1
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Watson JL, Seinkmane E, Styles CT, Mihut A, Krüger LK, McNally KE, Planelles-Herrero VJ, Dudek M, McCall PM, Barbiero S, Vanden Oever M, Peak-Chew SY, Porebski BT, Zeng A, Rzechorzek NM, Wong DCS, Beale AD, Stangherlin A, Riggi M, Iwasa J, Morf J, Miliotis C, Guna A, Inglis AJ, Brugués J, Voorhees RM, Chambers JE, Meng QJ, O'Neill JS, Edgar RS, Derivery E. Author Correction: Macromolecular condensation buffers intracellular water potential. Nature 2024; 628:E4. [PMID: 38589575 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrei Mihut
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Michal Dudek
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick M McCall
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Aiwei Zeng
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alessandra Stangherlin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Margot Riggi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Janet Iwasa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jörg Morf
- Laboratory of Nuclear Dynamics, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alina Guna
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Jan Brugués
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Rachel S Edgar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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2
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Styles CT, Zhou J, Flight KE, Brown JC, Lewis C, Wang X, Vanden Oever M, Peacock TP, Wang Z, Millns R, O'Neill JS, Borodavka A, Grove J, Barclay WS, Tregoning JS, Edgar RS. Propylene glycol inactivates respiratory viruses and prevents airborne transmission. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17932. [PMID: 37970627 PMCID: PMC10701621 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are vulnerable as they transmit between hosts, and we aimed to exploit this critical window. We found that the ubiquitous, safe, inexpensive and biodegradable small molecule propylene glycol (PG) has robust virucidal activity. Propylene glycol rapidly inactivates a broad range of viruses including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2 and rotavirus and reduces disease burden in mice when administered intranasally at concentrations commonly found in nasal sprays. Most critically, vaporised PG efficiently abolishes influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity within airborne droplets, potently preventing infection at levels well below those tolerated by mammals. We present PG vapour as a first-in-class non-toxic airborne virucide that can prevent transmission of existing and emergent viral pathogens, with clear and immediate implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Katie E Flight
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
University College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Charlotte Lewis
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Michael Vanden Oever
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Life Edit TherapeuticsMorrisvilleNCUSA
| | | | - Ziyin Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rosie Millns
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Joe Grove
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Rachel S Edgar
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
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3
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Watson JL, Seinkmane E, Styles CT, Mihut A, Krüger LK, McNally KE, Planelles-Herrero VJ, Dudek M, McCall PM, Barbiero S, Vanden Oever M, Peak-Chew SY, Porebski BT, Zeng A, Rzechorzek NM, Wong DCS, Beale AD, Stangherlin A, Riggi M, Iwasa J, Morf J, Miliotis C, Guna A, Inglis AJ, Brugués J, Voorhees RM, Chambers JE, Meng QJ, O'Neill JS, Edgar RS, Derivery E. Macromolecular condensation buffers intracellular water potential. Nature 2023; 623:842-852. [PMID: 37853127 PMCID: PMC10665201 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Optimum protein function and biochemical activity critically depends on water availability because solvent thermodynamics drive protein folding and macromolecular interactions1. Reciprocally, macromolecules restrict the movement of 'structured' water molecules within their hydration layers, reducing the available 'free' bulk solvent and therefore the total thermodynamic potential energy of water, or water potential. Here, within concentrated macromolecular solutions such as the cytosol, we found that modest changes in temperature greatly affect the water potential, and are counteracted by opposing changes in osmotic strength. This duality of temperature and osmotic strength enables simple manipulations of solvent thermodynamics to prevent cell death after extreme cold or heat shock. Physiologically, cells must sustain their activity against fluctuating temperature, pressure and osmotic strength, which impact water availability within seconds. Yet, established mechanisms of water homeostasis act over much slower timescales2,3; we therefore postulated the existence of a rapid compensatory response. We find that this function is performed by water potential-driven changes in macromolecular assembly, particularly biomolecular condensation of intrinsically disordered proteins. The formation and dissolution of biomolecular condensates liberates and captures free water, respectively, quickly counteracting thermal or osmotic perturbations of water potential, which is consequently robustly buffered in the cytoplasm. Our results indicate that biomolecular condensation constitutes an intrinsic biophysical feedback response that rapidly compensates for intracellular osmotic and thermal fluctuations. We suggest that preserving water availability within the concentrated cytosol is an overlooked evolutionary driver of protein (dis)order and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrei Mihut
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Michal Dudek
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick M McCall
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Aiwei Zeng
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alessandra Stangherlin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Margot Riggi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Janet Iwasa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jörg Morf
- Laboratory of Nuclear Dynamics, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alina Guna
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Jan Brugués
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Rachel S Edgar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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4
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Beale AD, Hayter EA, Crosby P, Valekunja UK, Edgar RS, Chesham JE, Maywood ES, Labeed FH, Reddy AB, Wright KP, Lilley KS, Bechtold DA, Hastings MH, O'Neill JS. Mechanisms and physiological function of daily haemoglobin oxidation rhythms in red blood cells. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114164. [PMID: 37554073 PMCID: PMC10548169 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular circadian rhythms confer temporal organisation upon physiology that is fundamental to human health. Rhythms are present in red blood cells (RBCs), the most abundant cell type in the body, but their physiological function is poorly understood. Here, we present a novel biochemical assay for haemoglobin (Hb) oxidation status which relies on a redox-sensitive covalent haem-Hb linkage that forms during SDS-mediated cell lysis. Formation of this linkage is lowest when ferrous Hb is oxidised, in the form of ferric metHb. Daily haemoglobin oxidation rhythms are observed in mouse and human RBCs cultured in vitro, or taken from humans in vivo, and are unaffected by mutations that affect circadian rhythms in nucleated cells. These rhythms correlate with daily rhythms in core body temperature, with temperature lowest when metHb levels are highest. Raising metHb levels with dietary sodium nitrite can further decrease daytime core body temperature in mice via nitric oxide (NO) signalling. These results extend our molecular understanding of RBC circadian rhythms and suggest they contribute to the regulation of body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward A Hayter
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Priya Crosby
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Utham K Valekunja
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Rachel S Edgar
- Department of Infectious DiseasesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Fatima H Labeed
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology LaboratoryUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David A Bechtold
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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5
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Abstract
The daily oscillations of bi ological and behavioural processes are controlled by the circadian clock circuitry that drives the physiology of the organism and, in particular, the functioning of the immune system in response to infectious agents. Circadian rhythmicity is known to affect both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pharmacological agents and vaccine-elicited immune responses. A better understanding of the role circadian pathways play in the regulation of virus replication will impact our clinical management of these diseases. This review summarises the experimental and clinical evidence on the interplay between different viral pathogens and our biological clocks, emphasising the importance of continuing research on the role played by the biological clock in virus-host organism interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Rachel S Edgar
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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6
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Wong DCS, Seinkmane E, Zeng A, Stangherlin A, Rzechorzek NM, Beale AD, Day J, Reed M, Peak‐Chew SY, Styles CT, Edgar RS, Putker M, O’Neill JS. CRYPTOCHROMES promote daily protein homeostasis. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108883. [PMID: 34842284 PMCID: PMC8724739 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The daily organisation of most mammalian cellular functions is attributed to circadian regulation of clock-controlled protein expression, driven by daily cycles of CRYPTOCHROME-dependent transcriptional feedback repression. To test this, we used quantitative mass spectrometry to compare wild-type and CRY-deficient fibroblasts under constant conditions. In CRY-deficient cells, we found that temporal variation in protein, phosphopeptide, and K+ abundance was at least as great as wild-type controls. Most strikingly, the extent of temporal variation within either genotype was much smaller than overall differences in proteome composition between WT and CRY-deficient cells. This proteome imbalance in CRY-deficient cells and tissues was associated with increased susceptibility to proteotoxic stress, which impairs circadian robustness, and may contribute to the wide-ranging phenotypes of CRY-deficient mice. Rather than generating large-scale daily variation in proteome composition, we suggest it is plausible that the various transcriptional and post-translational functions of CRY proteins ultimately act to maintain protein and osmotic homeostasis against daily perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aiwei Zeng
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | - Jason Day
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Martin Reed
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Rachel S Edgar
- Department of Infectious DiseasesImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Marrit Putker
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Crown BioscienceUtrechtthe Netherlands
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7
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O'Neill JS, Hoyle NP, Robertson JB, Edgar RS, Beale AD, Peak-Chew SY, Day J, Costa ASH, Frezza C, Causton HC. Author Correction: Eukaryotic cell biology is temporally coordinated to support the energetic demands of protein homeostasis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7269. [PMID: 34880246 PMCID: PMC8654835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John S O'Neill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | | | | | - Rachel S Edgar
- Molecular Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Andrew D Beale
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Jason Day
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Helen C Causton
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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8
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Stangherlin A, Watson JL, Wong DCS, Barbiero S, Zeng A, Seinkmane E, Chew SP, Beale AD, Hayter EA, Guna A, Inglis AJ, Putker M, Bartolami E, Matile S, Lequeux N, Pons T, Day J, van Ooijen G, Voorhees RM, Bechtold DA, Derivery E, Edgar RS, Newham P, O'Neill JS. Publisher Correction: Compensatory ion transport buffers daily protein rhythms to regulate osmotic balance and cellular physiology. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6988. [PMID: 34819501 PMCID: PMC8613194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aiwei Zeng
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Edward A Hayter
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Marrit Putker
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Crown Bioscience Netherlands B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Bartolami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, Grenoble, France
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Lequeux
- LPEM - ESPCI Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Pons
- LPEM - ESPCI Paris, PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jason Day
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerben van Ooijen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - David A Bechtold
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Rachel S Edgar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Newham
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Putker M, Wong DCS, Seinkmane E, Rzechorzek NM, Zeng A, Hoyle NP, Chesham JE, Edwards MD, Feeney KA, Fischer R, Peschel N, Chen K, Vanden Oever M, Edgar RS, Selby CP, Sancar A, O’Neill JS. CRYPTOCHROMES confer robustness, not rhythmicity, to circadian timekeeping. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106745. [PMID: 33491228 PMCID: PMC8013833 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are a pervasive property of mammalian cells, tissues and behaviour, ensuring physiological adaptation to solar time. Models of cellular timekeeping revolve around transcriptional feedback repression, whereby CLOCK and BMAL1 activate the expression of PERIOD (PER) and CRYPTOCHROME (CRY), which in turn repress CLOCK/BMAL1 activity. CRY proteins are therefore considered essential components of the cellular clock mechanism, supported by behavioural arrhythmicity of CRY-deficient (CKO) mice under constant conditions. Challenging this interpretation, we find locomotor rhythms in adult CKO mice under specific environmental conditions and circadian rhythms in cellular PER2 levels when CRY is absent. CRY-less oscillations are variable in their expression and have shorter periods than wild-type controls. Importantly, we find classic circadian hallmarks such as temperature compensation and period determination by CK1δ/ε activity to be maintained. In the absence of CRY-mediated feedback repression and rhythmic Per2 transcription, PER2 protein rhythms are sustained for several cycles, accompanied by circadian variation in protein stability. We suggest that, whereas circadian transcriptional feedback imparts robustness and functionality onto biological clocks, the core timekeeping mechanism is post-translational.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aiwei Zeng
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Mathew D Edwards
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
- Present address:
UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and BehaviourLondonUK
| | | | | | | | - Ko‐Fan Chen
- Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Department of Genetics and Genome BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | | | | | - Christopher P Selby
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Aziz Sancar
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
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10
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O' Neill JS, Hoyle NP, Robertson JB, Edgar RS, Beale AD, Peak-Chew SY, Day J, Costa ASH, Frezza C, Causton HC. Eukaryotic cell biology is temporally coordinated to support the energetic demands of protein homeostasis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4706. [PMID: 32943618 PMCID: PMC7499178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast physiology is temporally regulated, this becomes apparent under nutrient-limited conditions and results in respiratory oscillations (YROs). YROs share features with circadian rhythms and interact with, but are independent of, the cell division cycle. Here, we show that YROs minimise energy expenditure by restricting protein synthesis until sufficient resources are stored, while maintaining osmotic homeostasis and protein quality control. Although nutrient supply is constant, cells sequester and store metabolic resources via increased transport, autophagy and biomolecular condensation. Replete stores trigger increased H+ export which stimulates TORC1 and liberates proteasomes, ribosomes, chaperones and metabolic enzymes from non-membrane bound compartments. This facilitates translational bursting, liquidation of storage carbohydrates, increased ATP turnover, and the export of osmolytes. We propose that dynamic regulation of ion transport and metabolic plasticity are required to maintain osmotic and protein homeostasis during remodelling of eukaryotic proteomes, and that bioenergetic constraints selected for temporal organisation that promotes oscillatory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S O' Neill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | | | | | - Rachel S Edgar
- Molecular Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Andrew D Beale
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Jason Day
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Helen C Causton
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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11
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Henslee EA, Crosby P, Kitcatt SJ, Parry JSW, Bernardini A, Abdallat RG, Braun G, Fatoyinbo HO, Harrison EJ, Edgar RS, Hoettges KF, Reddy AB, Jabr RI, von Schantz M, O'Neill JS, Labeed FH. Rhythmic potassium transport regulates the circadian clock in human red blood cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1978. [PMID: 29215003 PMCID: PMC5719349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms organize many aspects of cell biology and physiology to a daily temporal program that depends on clock gene expression cycles in most mammalian cell types. However, circadian rhythms are also observed in isolated mammalian red blood cells (RBCs), which lack nuclei, suggesting the existence of post-translational cellular clock mechanisms in these cells. Here we show using electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches that human RBCs display circadian regulation of membrane conductance and cytoplasmic conductivity that depends on the cycling of cytoplasmic K+ levels. Using pharmacological intervention and ion replacement, we show that inhibition of K+ transport abolishes RBC electrophysiological rhythms. Our results suggest that in the absence of conventional transcription cycles, RBCs maintain a circadian rhythm in membrane electrophysiology through dynamic regulation of K+ transport. Circadian rhythms usually rely on cyclic variations in gene expression. Red blood cells, however, display circadian rhythms while being devoid of nuclear DNA. Here, Henslee and colleagues show that circadian rhythms in isolated human red blood cells are dependent on rhythmic transport of K+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Henslee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Priya Crosby
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Stephen J Kitcatt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Jack S W Parry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Andrea Bernardini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Rula G Abdallat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hashemite University, 330127, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan
| | - Gabriella Braun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Henry O Fatoyinbo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Esther J Harrison
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Rachel S Edgar
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kai F Hoettges
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rita I Jabr
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Malcolm von Schantz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - John S O'Neill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Fatima H Labeed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
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12
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Edgar RS, Stangherlin A, Nagy AD, Nicoll MP, Efstathiou S, O'Neill JS, Reddy AB. Cell autonomous regulation of herpes and influenza virus infection by the circadian clock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10085-90. [PMID: 27528682 PMCID: PMC5018795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601895113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogens that hijack host cell machinery and resources to replicate. Rather than being constant, host physiology is rhythmic, undergoing circadian (∼24 h) oscillations in many virus-relevant pathways, but whether daily rhythms impact on viral replication is unknown. We find that the time of day of host infection regulates virus progression in live mice and individual cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that herpes and influenza A virus infections are enhanced when host circadian rhythms are abolished by disrupting the key clock gene transcription factor Bmal1. Intracellular trafficking, biosynthetic processes, protein synthesis, and chromatin assembly all contribute to circadian regulation of virus infection. Moreover, herpesviruses differentially target components of the molecular circadian clockwork. Our work demonstrates that viruses exploit the clockwork for their own gain and that the clock represents a novel target for modulating viral replication that extends beyond any single family of these ubiquitous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Edgar
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Stangherlin
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andras D Nagy
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs Medical School, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Michael P Nicoll
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Efstathiou
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - John S O'Neill
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom;
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Abstract
The evolution of tight coupling between the circadian system and redox homeostasis of the cell has been proposed to coincide roughly with the appearance of the first aerobic organisms, around 3 billion years ago. The rhythmic production of oxygen and its effect on core metabolism are thought to have exerted selective pressure for the temporal segregation of numerous metabolic pathways. Until recently, the only evidence for such coupling came from studies showing circadian cycles in the abundance of various redox metabolites, with many arguing that these oscillations are simply an output from the transcription-translation feedback loop. The recent discovery that the peroxiredoxin (PRX) proteins exhibit circadian cycles in their oxidation status, even in the absence of transcription, demonstrated the existence of autonomous oscillations in the redox status of the cell. The PRXs are a family of cellular thiol peroxidases, whose abundance and high reaction rate make them the major cellular sink for cellular peroxides. Interestingly, as part of the normal catalytic cycle, PRXs become inactivated by their own substrate via overoxidation of the catalytic residue, with the inactivated form of the enzyme displaying circadian accumulation. Here, we describe the biochemical properties of the PRX system, with particular emphasis on the features important for the experimental analysis of these enzymes. We will also present a detailed protocol for measuring PRX overoxidation across circadian time in adherent cell cultures, red blood cells, and fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), providing practical suggestions for ensuring consistency and reproducibility of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay B Milev
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Rey
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Utham K Valekunja
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S Edgar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John S O'Neill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Valekunja UK, Edgar RS, Oklejewicz M, van der Horst GTJ, O’Neill JS, Tamanini F, Turner DJ, Reddy AB. Histone methyltransferase MLL3 contributes to genome-scale circadian transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1554-9. [PMID: 23297224 PMCID: PMC3557088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214168110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily cyclical expression of thousands of genes in tissues such as the liver is orchestrated by the molecular circadian clock, the disruption of which is implicated in metabolic disorders and cancer. Although we understand much about the circadian transcription factors that can switch gene expression on and off, it is still unclear how global changes in rhythmic transcription are controlled at the genomic level. Here, we demonstrate circadian modification of an activating histone mark at a significant proportion of gene loci that undergo daily transcription, implicating widespread epigenetic modification as a key node regulated by the clockwork. Furthermore, we identify the histone-remodelling enzyme mixed lineage leukemia (MLL)3 as a clock-controlled factor that is able to directly and indirectly modulate over a hundred epigenetically targeted circadian "output" genes in the liver. Importantly, catalytic inactivation of the histone methyltransferase activity of MLL3 also severely compromises the oscillation of "core" clock gene promoters, including Bmal1, mCry1, mPer2, and Rev-erbα, suggesting that rhythmic histone methylation is vital for robust transcriptional oscillator function. This highlights a pathway by which the clockwork exerts genome-wide control over transcription, which is critical for sustaining temporal programming of tissue physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utham K. Valekunja
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S. Edgar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Malgorzata Oklejewicz
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - John S. O’Neill
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Tamanini
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Daniel J. Turner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Akhilesh B. Reddy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Olmedo M, O’Neill JS, Edgar RS, Valekunja UK, Reddy AB, Merrow M. Circadian regulation of olfaction and an evolutionarily conserved, nontranscriptional marker in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20479-84. [PMID: 23185015 PMCID: PMC3528576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211705109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks provide a temporal structure to processes from gene expression to behavior in organisms from all phyla. Most clocks are synchronized to the environment by alternations of light and dark. However, many organisms experience only muted daily environmental cycles due to their lightless spatial niches (e.g., caves or soil). This has led to speculation that they may dispense with the daily clock. However, recent reports contradict this notion, showing various behavioral and molecular rhythms in Caenorhabditis elegans and in blind cave fish. Based on the ecology of nematodes, we applied low-amplitude temperature cycles to synchronize populations of animals through development. This entrainment regime reveals rhythms on multiple levels: in olfactory cued behavior, in RNA and protein abundance, and in the oxidation state of a broadly conserved peroxiredoxin protein. Our work links the nematode clock with that of other clock model systems; it also emphasizes the importance of daily rhythms in sensory functions that are likely to impact on organism fitness and population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olmedo
- Department of Molecular Chronobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Groningen, 9474 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität-München, 80336 Munich, Germany; and
| | - John S. O’Neill
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S. Edgar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Utham K. Valekunja
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Akhilesh B. Reddy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Merrow
- Department of Molecular Chronobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Groningen, 9474 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität-München, 80336 Munich, Germany; and
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Edgar RS, Green EW, Zhao Y, van Ooijen G, Olmedo M, Qin X, Xu Y, Pan M, Valekunja UK, Feeney KA, Maywood ES, Hastings MH, Baliga NS, Merrow M, Millar AJ, Johnson CH, Kyriacou CP, O’Neill JS, Reddy AB. Erratum: Corrigendum: Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms. Nature 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Edgar RS, Green EW, Zhao Y, van Ooijen G, Olmedo M, Qin X, Xu Y, Pan M, Valekunja UK, Feeney KA, Maywood ES, Hastings MH, Baliga NS, Merrow M, Millar AJ, Johnson CH, Kyriacou CP, O’Neill JS, Reddy AB. Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms. Nature 2012; 485:459-64. [PMID: 22622569 PMCID: PMC3398137 DOI: 10.1038/nature11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular life emerged ∼3.7 billion years ago. With scant exception, terrestrial organisms have evolved under predictable daily cycles owing to the Earth's rotation. The advantage conferred on organisms that anticipate such environmental cycles has driven the evolution of endogenous circadian rhythms that tune internal physiology to external conditions. The molecular phylogeny of mechanisms driving these rhythms has been difficult to dissect because identified clock genes and proteins are not conserved across the domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota. Here we show that oxidation-reduction cycles of peroxiredoxin proteins constitute a universal marker for circadian rhythms in all domains of life, by characterizing their oscillations in a variety of model organisms. Furthermore, we explore the interconnectivity between these metabolic cycles and transcription-translation feedback loops of the clockwork in each system. Our results suggest an intimate co-evolution of cellular timekeeping with redox homeostatic mechanisms after the Great Oxidation Event ∼2.5 billion years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Edgar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ,UK
| | - Edward W. Green
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gerben van Ooijen
- Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), Mayfield Road, EH9 3JD, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Olmedo
- Department of Molecular Chronobiology, Center for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ximing Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Min Pan
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Utham K. Valekunja
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ,UK
| | - Kevin A. Feeney
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ,UK
| | | | | | - Nitin S. Baliga
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martha Merrow
- Department of Molecular Chronobiology, Center for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Millar
- Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), Mayfield Road, EH9 3JD, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JR, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carl H. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - John S. O’Neill
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ,UK
| | - Akhilesh B. Reddy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ,UK
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Jones DC, Edgar RS, Ahmad T, Cummings JRF, Jewell DP, Trowsdale J, Young NT. Killer Ig-like receptor (KIR) genotype and HLA ligand combinations in ulcerative colitis susceptibility. Genes Immun 2006; 7:576-82. [PMID: 16929347 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are expressed on natural killer cells and some T-cell subsets and produce either activation or inhibitory signals upon binding with the appropriate human leucocyte antigen (HLA) ligand on target cells. Recent genetic association studies have implicated KIR genotype in the development of several inflammatory conditions. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa that results from an inappropriate activation of the immune system driven by host bacterial flora. We developed a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (SSP)-based assay to genotype 194 UC patients and 216 control individuals for 14 KIR genes, the HLA-Cw ligand epitopes of the KIR2D receptors and a polymorphism of the lectin-like-activating receptor NKG2D. Initial analysis found the phenotype frequency of KIR2DL2 and -2DS2 to be significantly increased in the UC cohort (P=0.030 and 0.038, respectively). Logistic regression analysis revealed a protective effect conferred by KIR2DL3 in the presence of its ligand HLA-Cw group 1 (P=0.019). These results suggest that KIR genotype and HLA ligand interaction may contribute to the genetic susceptibility of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Jones
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Different mutations in the sqt-1 gene of C. elegans can lengthen, shorten, or helically twist the entire animal. We have cloned the sqt-1 gene and have shown that it encodes a collagen. sqt-1 was localized to a 35 kb region of DNA by physical mapping of chromosomal deficiencies. A transposon (Tc1)-induced mutation of sqt-1 was generated and utilized to identify the sqt-1 gene within this 35 kb region. Sequence analysis of the sqt-1 gene shows that it encodes a 32 kd collagen polypeptide that is similar in size and structure to other members of the C. elegans collagen family. The Tc1 insertion mutant has no detectable sqt-1 transcripts, yet it is morphologically normal, indicating that the null phenotype of sqt-1 is wild type. These results demonstrate that collagen mutations can have dramatic effects on organismal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kramer
- Laboratory for Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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Politz SM, Politz JC, Edgar RS. Small Collagenous Proteins Present during the Molt in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Nematol 1986; 18:303-310. [PMID: 19294182 PMCID: PMC2618558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoblotting experiments using antibodies directed against the large collagenous cuticle proteins of Caenorhabditis elegans revealed a class of small collagenous proteins (CP) of apparent molecular weight 38,000-52,000 present during the L4 to adult molt. These CP are smaller than most vertebrate collagens characterized to date and share many characteristics with the small collagenous products translated in vitro from RNA isolated at this molt. C. elegans collagen genes, collagen-coding mRNA, and collagenous in vitro products that have been characterized are also small. Detection of small CP in vivo in C. elegans thus lends further support to the hypothesis that such small collagenous proteins are the primary gene product precursors to the larger collagenous proteins isolated from the C. elegans cuticle.
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Kusch M, Edgar RS. Genetic studies of unusual loci that affect body shape of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and may code for cuticle structural proteins. Genetics 1986; 113:621-39. [PMID: 3732788 PMCID: PMC1202859 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/113.3.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, four loci (sqt-1, sqt-2, sqt-3 and rol-8) in which mutations affect body shape and cuticle morphology have unusual genetic properties. Mutant alleles of sqt-1 can interact to produce animals with a variety of mutant phenotypes: left roller, right roller, dumpy and long. At least three mutant phenotypes are specified by mutations in the sqt-3 locus. Most alleles at these loci are either dominant or cryptic dominant (i.e., are dominant only in certain genetic backgrounds). Most alleles of these loci exhibit codominance. Two putative null alleles of the sqt-1 locus produce a wild-type phenotype. Many alleles of these genes demonstrate unusual intergenic interactions that are not the result of simple epistasis: animals doubly heterozygous for mutations at two loci often display unexpected and unpredictable phenotypes. We suggest that these genetic properties might be expected of genes, such as the collagen genes, the products of which interact to form the animal's cuticle, and which are member genes of a gene family.
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Politz JC, Edgar RS. Overlapping stage-specific sets of numerous small collagenous polypeptides are translated in vitro from Caenorhabditis elegans RNA. Cell 1984; 37:853-60. [PMID: 6086147 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans synthesizes four morphologically distinct types of collagenous cuticles during its lifetime. We show that in RNA populations isolated early or late during the L4-to-adult molt, chick and nematode collagen DNAs hybridize strongly to RNAs of about 1.2 kb. Different but overlapping classes of correspondingly small collagenous polypeptides (310-460 residues in length) are translated in vitro from these two populations and from RNA isolated at the L2-to-dauer molt. Over 60 different collagenous translation products are identified. These collagenous polypeptides are smaller than mature cuticle collagens and smaller than most vertebrate collagens. They probably represent cuticle collagen precursors and the primary products of the cuticle collagen genes of C. elegans.
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Edgar RS, Cox GN, Kusch M, Politz JC. The Cuticle of Caenorhabditis elegans. J Nematol 1982; 14:248-258. [PMID: 19295706 PMCID: PMC2618170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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Cox GN, Staprans S, Edgar RS. The cuticle of Caenorhabditis elegans. II. Stage-specific changes in ultrastructure and protein composition during postembryonic development. Dev Biol 1981; 86:456-70. [PMID: 6269931 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
The adult cuticle of the soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a proteinaceous extracellular structure elaborated by the underlying layer of hypodermal cells during the final molt in the animal's life cycle. The cuticle is composed of an outer cortical layer connected by regularly arranged struts to an inner basal layer. The cuticle can be isolated largely intact and free of all cellular material by sonication and treatment with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Purified cuticles exhibit a negative material in the basal cuticle layer. The cuticle layers differ in their solubility in sulfhydryl reducing agents, susceptibility to various proteolytic enzymes and amino acid composition. The struts, basal layer, and internal cortical layer are composed of collagen proteins that are extensively cross-linked by disulfide bonds. The external cortical layer appears to contain primarily noncollagen proteins that are extensively cross-linked by nonreducible covalent bonds. The collagen proteins extracted from the cuticle with a reducing agent can be separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into eight major species differing in apparent molecular weight.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Eighty-eight mutants of C. elegans that display a roller phenotype (a helically twisted body) have been isolated and characterized genetically and phenotypically. The mutations are located in 14 different genes. Most genes contain a number of alleles. Their distribution among the chromosomes appears nonrandom, with seven of the genes being located on linkage group 11, some very closely linked. The phenotypes of the mutants suggest that there are five different classes of genes, each class representing a set of similar phenotypic effects: Left Roller (four genes), Right Roller (one gene), Left Squat (one gene), Right Squat (two genes) and Left Dumpy Roller (six genes). The classes of mutants differ with respect to a number of characteristics that include the developmental stages affected and the types of aberrations observed in cuticle structure. A variety of gene interactions were found, arguing that these genes are involved in a common developmental process. The presence of alterations in cuticle morphology strongly suggests that these genes are active in the formation of the nematode cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Cox
- Thimann Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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Wood WB, Edgar RS, King J, Lielausis I, Henninger M. Bacteriophage assembly. Fed Proc 1968; 27:1160-6. [PMID: 4876908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wood WB, Edgar RS. Building a bacterial virus. Sci Am 1967; 217:61-6 passim. [PMID: 6046327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Edgar RS. The bacteriophage chromosome. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1965; 18:67-77. [PMID: 5863589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Edgar
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y
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