the variable response of AC in different topographical regions of meniscectomized joints to the altered mechanical stresses introduced by this surgical procedure. The AC at the joint margins, while thicker and richer in PG, was found to be biomechanically softer (lower shear modulus) than normal AC, and because of this, would be expected to undergo degenerative changes with time leading to the onset of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Appleyard
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Campus (University of New South Wales), Kogarah, NSW, Australia
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Colevas AD, Norris CM, Tishler RB, Lamb CC, Fried MP, Goguen LA, Gopal HV, Costello R, Read R, Adak S, Posner MR. Phase I/II trial of outpatient docetaxel, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin (opTPFL) as induction for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Am J Clin Oncol 2002; 25:153-9. [PMID: 11943893 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-200204000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of docetaxel in an outpatient docetaxel (T), cisplatin (P), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (F), and leucovorin (L) (opTPFL) regimen and to obtain preliminary assessment of opTPFL efficacy. Thirty-four patients with stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with opTPFL. Docetaxel was escalated from 60 to 95 mg/m(2) in combination with 100 mg/m(2) cisplatin intravenous bolus, and 2,800 mg/m(2) 5-FU continuous infusion and 2,000 mg/m(2) leucovorin continuous infusion with prophylactic growth factors and antibiotics. Patients who achieved a complete (CR) or partial (PR) response to three cycles received definitive twice-daily radiation therapy. A total of 97 cycles were administered to 34 patients. The major acute toxicities were neutropenia and mucositis. The MTD of docetaxel was 90 mg/m(2) . Seventy-seven of 97 cycles of were administered on an outpatient basis. The overall clinical response rate to opTPFL was 94%, with 44% CRs and 50% PRs. The MTD of opTPFL is 90 mg/m(2) docetaxel. Outpatient administration of opTPFL is tolerable, feasible, and does not alter the ability to administer definitive radiation therapy on schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Colevas
- Head and Neck Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Colevas AD, Read R, Thornhill J, Adak S, Tishler R, Busse P, Li Y, Posner M. Hypothyroidism incidence after multimodality treatment for stage III and IV squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51:599-604. [PMID: 11597798 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of head-and-neck cancer patients with surgery, radiotherapy (RT), and chemotherapy has been associated with posttherapy hypothyroidism (HT). We evaluated the rate of posttherapy HT in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, treated with multimodality therapy to determine which factors might predict this condition and at what interval the condition developed. METHODS We reviewed the prospectively collected thyroid function data of patients treated with sequential chemotherapy, RT, and neck dissection. The incidence of posttherapy HT was estimated. The patient, tumor, and treatment factors possibly associated with HT were evaluated. RESULTS Of 203 patients, 118 had data adequate for evaluation. HT developed in 45% at a median of 24.4 months after therapy. HT occurred in 14% and 27% of patients at 6 months and 1 year after treatment, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses of sex, age, RT dose, RT fractionation, T and N stage, tumor site, and neck dissection failed to identify a clinically relevant risk factor. CONCLUSIONS A high number of patients undergoing aggressive organ-sparing multimodality therapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck are at risk for subsequent HT. We recommend that all patients definitively irradiated to the head and neck region undergo frequent serum thyroid-stimulating hormone screening for HT, beginning 6 months after RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Colevas
- Head and Neck Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA, USA.
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Ceri H, Olson M, Morck D, Storey D, Read R, Buret A, Olson B. The MBEC Assay System: multiple equivalent biofilms for antibiotic and biocide susceptibility testing. Methods Enzymol 2001; 337:377-85. [PMID: 11398443 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)37026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ceri
- Biofilm Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Abstract
The fine modulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases and protein tyrosine kinases is a key regulatory mechanism for many cell signaling pathways active during development. In a screen for genes with interesting expression patterns in the developing Drosophila pupal retina, we identified a novel pair of protein tyrosine phosphatases that exhibit an expression pattern suggesting a role in multiple steps of Drosophila neurogenesis. Together, these phosphatases define the primo locus. Their sequence is approx. 50% identical to each other and to low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatases (LMW-PTPs) identified in other species. Little is understood of the biological role of LMW-PTPs, and the powerful tools available in Drosophila should provide important insight into their role in signaling and development.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Chromosome Mapping
- Drosophila/embryology
- Drosophila/enzymology
- Drosophila/genetics
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/enzymology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genes, Insect/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization
- Isoenzymes/chemistry
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Miller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Colevas AD, Norris CM, Tishler RB, Fried MP, Gomolin HI, Amrein P, Nixon A, Lamb C, Costello R, Barton J, Read R, Adak S, Posner MR. Phase II trial of docetaxel, cisplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as induction for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:3503-11. [PMID: 10550148 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.11.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of a 4-day regimen of docetaxel, cisplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (TPFL4) in patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty previously untreated patients with stage III or IV SCCHN and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group functional status of 2 or less were treated with TPFL4. Postchemotherapy support included prophylactic growth factors and antibiotics. Patients who achieved a complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) to three cycles of TPFL4 received definitive twice-daily radiation therapy. The primary end points were toxicity and response to TPFL4. RESULTS Eighty-five cycles were administered to 30 patients. The major acute toxicities to TPFL4 were mucositis and nausea. One patient died of neutropenic sepsis during therapy. Additional major toxicities were neutropenia, anorexia, nephropathy, neuropathy, and diarrhea. Fourteen percent of all cycles were associated with hospitalization for toxicity. The overall clinical response rate to TPFL4 was 93%, with 63% CRs and 30% PRs. Primary tumor site clinical and pathologic response rates were 93% and 68%, respectively. CONCLUSION TPFL4 has an acceptable toxicity profile in good-performance-status patients. Modification of the 5-day TPFL regimen (TPFL5: shorter chemotherapy infusion time, earlier intervention with growth factors and antibiotics) led to fewer episodes of febrile neutropenia and hospitalization. Response rates to TPFL justify further evaluation of combinations of these agents in the context of formal clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Colevas
- Head and Neck Oncology Program and Department of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Needle electromyography (NEMG) was used to compare the effects of the Hawley bite plane (HBP) and superior repositioning splint (SRS) on the ipsilateral masseter and anterior temporal muscles at rest and in maximum closure. Twenty adult subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 10. One group wore the HBP for 8 hours per day and the other group wore SRS for the same time period. After 2 weeks of use, NEMG was conducted on the ipsilateral masseter and temporal muscles with and without the device in place. Each group then wore the other appliance for an identical period and underwent NEMG. Both appliance designs produced decreases in electromyographic responses during use. Individuals in the HBP group showed a 48.6% decrease in anterior temporal activity and a 34.1% decrease in masseter muscle activity. The SRS group demonstrated 23.5% and 16.2% decreases in anterior temporal and masseter muscles activities, respectively. This is the first report of the use of NEMG as a mode of assessment of muscle activity in human or animal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Greco
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA.
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Rubin M, Horiuchi K, Joy N, Haun W, Read R, Ratzer E, Fenoglio M. Use of fine needle aspiration for solid breast lesions is accurate and cost-effective. Am J Surg 1997; 174:694-6; discussion 697-8. [PMID: 9409599 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(97)00192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palpable breast tumors have traditionally been diagnosed with open biopsy or core biopsy. We propose fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) as a reliable, cost-saving initial procedure in these patients. METHODS Eighty-five palpable solid breast masses of the breast in 85 patients were classified by a combination of physical examination, mammography, and/or ultrasound as probably benign, indeterminate, or highly suspicious for cancer. All tumors had FNA biopsies. All patients had either a confirmatory open biopsy (55) or close clinical follow-up (30) with a mean follow-up of 29 months (range 6 to 36). RESULTS Thirty-four patients classified as clinically benign had a benign FNA biopsy. No cancers were detected in this group by either open surgical biopsy or clinical follow-up. Twenty patients were classified clinically as indeterminate. All had FNA biopsies, and 6 were either positive for cancer or suspicious for cancer. Fourteen patients had negative FNA biopsies. Five of the 6 abnormal biopsies had cancer on open biopsies. The 1 false-positive result occurred in a lactating patient. Thirty-one patients were classified clinically as highly suspicious for cancer. Twenty-three were confirmed as cancer with FNA biopsy. Eight needed open surgical biopsy to confirm cancer. All 31 patients clinically suspicious for cancer had cancer. In patients classified clinically as highly suspicious or probably benign, FNA was a reliable first diagnostic step (100% positive predictive value, 100% specificity, 87% sensitivity, and 89% negative predictive value). CONCLUSIONS Fine needle aspiration biopsy of solid palpable breast lesions should be the diagnostic procedure of choice for those patients classified clinically as probably benign or clinically as highly suspicious for cancer. Cost analysis revealed elimination of an open biopsy in such cases would save $1,100 per patient. For highly suspicious cases, a negative fine needle aspiration should not deter an open surgical biopsy. For patients classified as indeterminate, fine needle aspiration biopsy results are not reliable enough to determine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rubin
- Department of Surgery, St. Joseph Hospital, Denver, Colorado 80218, USA
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Yuen JC, Habibipour S, Johnson D, Read R. Giant skin cancer of the chest wall. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 100:1614-5. [PMID: 9385986 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199711000-00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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