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Amanso AM, Turner TC, Kamalakar A, Ballestas SA, Hymel LA, Randall J, Johnston R, Arthur RA, Willett NJ, Botchwey EA, Goudy SL. Local delivery of FTY720 induces neutrophil activation through chemokine signaling in an oronasal fistula model. Regen Eng Transl Med 2021; 7:160-174. [PMID: 34722855 PMCID: PMC8549964 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-021-00208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cleft palate repair surgeries lack a regenerative reconstructive option and, in many cases, develop complications including oronasal fistula (ONF). Our group has developed a novel murine phenocopy of ONF to study the oral cavity wound healing program. Using this model, our team previously identified that delivery of FTY720 on a nanofiber scaffold had a unique immunomodulatory effect directing macrophages and monocytes into a pro-regenerative state during ONF healing. Here, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of local biomaterial-based FTY720 delivery in the ONF model on the early bulk gene expression and neutrophil phenotypic response within the regenerating tissue. Methods Using a mouse model of ONF formation, a palate defect was created and was treated with FTY720 nanofiber scaffolds or (blank) vehicle control nanofibers. At 1 and 3 days post-implantation, ONF oral mucosal tissue from the defect region was collected for RNA sequencing analysis or flow cytometry. For the RNA-seq expression profiling, intracellular pathways were assessed using the KEGG Pathway database and Gene Ontology (GO) Terms enrichment interactive graph. To assess the effects of FTY720 on different neutrophil subpopulations, flow cytometry data was analyzed using pseudotime analysis based on Spanning-tree Progression Analysis of Density-normalized Events (SPADE). Results RNA sequencing analysis of palate mucosa injured tissue identified 669 genes that were differentially expressed (DE) during the first 3 days of ONF wound healing after local delivery of FTY720, including multiple genes in the sphingolipid signaling pathway. Evaluation of the DE genes at the KEGG Pathway database also identified the inflammatory immune response pathways (chemokine signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and leukocyte transendothelial migration), and the Gene Ontology enrichment analysis identified neutrophil chemotaxis and migration terms. SPADE dendrograms of CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils at both day 1 and day 3 post-injury showed significantly distinct subpopulations of neutrophils in oral mucosal defect tissue from the FTY720 scaffold treatment group compared to the vehicle control group (blank). Increased expression of CD88 and Vav1, among other genes, were found and staining of the ONF area demonstrated increased VAV1 staining in FTY720‐treated healing oral mucosa. Conclusion Treatment of oral mucosal defects using FTY720 scaffolds is a promising new immunotherapy to improve healing outcomes and reducing ONF formation during cleft palate surgical repair. Local delivery of FTY720 nanofiber scaffolds during ONF healing significantly shifted early gene transcription associated with immune cell recruitment and modulation of the immune microenvironment results in distinct neutrophil subpopulations in the oral mucosal defect tissue that provides a critical shift toward pro-regenerative immune signaling. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40883-021-00208-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Amanso
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - T C Turner
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - A Kamalakar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - S A Ballestas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - L A Hymel
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - J Randall
- The Emory Integrated Computational Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - R Johnston
- The Emory Integrated Computational Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - R A Arthur
- The Emory Integrated Computational Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - N J Willett
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - E A Botchwey
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - S L Goudy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Adankwah E, Arthur RA, Minadzi D, Owusu DO, Phillips RO, Jacobsen M. Immune response against TB and non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 25:234-236. [PMID: 33688814 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.20.0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E Adankwah
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children´s Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - R A Arthur
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - D Minadzi
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - D O Owusu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - R O Phillips
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - M Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children´s Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Maske TT, van de Sande FH, Arthur RA, Huysmans MCDNJM, Cenci MS. In vitro biofilm models to study dental caries: a systematic review. Biofouling 2017; 33:661-675. [PMID: 28792234 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1354248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to characterize and discuss key methodological aspects of in vitro biofilm models for caries-related research and to verify the reproducibility and dose-response of models considering the response to anti-caries and/or antimicrobial substances. Inclusion criteria were divided into Part I (PI): an in vitro biofilm model that produces a cariogenic biofilm and/or caries-like lesions and allows pH fluctuations; and Part II (PII): models showing an effect of anti-caries and/or antimicrobial substances. Within PI, 72.9% consisted of dynamic biofilm models, while 27.1% consisted of batch models. Within PII, 75.5% corresponded to dynamic models, whereas 24.5% corresponded to batch models. Respectively, 20.4 and 14.3% of the studies reported dose-response validations and reproducibility, and 32.7% were classified as having a high risk of bias. Several in vitro biofilm models are available for caries-related research; however, most models lack validation by dose-response and reproducibility experiments for each proposed protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Maske
- a Graduate Program in Dentistry , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas-RS , Brazil
- b Department of Dentistry , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - F H van de Sande
- c School of Dentistry , IMED Faculdade Meridional , Passo Fundo-RS , Brazil
| | - R A Arthur
- d Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre-RS , Brazil
| | - M C D N J M Huysmans
- b Department of Dentistry , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - M S Cenci
- a Graduate Program in Dentistry , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas-RS , Brazil
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Rodrigues JA, Sarti CS, Assunção CM, Arthur RA, Lussi A, Diniz MB. Evaluation of laser fluorescence in monitoring non-cavitated caries lesion progression on smooth surfaces in vitro. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1793-1800. [PMID: 28669068 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a pen-type laser fluorescence (LF) device (LFpen: DIAGNOdent pen) to detect and monitor the progression of caries-like lesions on smooth surfaces. Fifty-two bovine enamel blocks were submitted to three different demineralisation cycles for caries-like lesion induction using Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei and Actinomyces naeslundii. At baseline and after each cycle, the enamel blocks were analysed under Knoop surface micro-hardness (SMH) and an LFpen. One enamel block after each cycle was randomly chosen for Raman spectroscopy analysis. Cross-sectional micro-hardness (CSMH) was performed at different depths (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μm) in 26 enamel blocks after the second cycle and 26 enamel blocks after the third cycle. Average values of SMH (± standard deviation (SD)) were 319.3 (± 21.5), 80.5 (± 31.9), 39.8 (± 12.7), and 29.77 (± 10.34) at baseline and after the first, second and third cycles, respectively. Statistical significant difference was found among all periods (p < 0.01). The LFpen values were 4.3 (± 1.5), 7.5 (± 9.4), 7.1 (± 7.1) and 5.10 (± 3.58) at baseline and after the first, second, and third cycles, respectively, among all periods (p < 0.05). The CSMH values after the second and third cycles at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μm were 182.8 (± 69.8), 226.1 (± 79.6), 247.20 (± 69.36), 262.35 (± 66.36) and 268.45 (± 65.49), and for the third cycle were 193.7 (± 73.4), 239.5 (± 81.5), 262.64 (± 82.46), 287.10 (± 78.44) and 284.79 (± 72.63) (n = 24 and 23), respectively. No correlation was observed between the LFpen and SMH values (p > 0.05). One sample of each cycle was characterised through Raman spectroscopy analysis. It can be concluded that LF was effective in detecting the first demineralisation on enamel; however, the method did not show any effect in monitoring lesion progression after three cycles of in vitro demineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rodrigues
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Rio Grande do Sul Federal University - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - C S Sarti
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Rio Grande do Sul Federal University - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C M Assunção
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Rio Grande do Sul Federal University - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R A Arthur
- Department of Public Health, School of Dentistry of Rio Grande do Sul Federal University - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A Lussi
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M B Diniz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Cruzeiro do Sul University - UNICSUL, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Cantarelli R, Negrini TC, Muniz FW, Oballe HJ, Arthur RA, Rösing CK. Antimicrobial potential and gustatory perception of chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes with or without alcohol after a single rinse - a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 15:280-286. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Cantarelli
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - TC Negrini
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Federal University Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - FW Muniz
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - HJ Oballe
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry; Federal University Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - RA Arthur
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - CK Rösing
- Department of Periodontology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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do Amaral GS, Negrini T, Maltz M, Arthur RA. Restorative materials containing antimicrobial agents: is there evidence for their antimicrobial and anticaries effects? A systematic review. Aust Dent J 2016; 61:6-15. [PMID: 26018839 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate whether the incorporation of antimicrobial agents into dental restorative materials truly exerts an antimicrobial effect against common cariogenic bacteria (primary outcome), and whether the inclusion of antimicrobial agents is able to prevent caries around restorations (secondary outcome). MEDLINE, via PubMed, was searched for papers published between 1980 and 30 November 2014. A total of 1126 articles were retrieved. After inclusion/exclusion assessment, 147 full text articles were read and included in the review, comprising 130 in vitro, 1 in situ, and 4 in vivo studies, as well as 12 literature reviews. In about 78% of in vitro studies, and in all identified in situ and in vivo studies, a positive antimicrobial effect had been found. However, the anticaries effect had not been tested in any of the selected studies. It was concluded that there is indeed evidence that restorative dental materials containing antimicrobial agents exert an antimicrobial effect, both in laboratory and in clinical studies. However, no evidence has been found regarding the role of these agents in preventing or controlling dental caries, or in preventing caries around restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S do Amaral
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - T Negrini
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M Maltz
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R A Arthur
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Maske TT, Brauner KV, Nakanishi L, Arthur RA, van de Sande FH, Cenci MS. An in vitro dynamic microcosm biofilm model for caries lesion development and antimicrobial dose-response studies. Biofouling 2016; 32:339-348. [PMID: 26905384 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1130824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Some dynamic biofilm models for dental caries development are limited as they require multiple experiments and do not allow independent biofilm growth units, making them expensive and time-consuming. This study aimed to develop and test an in vitro dynamic microcosm biofilm model for caries lesion development and for dose-response to chlorhexidine. Microcosm biofilms were grown under two different protocols from saliva on bovine enamel discs for up to 21 days. The study outcomes were as follows: the percentage of enamel surface hardness change, integrated hardness loss, and the CFU counts from the biofilms formed. The measured outcomes, mineral loss and CFU counts showed dose-response effects as a result of the treatment with chlorhexidine. Overall, the findings suggest that biofilm growth for seven days with 0.06 ml min(-1) salivary flow under exposure to 5% sucrose (3 × daily, 0.25 ml min(-1), 6 min) was suitable as a pre-clinical model for enamel demineralization and antimicrobial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Maske
- a Graduate Program in Dentistry , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas-RS , Brazil
| | - K V Brauner
- a Graduate Program in Dentistry , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas-RS , Brazil
| | - L Nakanishi
- a Graduate Program in Dentistry , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas-RS , Brazil
| | - R A Arthur
- b Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre-RS , Brazil
| | - F H van de Sande
- a Graduate Program in Dentistry , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas-RS , Brazil
- c School of Dentistry , IMED Faculdade Meridional , Passo Fundo-RS , Brazil
| | - M S Cenci
- a Graduate Program in Dentistry , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas-RS , Brazil
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8
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Zandona F, Soini HA, Novotny MV, Santiago E, Eckert GJ, Preisser JS, Benecha HK, Arthur RA, Zero DT. A Potential Biofilm Metabolite Signature for Caries Activity - A Pilot Clinical Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5. [PMID: 27885354 DOI: 10.4172/2153-0769.1000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study's aim was to compare the dental biofilm metabolite-profile of caries-active (N=11) or caries-free (N=4) children by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. METHODS Samples collected after overnight fasting, with or without a previous glucose rinse, were combined for each child based on the caries status of the site, re-suspended in ethanol and analyzed by GC/MS. RESULTS Biofilm from caries-active sites exhibited a different chromatographic profile compared to caries-free sites. Qualitative and quantitative analysis suggested a special cluster of branched alcohols and esters present at substantially higher intensity in biofilms of caries-active sites. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study indicates that there are metabolites present in the biofilm which have the potential to provide a characteristic metabolomics signature for caries activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zandona
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - H A Soini
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - M V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - E Santiago
- School of Dentistry Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - G J Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - J S Preisser
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - H K Benecha
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R A Arthur
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - D T Zero
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Giertsen E, Arthur RA, Guggenheim B. Effects of xylitol on survival of mutans streptococci in mixed-six-species in vitro biofilms modelling supragingival plaque. Caries Res 2010; 45:31-9. [PMID: 21196732 DOI: 10.1159/000322646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylitol has been claimed to reduce mutans streptococci (MS) in dental plaque by energy-consuming futile metabolic cycles. This study aimed to investigate the effects of xylitol on MS in an in vitro 6-species oral biofilm model. Each multispecies biofilm contained either a laboratory reference strain, a fresh isolate, a xylitol-sensitive or a xylitol-resistant strain of Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus sobrinus. Biofilms, grown on pellicle-coated hydroxyapatite discs, were fed with a glucose/sucrose-supplemented medium 3 times daily for 45 min and incubated in saliva between feedings. Before or after feeding, biofilms were exposed to either 7.5% xylitol, 7.5% sorbitol or to saliva (control) for 20 min. After 64.5 h, biofilms were harvested and the microbial composition was analysed by non-selective and selective culturing. Strain variability in the ability to colonize biofilms was observed. However, the response patterns in the biofilms to the 4 polyol treatments were similar. None of the MS were inhibited by xylitol provided either before or after feeding. Sorbitol given before feeding did not affect microbial growth whereas sorbitol provided after feeding showed a slight, albeit statistically significant increase in MS counts for some of the tested strains. It did so at the expense of Streptococcus oralis, which decreased in numbers. The present findings do not support the contention that xylitol reduces MS in plaque by futile metabolic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giertsen
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Cariology and Gerodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Vale GC, Tabchoury CPM, Arthur RA, Del Bel Cury AA, Paes Leme AF, Cury JA. Temporal relationship between sucrose-associated changes in dental biofilm composition and enamel demineralization. Caries Res 2007; 41:406-12. [PMID: 17713342 DOI: 10.1159/000105764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal relationship between changes in biofilm composition and enamel demineralization following exposure to sucrose. A crossover blind study was conducted in situ in three phases, during which 12 volunteers, divided into three groups, subjected enamel slabs 8 times/day to water (negative control), 10% glucose + 10% fructose (active control) or 20% sucrose solution. Biofilms accumulated for 3, 7 and 14 days were collected and analyzed biochemically and microbiologically, and mineral loss from enamel (deltaZ) was evaluated. Significantly higher deltaZ was found in the sucrose group after 7 days. However, on the 3rd day, lactobacilli, insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharide were significantly higher, and the calcium, inorganic phosphorus and fluoride concentrations in the biofilm were significantly lower in the sucrose group than in the negative controls. The only significant difference compared to glucose + fructose treatment was a higher insoluble EPS concentration. The data suggest that, although sucrose induces significant enamel demineralization only after 7 days of biofilm accumulation, changes in the biofilm composition are observed earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Vale
- Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Burr ML, Matthews IP, Arthur RA, Watson HL, Gregory CJ, Dunstan FDJ, Palmer SR. Effects on patients with asthma of eradicating visible indoor mould: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2007; 62:767-72. [PMID: 17389753 PMCID: PMC2117320 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2006.070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear whether associations between respiratory symptoms and indoor mould are causal. A randomised controlled trial was conducted to see whether asthma improves when indoor mould is removed. METHODS Houses of patients with asthma were randomly allocated into two groups. In one group, indoor mould was removed, fungicide was applied and a fan was installed in the loft. In the control group, intervention was delayed for 12 months. Questionnaires were administered and peak expiratory flow rate was measured at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. RESULTS Eighty-one houses were allocated to the intervention group and 83 to the control group; 95 participants in 68 intervention houses and 87 in 63 control houses supplied follow-up information. Peak expiratory flow rate variability declined in both groups, with no significant differences between them. At 6 months, significantly more of the intervention group showed a net improvement in wheeze affecting activities (difference between groups 25%, 95% CI 3% to 47%; p = 0.028), perceived improvement of breathing (52%, 95% CI 30% to 74%; p<0.0001) and perceived reduction in medication (59%, 95% CI 35% to 81%; p<0.0001). By 12 months the intervention group showed significantly greater reductions than the controls in preventer and reliever use, and more improvement in rhinitis (24%, 95% CI 9% to 39%; p = 0.001) and rhinoconjunctivitis (20%, 95% CI 5% to 36%; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Although there was no objective evidence of benefit, symptoms of asthma and rhinitis improved and medication use declined following removal of indoor mould. It is unlikely that this was entirely a placebo effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Burr
- Department of Epidemiology, Statistics and Public Health, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK.
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Harkins JD, Mundy GD, Stanley S, Woods WE, Boyles J, Arthur RA, Sams RA, Tobin T. Regulatory significance of procaine residues in plasma and urine samples: preliminary communication. Equine Vet J 1996; 28:121-5. [PMID: 8706643 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasma and urinary concentrations of procaine and the duration of response to procaine after its administration as a local anaesthetic to horses were studied. Following injection of a clinical dose of procaine HCl (80 mg), the concentration of procaine in plasma was less than the lower limit of quantitation and unsuitable for threshold determination. Therefore, the urinary concentration of procaine was determined after injection of a dose of 5 mg procaine HCl, the highest no-effect dose (HNED) of this agent. Free unconjugated procaine in equine urine reached a peak concentration of 23.7 ng/mL, while total (unconjugated plus conjugated) procaine peaked at 37.9 ng/mL (mean urine pH of 8.5). Because a basic drug may concentrate substantially in acidic urine, a threshold concentration of 25 ng/mL of unconjugated procaine is a reasonable and conservative threshold for procaine at this time. Horses were administered abaxial sesamoid blocks containing 2% procaine HCl (40, 80, 160 and 320 mg) and 2% procaine HCl (40 and 320 mg) with epinephrine (1:100,000) in local anaesthetic experiments. There was a significant local anaesthetic (LA) effect for all doses of procaine HCl with the duration of effect ranging from 30 min (40 mg) to 60 min (320 mg). The addition of epinephrine significantly increased the duration of local anaesthesia to 180 min for a 40 mg dose and 420 min for a 320 mg dose. Because epinephrine may extend the duration of local anaesthesia beyond a reasonable period of confinement for horses before the starting time of a race, the increased LA effect following the addition of epinephrine to procaine has regulatory significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Harkins
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA
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13
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Wolf WA, Ziaja E, Arthur RA, Anastasiadis PZ, Levine RA, Kuhn DM. Effect of tetrahydrobiopterin on serotonin synthesis, release, and metabolism in superfused hippocampal slices. J Neurochem 1991; 57:1191-7. [PMID: 1716662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 6R-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin (6R-BH4), the in vivo cofactor for tryptophan hydroxylase, on the synthesis, release, and metabolism of serotonin were studied in superfused slices from rat hippocampus. 6R-BH4 did not alter the spontaneous release of [3H]serotonin but it did significantly increase release when slices were depolarized with 30 mM KCl. Under the same incubation conditions, 6R-BH4 altered neither the synthesis (basal or tryptophan-stimulated) nor the metabolism of serotonin in hippocampal slices. The synthetic pteridine 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin also augmented release under depolarizing conditions whereas biopterin, the oxidized form of 6R-BH4, did not. The 6S isomer of BH4, which is relatively inactive as a cofactor for tryptophan hydroxylase, was equipotent with 6R-BH4 in stimulating serotonin release. 6R-BH4 did not inhibit serotonin uptake nor did it function as a serotonin autoreceptor antagonist to increase release. A direct serotonin releasing effect of 6R-BH4, like that produced by p-chloroamphetamine, could also be ruled out. At suboptimal concentrations of extracellular calcium, the KCl-induced release of 3H was significantly reduced, yet the increase in release caused by BH4 remained the same in magnitude. It is concluded that 6R-BH4 increases the depolarization-induced release of serotonin through an interaction with the release mechanism itself, possibly by enhancing calcium influx or by increasing the sensitivity of the release mechanism to calcium. The effects of 6R-BH4 on serotonin release are independent from its function as the cofactor for tryptophan hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Arthur RA. [An action group for primary health care]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm 1985; 78:34-6. [PMID: 3851994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kuritza A, Arthur RA, Salyers AA. Digestion of larch arabinogalactan by a strain of human colonic Bacteroides. Am J Clin Nutr 1980. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/33.11.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kuritza
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - R. A. Arthur
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - A. A. Salyers
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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