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Iaquinto G, Mazzarella G, Sellitto C, Lucariello A, Melina R, Iaquinto S, De Luca A, Rotondi Aufiero V. Antibiotic Therapy for Active Crohn's Disease Targeting Pathogens: An Overview and Update. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:151. [PMID: 38391539 PMCID: PMC10886129 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a multifactorial chronic disorder that involves a combination of factors, including genetics, immune response, and gut microbiota. Therapy includes salicylates, immunosuppressive agents, corticosteroids, and biologic drugs. International guidelines do not recommend the use of antibiotics for CD patients, except in the case of septic complications. Increasing evidence of the involvement of gut bacteria in this chronic disease supports the rationale for using antibiotics as the primary treatment for active CD. In recent decades, several pathogens have been reported to be involved in the development of CD, but only Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Mycobacterium avium paratubercolosis (MAP) have aroused interest due to their strong association with CD pathogenesis. Several meta-analyses have been published concerning antibiotic treatment for CD patients, but randomized trials testing antibiotic treatment against E. coli and MAP have not shown prolonged benefits and have generated conflicting results; several questions are still unresolved regarding trial design, antibiotic dosing, the formulation used, the treatment course, and the outcome measures. In this paper, we provide an overview and update of the trials testing antibiotic treatment for active CD patients, taking into account the role of pathogens, the mechanisms by which different antibiotics act on harmful pathogens, and antibiotic resistance. Finally, we also present new lines of study for the future regarding the use of antibiotics to treat patients with active CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Iaquinto
- Gastroenterology Unit, St. Rita Hospital, 83042 Atripalda, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzarella
- Institute of Food Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Atripalda, Italy
- E.L.F.I.D, Department of Translational Medical Science, University "Federico II", 80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmine Sellitto
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Sport Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Melina
- Gastroenterology Unit, San G. Moscati Hospital, 83100 Atripalda, Italy
| | | | - Antonio De Luca
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vera Rotondi Aufiero
- Institute of Food Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Atripalda, Italy
- E.L.F.I.D, Department of Translational Medical Science, University "Federico II", 80147 Napoli, Italy
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Iaquinto G, Aufiero VR, Mazzarella G, Lucariello A, Panico L, Melina R, Iaquinto S, De Luca A, Sellitto C. Pathogens in Crohn's Disease: The Role of Adherent Invasive Escherichia coli. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2024; 34:83-99. [PMID: 38305291 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2023050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
In Crohn's disease (CD), gut dysbiosis is marked by the prevalence of pathogenic bacterial species. Although several microbes have been reported as risk factors or causative agents of CD, it is not yet clear which is the real trigger of the disease. Thirty years ago, a new pathovar of Escherichia coli strain was isolated in the ileal mucosa of CD patients. This strain, called adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC), for its ability to invade the intestinal mucosa, could represent the causative agent of the disease. Several authors studied the mechanisms by which the AIEC penetrate and replicate within macrophages, and release inflammatory cytokines sustaining inflammation. In this review we will discuss about the role of AIEC in the pathogenesis of CD, the virulence factors mediating adhesion and invasion of AIEC in mucosal tissue, the environmental conditions improving AIEC survival and replication within macrophages. Finally, we will also give an overview of the new strategies developed to limit AIEC overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Iaquinto
- Gastroenterology Division, S. Rita Hospital, Atripalda, Avellino, Italy
| | - Vera Rotondi Aufiero
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy and Department of Translational Medical Science and E.L.F.I.D, University "Federico II" Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzarella
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy and Department of Translational Medical Science and E.L.F.I.D, University "Federico II" Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Sport Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope," 80100, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Panico
- Pathological Anatomy and Histology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele Melina
- Department of Gastroenterology, San G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental Health and Physics, Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
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Miranda A, Gravina AG, Cuomo A, Mucherino C, Sgambato D, Facchiano A, Granata L, Priadko K, Pellegrino R, de Filippo FR, Camera S, Cuomo R, Melina R, D'Onofrio V, Manguso F, Ciacci C, Romano M. Efficacy of ustekinumab in the treatment of patients with Crohn's disease with failure to previous conventional or biologic therapy: a prospective observational real-life study. J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 72. [PMID: 34987127 DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2021.4.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Ustekinumab (UST), a human anti-IL12/23p40 monoclonal antibody, was approved by FDA and EMA for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD). Whether UST is effective in inducing deep remission, including mucosal healing and transmural healing, in patients with CD in a real life setting is not completely clear. This study was performed on 92 subjects with confirmed diagnosis of moderate to severe Crohn's disease and no neoplasia. Before inclusion, all patients had been exposed and had failed to respond to conventional and/or at least one biological therapy. All patients underwent endoscopic examination and bowel MRI and ultrasonography at baseline (T0). At week 52 (T52), patients underwent colonoscopy for assessment of mucosal healing and MRI or ultrasonography for assessment of transmural healing. CDAI was used for the assessment of clinical response and clinical remission. SES-CD was used to assess endoscopic response and remission. Incidence of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) was recorded during the study period. Clinical response at week 52 was achieved in 38 (50.5%) patients and clinical remission in 29 (39%). Twenty-six (34%) patients showed mucosal healing, 34 (45%) showed partial endoscopic response. We observed a reduction in SES-CD of at least 50% in 34 (45%) patients as well as an SES-CD ≤ 2 in 26 (35%) patients. All patients with mucosal healing also showed transmural healing. No major TRAEs were observed during treatment. In this multicenter, real life study, we show that UST was well tolerated and effective in inducing clinical response and clinical remission in patients with moderate to severe CD who had previously failed to respond to conventional or biologic therapy. UST showed limited efficacy in inducing deep remission (i.e. mucosal+transmural healing).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miranda
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - A G Gravina
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - A Cuomo
- Gastroenterology Unit "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, Salerno, Italy
| | - C Mucherino
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Anna-S. Sebastiano Hospital, Caserta, Italy
| | - D Sgambato
- Department of Gastroenterology, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - A Facchiano
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - L Granata
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - K Priadko
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - R Pellegrino
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - F R de Filippo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - S Camera
- Gastroenterology Unit "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, Salerno, Italy
| | - R Cuomo
- Department of Gastroenterology, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - R Melina
- Department of Gastroenterology, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - V D'Onofrio
- Department of Gastroenterology, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - F Manguso
- Complex Operating Unit of Gastroenterology, AORN 'A. Cardarelli', Naples, Italy
| | - C Ciacci
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - M Romano
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
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Bossa F, Biscaglia G, Valvano MR, Costantino G, Lauria A, Clemente R, Ferracane C, Shahini E, Mendolaro M, Grossi L, Mazzuoli S, Rispo A, Pranzo G, Sebkova L, Tursi A, Miranda A, Patturelli M, Spagnuolo R, Ricciardelli C, Sgarro C, Paese P, Inserra G, Azzarone A, Nardone O, Fries W, Buccianti N, Privitera AC, Principi MB, Cappello M, Guglielmi FW, Romano M, Riegler G, Fanigliulo L, Melina R, Andriulli A. Real-Life Effectiveness and Safety of Golimumab and Its Predictors of Response in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:1767-1776. [PMID: 31722059 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Golimumab is a new anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody for patients with ulcerative colitis. AIMS To assess the short- and long-term effectiveness and safety of golimumab in daily clinical practice and to identify predictors of response. METHODS Consecutive patients treated with golimumab in 22 Italian centers were enrolled. Clinical, laboratory, and endoscopic data were prospectively collected before and during treatment. A subgroup of patients completed a questionnaire to assess personal satisfaction with a golimumab autoinjector system. RESULTS A total of 196 patients were included. After 3 months, 130 patients were responders (66.3%) and showed significant reductions in mean partial, total, and endoscopic Mayo scores and in mean ESR, C-reactive protein, and fecal calprotectin levels (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that a higher total Mayo score (p < 0.001, OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.8) and naïve status to anti-TNF-alpha (p = 0.015, OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2-7.5) were predictive of a favorable response. Seventy-seven (39.3%) of the 130 responders maintained a response at month 12 of therapy. There were 17 adverse events, 28 patients needed hospitalization, and 15 patients underwent surgery. Self-administration of the drug was appreciated by most patients. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy and safety of golimumab in daily clinical practice were confirmed for the short- and long-term treatment of patients with active ulcerative colitis. Patients naïve to the anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody and those with a higher total Mayo score were more likely to respond to golimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bossa
- Gastroenterology Division, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza IRCCS, Viale Cappuccini, 1, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Biscaglia
- Gastroenterology Division, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza IRCCS, Viale Cappuccini, 1, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Valvano
- Gastroenterology Division, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza IRCCS, Viale Cappuccini, 1, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costantino
- Clinical Unit for Chronic Bowel Disorders, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Lauria
- Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Rocco Clemente
- UOC di Medicina Generale, Ospedale Madonna delle Grazie, Matera, Italy
| | - Concetta Ferracane
- IBD Unit Azienda Ospedaliera per l'Emergenza "Cannizzaro", Catania, Italy
| | - Endrit Shahini
- Emergency and Organ Transplantation Department, Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Mendolaro
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, DIBIMIS, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laurino Grossi
- Gastroenterology Unit, University of Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Silvia Mazzuoli
- Gastroenterology and Artificial Nutrition Department, "San Nicola Pellegrino" Hospital, Trani, Italy
| | - Antonio Rispo
- Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, Section of Gastroenterology, University "Federico II" of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Agnese Miranda
- "F. Magrassi" Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Patturelli
- UOSD Gastroenterologia, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rocco Spagnuolo
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Department, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Sgarro
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, OORR, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pietro Paese
- Gastroenterology Unit, Ospedale Annunziata, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Gaetano Inserra
- Internal Medicine, Medical and Pediatric Sciences Department, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Olga Nardone
- Clinical Medicine and Surgery Department, Section of Gastroenterology, University "Federico II" of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Walter Fries
- Clinical Unit for Chronic Bowel Disorders, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nello Buccianti
- UOC di Medicina Generale, Ospedale Madonna delle Grazie, Matera, Italy
| | | | - Maria Beatrice Principi
- Emergency and Organ Transplantation Department, Section of Gastroenterology, AOU Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Cappello
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, DIBIMIS, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Marco Romano
- "F. Magrassi" Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riegler
- UOSD Gastroenterologia, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Libera Fanigliulo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Taranto, Italy
| | - Raffaele Melina
- Gastroenterology Unit, Ospedale San Giuseppe Moscati, Avellino, Italy
| | - Angelo Andriulli
- Gastroenterology Division, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza IRCCS, Viale Cappuccini, 1, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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Iacomino G, Rotondi Aufiero V, Iannaccone N, Melina R, Giardullo N, De Chiara G, Venezia A, Taccone FS, Iaquinto G, Mazzarella G. IBD: Role of intestinal compartments in the mucosal immune response. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151849. [PMID: 31563276 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool for the isolation of specific tissue compartments. We aimed to investigate the mucosal immune response that takes place in different intestinal compartments of IBD patients, dissected by LCM, analyzing cytokines expression profile and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers. METHODS Frozen sections of gut were obtained from patients with Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and from controls. Using LCM, surface epithelium (SE) and lamina propria (LP) compartments were isolated and total RNA extracted. The relative expression of Th1, Th17 and Treg cytokines was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), in addition to the assessment of mRNA splicing of the transcription factor X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1). Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) were also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The increased expression of IL-17 was observed in both intestinal compartments of IBD patients when compared to controls. IFN- γ, TNF-α , IL-10, HNE and Foxp3 were overexpressed in the LP compartment of both IBD patients as compared to controls. An upregulation of IFN-γ and an infiltration of HNE+ cells was found in the SE of patients with UC. Splicing of XBP1 mRNA was recognized in both intestinal compartments of IBD patients when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS In IBD patients, both intestinal compartments are involved in Th17 response, whereas, LP compartment plays a prominent role in Th1 and Treg immune responses. Nevertheless, high level of IFN- γ was found in the SE of UC patients, suggesting that this compartment is involved in the Th1 immune response. Our data also suggested that ER stress signalling is active in both LP and SE compartment of IBD patients, thus advocating that ER stress and immunity are intertwined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raffaele Melina
- Department of Gastroenterology, San G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - Nicola Giardullo
- Department of Gastroenterology, San G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Chiara
- Department of AnatomicPathology, San G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Universit e Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaetano Iaquinto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Santa Rita Hospital, Atripalda, Av, Italy
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Mazzarella G, Perna A, Marano A, Lucariello A, Rotondi Aufiero V, Sorrentino A, Melina R, Guerra G, Taccone FS, Iaquinto G, De Luca A. Pathogenic Role of Associated Adherent-InvasiveEscherichia coliin Crohn's Disease. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2860-2868. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Perna
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine; Section of Human Anatomy, Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Angela Marano
- Institute of Food Sciences-CNR; Lab. Immuno-Morphology; Avellino Italy
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine; Section of Human Anatomy, Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | | | - Alida Sorrentino
- Institute of Food Sciences-CNR; Lab. Immuno-Morphology; Avellino Italy
| | - Raffaele Melina
- Department of Gastroenterology; San G. Moscati Hospital; Avellino Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Molise; Molise Italy
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital; Université Libre de Bruxelles; Brussels Belgium
| | - Gaetano Iaquinto
- Division of Gastroenterology; Santa Rita Hospital; Atripalda (Av) Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine; Section of Human Anatomy, Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
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Todisco A, Melina R, Melillo PC, Landi M, De Nisco E, Ariola R, Romeo F, Violano G, Iaquinto G. Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus infections in ulcerative rettocolitis patients, using PCR in whole blood and biopsies. Microbiol Med 2013. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2013.2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Pezzoli A, Cannizzaro R, Pennazio M, Rondonotti E, Zancanella L, Fusetti N, Simoni M, Cantoni F, Melina R, Alberani A, Caravelli G, Villa F, Chilovi F, Casetti T, Iaquinto G, D'imperio N, Gullini S. Interobserver agreement in describing video capsule endoscopy findings: a multicentre prospective study. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43:126-31. [PMID: 20817579 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Few studies have specifically addressed interobserver agreement in describing lesions identified during capsule endoscopy. The aim of our study is to evaluate interobserver agreement in the description of capsule endoscopy findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive short segments of capsule endoscopy were prospectively observed by 8 investigators. Seventy-five videos were prepared by an external investigator (gold standard). The description of the findings was reported by the investigators using the same validated and standardized capsule endoscopy structured terminology. The agreement was assessed using Cohen's kappa statistic. RESULTS As concerns the ability to detect a lesion, the agreement with the gold standard was moderate (kappa 0.48), as well as the agreement relating to the final diagnosis (κ 0.45). The best agreement was observed in identifying the presence of active bleeding (κ 0.72), whereas the poorest agreement concerned the lesion size (κ 0.32). The agreement with the GS was significantly better in endoscopists with higher case/volume of capsule endoscopy per year. Diagnostic concordance was better in the presence of angiectasia than in the presence of polyps or ulcers/erosions. CONCLUSIONS Correct lesion identification and diagnosis seem more likely to occur in presence of angiectasia, and for readers with more experience in capsule endoscopy reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pezzoli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Azienda ospedaliera-universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy.
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