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Naus S, Maasakkers JD, Gautam R, Omara M, Stikker R, Veenstra AK, Nathan B, Irakulis-Loitxate I, Guanter L, Pandey S, Girard M, Lorente A, Borsdorff T, Aben I. Assessing the Relative Importance of Satellite-Detected Methane Superemitters in Quantifying Total Emissions for Oil and Gas Production Areas in Algeria. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19545-19556. [PMID: 37956986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Methane emissions from oil and gas production provide an important contribution to global warming. We investigate 2020 emissions from the largest gas field in Algeria, Hassi R'Mel, and the oil-production-dominated area Hassi Messaoud. We use methane data from the high-resolution (20 m) Sentinel-2 instruments to identify and estimate emission time series for 11 superemitters (including 10 unlit flares). We integrate this information in a transport model inversion that uses methane data from the coarser (7 km × 5.5 km) but higher-precision TROPOMI instrument to estimate emissions from both the 11 superemitters (>1 t/h individually) and the remaining diffuse area source (not detected as point sources with Sentinel-2). Compared to a bottom-up inventory for 2019 that is aligned with UNFCCC-reported emissions, we find that 2020 emissions in Hassi R'Mel (0.16 [0.11-0.22] Tg/yr) are lower by 53 [24-73]%, and emissions in Hassi Messaoud (0.22 [0.13-0.28] Tg/yr) are higher by 79 [4-188]%. Our analysis indicates that a larger fraction of Algeria's methane emissions (∼75%) come from oil production than national reporting suggests (5%). Although in both regions the diffuse area source constitutes the majority of emissions, relatively few satellite-detected superemitters provide a significant contribution (24 [12-40]% in Hassi R'Mel; 49 [27-71]% in Hassi Messaoud), indicating that mitigation efforts should address both. Our synergistic use of Sentinel-2 and TROPOMI can produce a unique and detailed emission characterization of oil and gas production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naus
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
| | - J D Maasakkers
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
| | - R Gautam
- Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, District of Columbia 20009, United States
| | - M Omara
- Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, District of Columbia 20009, United States
| | - R Stikker
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
| | - A K Veenstra
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
| | - B Nathan
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
| | - I Irakulis-Loitxate
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia (UPV), Valencia 46022, Spain
- International Methane Emission Observatory, United Nations Environment Program, Paris 75015, France
| | - L Guanter
- Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, District of Columbia 20009, United States
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia (UPV), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - S Pandey
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91011, United States
| | - M Girard
- GHGSat Inc., Montréal H2W 1Y5, Canada
| | - A Lorente
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
- Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, District of Columbia 20009, United States
| | - T Borsdorff
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
| | - I Aben
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden 3584 CA, Netherlands
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DiPiazza J, Caponnetto P, Askin G, Christos P, Maglia MLP, Gautam R, Roche S, Polosa R. Sensory experiences and cues among E-cigarette users. Harm Reduct J 2020; 17:75. [PMID: 33059666 PMCID: PMC7559939 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-020-00420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We characterized the extent and quality of respiratory sensations and sensory-related smoking cues associated with e-cigarette use among those who failed to quit combustible tobacco cigarette (CTC) use with traditional FDA approved medications but succeeded in doing so with e-cigarettes. Further, we sought to understand former smokers' perceptions about the influence of sensory experience with e-cigarette use on CTC cessation outcomes. METHODS A nonrandom purposive sample of 156 participants recruited in the USA through the Consumer Advocates for Smoke Free Alternatives Association Facebook page completed an online cross-sectional survey to assess sensory experiences and smoking cues associated with e-cigarette use. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and the ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc testing and the two-sample t test/Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as appropriate based on distribution, were used to assess the association between sample characteristics and sensory experiences and cues using investigator constructed questions, the Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) and the Smoking Cue Appeal Survey (SCAS). RESULTS With e-cigarette use, participants reported feeling the vapor in their throats, windpipes, noses, lungs, and on their tongues; reductions in nicotine craving; and enjoyment of their e-cigarette, including tasting, smelling, and seeing the vapor and touching the device. Women had greater craving reduction than men (p = 0.023). Those who began smoking at 13 years of age or younger had more satisfaction and had greater sensory enjoyment than those who began smoking at 16-17 years of age (p = 0.015 and p = 0.026, respectively), as well as greater sensory enjoyment than those who began smoking at 14-15 years of age (p = 0.047). There was a significant overall association between the number of years a respondent smoked and e-cigarette sensory enjoyment (p = 0.038). Participants 18-34 years old rated e-cigarettes as being more pleasant compared to 45 + years olds, (p = 0.012). Eighty-four percent of participants reported the sensation of the vapor as important in quitting CTCs, and 91% believed the sensations accompanying e-cigarette use contributed to their smoking cessation success. CONCLUSIONS For those who failed to quit previously using approved cessation medications to stop smoking cigarettes, sensory experiences associated with e-cigarette use may help smokers quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J DiPiazza
- Hunter Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College-City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Caponnetto
- Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "V.Emanuele-Policlinico", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico V. Emanuele", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - G Askin
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Christos
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Lyc Psych Maglia
- Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "V.Emanuele-Policlinico", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - R Gautam
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Roche
- Hunter Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College-City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Polosa
- Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "V.Emanuele-Policlinico", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico V. Emanuele", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Gautam R, Parajuli K, Tshokey T, Stenos J, Sherchand JB. Diagnostic evaluation of IgM ELISA and IgM Immunofluorescence assay for the diagnosis of Acute Scrub Typhus in central Nepal. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:138. [PMID: 32054525 PMCID: PMC7020552 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium, Orientia tsutsugamushi. Immunochromatography (ICT) and IgM ELISA are two of the routinely employed antibody based assays for diagnosis of Scrub typhus fever in Nepal, although the recommended gold standard diagnostic test is IgM Immunofluorescence assay (IFA). This study evaluated InBios Scrub Typhus Detect™ Immunoglobulin M (IgM) ELISA and IgM Immunofluorescence assays in single serum sample at the time of admission. Method Study participants (1585 suspected cases), were enrolled based on acute febrile illness with suspected scrub typhus cases in central Nepal. Blood sample was collected from the suspected patients of scrub typhus, presenting with acute febrile illness. IgM antibody to Orientia tsusugamushi was detected by using Scrub Typhus Detect™ Kit and an in-house IgM IFA. The IFA assay was performed with the Gilliam, Karp, Kato strains and O. chuto antigens following the ARRL protocol. Result Statistical analysis of IgM ELISA results when compared to reference test, IgM IFA results demonstrated the following characteristics, sensitivity 84.0% (95%CI: 79.73–87.68%), specificity 94.82% (95% CI: 93.43–95.99%), positive likelihood ratio 16.21% (95% CI: 12.71–20.67%), negative likelihood ratio 0.17% (95% CI: 0.13–0.21%), disease prevalence 22.08% (95% CI: 20.06 -24.21%), positive predictive value 82.12% (95% CI: 78.28–85.42%) and negative predictive value 95.44% (95% CI: 94.27–96.38%) respectively. Conclusion Although IgM IFA is considered the gold standard test for the diagnosis of scrub typhus cases, it is relatively expensive, requires trained personal and a microscope with fluorescence filters. Scrub typhus IgM ELISA may be the best alternative test and possible viable option for resource limited endemic countries like Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Keshab Parajuli
- Department of Microbiology, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tshokey Tshokey
- Australian rickettsial reference laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Stenos
- Australian rickettsial reference laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Gautam R, Wagener A, Bruneau N, Nerette P. Re: Clarification related to the commentary titled, ?SThe inappropriate use of formulae and references and the possible domino effect of spurious results?? written by Gautam et al. 2019. Prev Vet Med 2019; 175:104826. [PMID: 31727341 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Animal Health Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - A Wagener
- Animal Health Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N Bruneau
- Animal Health Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - P Nerette
- Animal Health Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Gautam R, Parajuli K, Sherchand JB. Sero-epidemiology of scrub typhus among suspected cases in selected areas of Nepal. Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Gautam R, Price D, Revie CW, Gardner IA, Vanderstichel R, Gustafson L, Klotins K, Beattie M. Connectivity-based risk ranking of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAv) outbreaks for targeted surveillance planning in Canada and the USA. Prev Vet Med 2018; 159:92-98. [PMID: 30314796 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) can be a serious viral disease of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). A tool to rank susceptible farms based on the risk of ISA virus (ISAv) infection spread from infectious farms after initial incursion or re-occurrence in an endemic area, can help guide monitoring and surveillance activities. Such a tool could also support the response strategy to contain virus spread, given available resources. We developed a tool to rank ISAv infection risks using seaway distance and hydrodynamic information separately and combined. The models were validated using 2002-2004 ISAv outbreak data for 30 farms (24 in New Brunswick, Canada and 6 in Maine, United States). Time sequence of infection spread was determined from the outbreak data that included monthly infection status of the cages on these farms. The first infected farm was considered as the index site for potential spread of ISAv to all other farms. To assess the risk of ISAv spreading to susceptible farms, the second and subsequent infected farms were identified using the farm status in the given time period and all infected farms from the previous time periods. Using the three models (hydrodynamic only, seaway-distance, and combined hydrodynamic-seaway-distance based models), we ranked susceptible farms within each time interval by adding the transmission risks from surrounding infected farms and sorting them from highest to lowest. To explore the potential efficiency of targeted sampling, we converted rankings to percentiles and assessed the model's predictive performance by comparing farms identified as high risk based on the rank with those that were infected during the next time interval as observed in the outbreak data. The overall predictive ability of the models was compared using area under the ROC curve (AUC). Farms that become infected in the next period were always within the top 65% of the rank predicted by our models. The overall predictive ability of the combined (hydrodynamic-seaway-distance based model) model (AUC = 0.833) was similar to the model that only used seaway distance (AUC = 0.827). Such models can aid in effective surveillance planning by balancing coverage (number of farms included in surveillance) against the desired level of confidence of including all farms that become infected in the next time period. Our results suggest that 100% of the farms that become infected in the next time period could be targeted in a surveillance program, although at a significant cost of including many false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Animal Health Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0Y9, Canada.
| | - D Price
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Veterinary College, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - C W Revie
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Veterinary College, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - I A Gardner
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Veterinary College, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - R Vanderstichel
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Veterinary College, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - L Gustafson
- USDA APHIS VS Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Surveillance Design and Analysis, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526-8117, United States
| | - K Klotins
- Animal Health Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 59 Camelot Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0Y9, Canada
| | - M Beattie
- GIS Gas Infusion Systems Inc., 40 Dante Road, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, E5V 3B9, Canada
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Gautam R, Chang TM, Astashkin AV, Lincoln KM, Tomat E. Propentdyopent: the scaffold of a heme metabolite as an electron reservoir in transition metal complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 52:6585-8. [PMID: 27109437 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01961g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dipyrrin-1,9-dione scaffold of heme metabolite propendyopent coordinates late transition metals (Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) forming homoleptic, pseudo-tetrahedral complexes. Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies reveal that the monoanionic, bidentate ligands behave as electron reservoirs as the complexes reversibly host one or two ligand-based radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson AZ 85721, USA.
| | - T M Chang
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson AZ 85721, USA.
| | - A V Astashkin
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson AZ 85721, USA.
| | - K M Lincoln
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson AZ 85721, USA.
| | - E Tomat
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson AZ 85721, USA.
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Thapa S, Gokhale S, Sharma AL, Sapkota LB, Ansari S, Gautam R, Shrestha S, Neopane P. Burden of bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens in school children of Nepal. BMJ Open Respir Res 2017; 4:e000203. [PMID: 29071076 PMCID: PMC5652512 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2017-000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infections are one of the most common human infections in all age group and important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Most bacterial upper respiratory tract infections are vaccine preventable. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of carrier state of bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens among school children. It also aimed to study their antibiograms. METHODS The specimen from posterior pharyngeal wall and tonsils were collected from 204 participants on calcium alginate coated swabs (HiMedia). Isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods and tested for in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. RESULTS In this study, Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.6%) was the most common bacterial pathogen recovered, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (14.7%), β-haemolytic streptococci (non-Group A) (8.8%), Streptococcus pyogenes (5.3%) and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (3.4%). The Gram negative bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.9%), Haemophilus influenzae (3.4%) and Neisseria meningitidis (1.4%). Important findings in antibiogram include high resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin (91.17%) and resistance of S. aureus to oxacillin (23.3%). CONCLUSION Pharyngeal colonisation by S. pneumoniae was found high among school children and this calls for an urgent need to include pneumococcal vaccine in routine national immunisation schedule of Nepal given the high burden of invasive pneumococcal disease. Despite expected universal vaccination, pharyngeal colonisation by C. diphtheriae is possible and there is possibility of transmission of these respiratory pathogens to other healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Thapa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Shishir Gokhale
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal
| | | | | | - Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Rajendra Gautam
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Sony Shrestha
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Puja Neopane
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
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Gautam R, Vanderstichel R, Boerlage AS, Revie CW, Hammell KL. Evaluating bath treatment effectiveness in the control of sea lice burdens on Atlantic salmon in New Brunswick, Canada. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:895-905. [PMID: 27859350 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of medicinal bath treatment for sea lice is becoming more common, due to increasing resistance to in-feed treatments with emamectin benzoate. Common treatment modalities in New Brunswick, Canada, include Salmosan administered by tarpaulin or wellboat, and Paramove administered by wellboat. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of these treatment modalities in the field between 2010 and 2015 using a web-based sea lice data management system (Fish-iTrends© ). Effectiveness was evaluated for adult female (AF) and for pre-adult and adult male (PAAM) life stages separately. We also investigated the impact of variability in pretreatment lead and post-treatment lag time on effectiveness measures. There were 1185 treatment events at 57 farms that uniquely matched our pre- and post-treatment count criteria. The effectiveness of treatment modality was significantly influenced by season, pretreatment level of sea lice and by lead and lag times. In summer, Salmosan administered by tarpaulin had the greatest effectiveness on both AF and PAAM, when pretreatment levels were above 10 sea lice; whereas in autumn, the performance of treatment modalities varied significantly, depending on the pretreatment levels for the life stages. Ignoring the lead or lag time effect generally resulted in an underestimation of treatment effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R Vanderstichel
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - A S Boerlage
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - C W Revie
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - K L Hammell
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Gautam R. UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS OLDER ADULTS IN NEPAL. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Gautam
- Nursing, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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Nepal HP, Neopane P, Shrestha R, Gautam R, Paudel R, Ansari S, Shrestha S, Thapa S. Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients visiting a tertiary care center of Nepal. APJTD 2017. [DOI: 10.12980/apjtd.7.2017d7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gautam R, Vanderstichel R, Boerlage AS, Revie CW, Hammell KL. Effect of timing of count events on estimates of sea lice abundance and interpretation of effectiveness following bath treatments. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:367-375. [PMID: 27524554 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Effectiveness of sea lice bath treatment is often assessed by comparing pre- and post-treatment counts. However, in practice, the post-treatment counting window varies from the day of treatment to several days after treatment. In this study, we assess the effect of post-treatment lag time on sea lice abundance estimates after chemical bath treatment using data from the sea lice data management program (Fish-iTrends) between 2010 and 2014. Data on two life stages, (i) adult female (AF) and (ii) pre-adult and adult male (PAAM), were aggregated at the cage level and log-transformed. Average sea lice counts by post-treatment lag time were computed for AF and PAAM and compared relative to treatment day, using linear mixed models. There were 720 observations (treatment events) that uniquely matched pre- and post-treatment counts from 53 farms. Lag time had a significant effect on the estimated sea lice abundance, which was influenced by season and pre-treatment sea lice levels. During summer, sea lice were at a minimum when counted 1 day post-treatment irrespective of pre-treatment sea lice levels, whereas in the spring and autumn, low levels were observed for PAAM over a longer interval of time, provided the pre-treatment sea lice levels were >5-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - R Vanderstichel
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - A S Boerlage
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - C W Revie
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - K L Hammell
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Abstract
Background Voice problems caused by pathologies in vocal folds are well known. Some types of laryngeal pathologies have certain acoustic characteristics. Objective evaluation helps characterize the voice and voice problems providing supporting evidences, severity of disorders. It helps assess the response to the treatment and measures the outcomes.Objective The objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the voice therapy and quantify the results objectively by voice parameters.Method Study includes 61 patients who presented with different types of laryngeal pathologies. Acoustic analyses and voice assessment was done with Dr. Speech ver 4 (Tiger DRS Inc.). Acoustic parameters including fundamental frequency, jitters, shimmers, Harmonic to noise ratio (HNR), Normalized noise energy (NNE) were analyzed before and after voice therapy.Result Bilateral vocal nodules were the most common pathologies comprising 44.26%. All acoustic parameters showed a significant difference after the therapy (p<0.05) except for NNE. Dysphonia due to vocal fold polyp showed no improvement even after voice therapy (p>0.05).Conclusion Acoustic analysis provides an objective, recordable data regarding the voice parameters and its pathologies. Though, few pathology require alternative therapy rather than voice therapy, overall it has a good effect on glottic closure. As the voice therapy can improve the different indices of voice, it can be viewed as imperative part of treatment and to monitor progression.
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Gautam R, Boerlage AS, Vanderstichel R, Revie CW, Hammell KL. Variation in pre-treatment count lead time and its effect on baseline estimates of cage-level sea lice abundance. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1297-1303. [PMID: 26916434 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Treatment efficacy studies typically use pre-treatment sea lice abundance as the baseline. However, the pre-treatment counting window often varies from the day of treatment to several days before treatment. We assessed the effect of lead time on baseline estimates, using historical data (2010-14) from a sea lice data management programme (Fish-iTrends). Data were aggregated at the cage level for three life stages: (i) chalimus, (ii) pre-adult and adult male and (iii) adult female. Sea lice counts were log-transformed, and mean counts by lead time relative to treatment day were computed and compared separately for each life stage, using linear mixed models. There were 1,658 observations (treatment events) from 56 sites in 5 Bay Management Areas. Our study showed that lead time had a significant effect on the estimated sea lice abundance, which was moderated by season. During the late summer and autumn periods, counting on the day of treatment gave significantly higher values than other days and would be a more appropriate baseline estimate, while during spring and early summer abundance estimates were comparable among counts within 5 days of treatment. A season-based lead time window may be most appropriate when estimating baseline sea lice levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Vet Epi Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - A S Boerlage
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Vet Epi Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - R Vanderstichel
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Vet Epi Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - C W Revie
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Vet Epi Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - K L Hammell
- Department of Health Management and Centre for Vet Epi Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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He T, Policicchio B, Brocca-Cofano E, Stock J, Xu C, Raehtz K, Gaufin T, Gautam R, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. 21 T regulatory cell depletion in controller macaques reactivates SIV and boosts CTLs. J Virus Erad 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ansari S, Gautam R, Shrestha S, Ansari SR, Subedi SN, Chhetri MR. Risk factors assessment for nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus and its methicillin resistant strains among pre-clinical medical students of Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:214. [PMID: 27068121 PMCID: PMC4828777 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a normal flora of nasal cavity, can cause minor to life threatening invasive diseases and nosocomial infections. Methicillin resistant strains of S. aureus are causing a great challenge for treatment options. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the nasal carriage rate of S. aureus, its methicillin resistant strains and risk factors in medical students prior to clinical exposure. METHODS The bacterial growth of S. aureus from nasal swab culture was identified by using standard microbiological methods recommended by American Society for Microbiology. Modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and methicillin resistance was confirmed using cefoxitin and oxacillin disks. D-zone test method was used to determine the inducible clindamycin resistance. RESULTS Among 200 participants, nasal carriage of S. aureus was detected from 30 (15%) subjects. Upper respiratory tract infections significantly (P < 0.05) contributed the carriage of S. aureus and their methicillin resistant strains. All of the isolates were reported to be susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. S. aureus strains detected from 8 (4%) students were confirmed to be methicillin resistant. CONCLUSIONS The result of our study demands for strict policy to screen all the students for nasal carriage of S. aureus and its MRSA strains to minimize the transmission of this organism from community to hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- />Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Rajendra Gautam
- />Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Sony Shrestha
- />Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | | | - Shankar Nanda Subedi
- />Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Muni Raj Chhetri
- />Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
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Abstract
Sirtinol is a known inhibitor of sirtuin proteins, a family of deacetylases involved in the pathophysiology of aging. Spectroscopic and structural data reveal that this compound is also an iron chelator forming high-spin ferric species in vitro and in cultured leukemia cells. Interactions with the highly regulated iron pool therefore contribute to its overall intracellular agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson AZ 85721, USA.
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Ansari S, Gautam R, Nepal HP, Subedi SN, Shrestha S, Mandal F, Rimal B, Chhetri MR. Helicobacter pylori colonization in Nepal; assessment of prevalence and potential risk factors in a hospital-based patient cohort. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:59. [PMID: 26833400 PMCID: PMC4736165 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative bacterium, can cause gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers. It is considered an important public health problem for both developed and developing world. This bacterium is classified as the class 1 carcinogen because it can cause cancer. Methods A hospital based study was conducted at Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital (CMCTH) from May to October 2014. Stool samples were collected from the suspected patients and were subjected to detection of the H. pylori stool antigen (HpSAg) following the procedures recommended by the manufacturer. A standard questionnaire on the potential risk factors was also designed and completed. Result HpSAg was detected in 16 % of suspected patients. The children up to 10 years of age were found to be highly infected (36 %). The patients living in urban area were found more susceptible to develop H. pylori infection (P < 0.05). Tea drinking and repeated eating habit (more than twice a day) were listed as the important factors that can limit the H. pylori infections significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion In this hospital based study, a significant rate of prevalence was evaluated. However, we recommend a community based extensive study to reveal the real scenario of H. pylori infection in Nepalese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal.
| | - Rajendra Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal.
| | - Hari Prasad Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal.
| | - Shankar Nand Subedi
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal.
| | - Sony Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal.
| | - Fuleshwar Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal.
| | - Brihaspati Rimal
- Department of Biochemistry, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal.
| | - Muni Raj Chhetri
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal.
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Paudel IS, Bhattrai S, Adhikari P, Gautam R, Singh SB. Gynaecological and other health problems of postmenopausal women and their health seeking behaviour in rural Terai, Nepal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3126/hren.v12i2.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is very few data available in menopausal study done in Nepal. The data is even less on the various gynecological and medical problems postmenopausal women are suffering from. This study was done in Duhabi area, a community in Eastern Nepal, around the Comprehensive Health Service area of a community hospital under B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences.Objective: This study was done to document the various gynecological problems among the postmenopausal women and their relation with the socio-demographic characteristics.Methods: By using specific questionnaire, 234 post-menopausal women were interviewed regarding menopausal symptoms, other gynaecological problems and medical problems and their health seeking behaviour. Results: Our study showed that the most common symptoms among the post-menopausal women were loss of libido (53%) and hot flushes (41.5%). Other noted symptoms found were vaginal dryness (29.1%) and excessive vaginal bleeding (14.5%). The most common urinary symptoms were urgency (34.2%), dysuria (17.1%) and incontinence (17.1%). Uterine prolapse was reported by 6.4% of respondents. The most common medical condition seen in our study was low back ache (70.1%). Despite majority (62%) seeking medical treatment for their symptoms only 1.7% of the respondents were using hormone replacement therapy.Conclusion: The prevalence of gynaecological problems among the post-menopausal women was high in our study with the main symptoms of loss of libido and hot flushes. Majority of women with postmenopausal symptoms sought medical care for their problems. Health Renaissance 2014;12(2): pp: 87-91
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Borgdorff H, Gautam R, Armstrong SD, Xia D, Ndayisaba GF, van Teijlingen NH, Geijtenbeek TBH, Wastling JM, van de Wijgert JHHM. O13.4 Cervicovaginal microbiome dysbiosis is associated with proteome changes related to alterations of the cervicovaginal mucosal barrier. Br J Vener Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ansari S, Nepal HP, Gautam R, Shrestha S, Neopane P, Gurung G, Chapagain ML. Community acquired multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in a tertiary care center of Nepal. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2015; 4:15. [PMID: 25937923 PMCID: PMC4416386 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-015-0059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative organisms is an alarming problem in the world. MDR and extensively-drug resistance (XDR) is in increasing trend due to the production of different types of beta (β)-lactamases. Thus the aim of this study was to document the incidence of MDR and XDR in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and also to find out the enzymatic mechanisms of β-lactam antibiotics resistance. Methods Two hundred clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) identified by standard laboratory methods were studied. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was performed for all the isolates and the suspected isolates were phenotypically tested for the production of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC β-lactamase (AmpC) by recommended methods. Results Around three-fourth (78%) of the total isolates were multi-drug resistant. ESBL, MBL and AmpC production was found in 24%, 15% and 9% of isolates respectively. Amikacin, chloramphenicol and colistin were found to be the most effective antibiotics. Conclusions High percentage of MDR was observed. β-lactamase mediated resistance was also high. Thus, regular surveillance of drug resistance due to β-lactamases production and infection control policy are of utmost importance to minimize the spread of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan Nepal
| | - Hari Prasad Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan Nepal
| | - Rajendra Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan Nepal
| | - Sony Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan Nepal
| | - Puja Neopane
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan Nepal
| | - Ganga Gurung
- College of Nursing, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan Nepal
| | - Moti Lal Chapagain
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan Nepal
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Ansari S, Nepal HP, Gautam R, Shrestha S, Chhetri MR, Chapagain ML. Staphylococcus Aureus: Methicillin Resistance and Small Colony Variants from Pyogenic Infections of Skin, Soft Tissue and Bone. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2015; 13:126-132. [PMID: 26744197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonizing the nares, is the leading cause of hospital as well as community acquired infections. The aim of this study was to identify the S. aureus from skin, soft tissue and bone related infections and typing them on the basis of antimicrobial susceptibility profile. METHODS Clinical samples were collected from patients with skin, soft tissue and bone related infections from January to October 2013 at Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur. The S. aureus, small colony variants and methicillin resistant strains were identified by standard microbiological methods recommended by American Society for Microbiology. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. RESULTS Among 333 samples processed, there was positive growth of S. aureus in 66 (19.8%) samples. Among the isolated S. aureus, 10 isolates were small colony variants of S. aureus and all the strains recovered were thymidine independent in this study. Amikacin, vancomycin and teicoplanin were found to be the most effective antibiotics. Methicillin resistance was found in 34.8% isolates of S. aureus. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that, S. aureus is one of the causative agent of pyogenic infections and the trend of antibiotic resistant is alarmingly high and also the rate of methicillin resistant S. aureus is comparably high in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - H P Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - R Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - S Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - M R Chhetri
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - M L Chapagain
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
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Lahodny GE, Gautam R, Ivanek R. Estimating the probability of an extinction or major outbreak for an environmentally transmitted infectious disease. J Biol Dyn 2014; 9 Suppl 1:128-155. [PMID: 25198247 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2014.954763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Indirect transmission through the environment, pathogen shedding by infectious hosts, replication of free-living pathogens within the environment, and environmental decontamination are suspected to play important roles in the spread and control of environmentally transmitted infectious diseases. To account for these factors, the classic Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered-Susceptible epidemic model is modified to include a compartment representing the amount of free-living pathogen within the environment. The model accounts for host demography, direct and indirect transmission, replication of free-living pathogens in the environment, and removal of free-living pathogens by natural death or environmental decontamination. Based on the assumptions of the deterministic model, a continuous-time Markov chain model is developed. An estimate for the probability of disease extinction or a major outbreak is obtained by approximating the Markov chain with a multitype branching process. Numerical simulations illustrate important differences between the deterministic and stochastic counterparts, relevant for outbreak prevention, that depend on indirect transmission, pathogen shedding by infectious hosts, replication of free-living pathogens, and environmental decontamination. The probability of a major outbreak is computed for salmonellosis in a herd of dairy cattle as well as cholera in a human population. An explicit expression for the probability of disease extinction or a major outbreak in terms of the model parameters is obtained for systems with no direct transmission or replication of free-living pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Lahodny
- a Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
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Raliya R, Tarafdar JC, Singh SK, Gautam R, Choudhary K, Maurino VG, Saharan V. MgO Nanoparticles Biosynthesis and Its Effect on Chlorophyll Contents in the Leaves of Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1166/asem.2014.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ansari S, Nepal HP, Gautam R, Rayamajhi N, Shrestha S, Upadhyay G, Acharya A, Chapagain ML. Threat of drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus to health in Nepal. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:157. [PMID: 24655316 PMCID: PMC3994362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is the most commonly isolated organism from the different clinical samples in hospital. The emergence and dissemination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and growing resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotics is making treatment of infections due to this organism increasingly difficult. METHODS This study was conducted to determine the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical samples, rates of MRSA and full antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Clinical samples were cultured and Staphylococcus aureus was identified using standard microbiological methods recommended by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Methicillin resistance was confirmed using cefoxitin and oxacillin disks. Inducible clindamycin resistance was identified using D-zone test. RESULTS From the processed samples, 306 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were recovered. All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Methicillin resistance was observed in 43.1% of isolates while inducible clindamycin resistance in 12.4% of the isolates. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study reveals that rates of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates is high. In particular, rate of methicillin resistance is alarming, prompting concern on the rational use of antibiotics and vigilant laboratory-based surveillance of resistance rates in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Hari Prasad Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Rajendra Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Nabin Rayamajhi
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Sony Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Goma Upadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Anju Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Moti Lal Chapagain
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
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Raliya R, Tarafdar JC, Choudhary K, Mal P, Raturi A, Gautam R, Singh SK. Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles Using Aspergillus Tubingensis TFR-3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1166/jbns.2014.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Baral N, Nagy C, Crain BJ, Gautam R. Population viability analysis of Critically Endangered white-rumped vultures Gyps bengalensis. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Esona MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Foytich K, Roy S, Banyai K, Armah GE, Steele AD, Volotão EM, Gomez MM, Silva MFM, Gautam R, Quaye O, Tam KI, Forbi JC, Seheri M, Page N, Nyangao J, Ndze VN, Aminu M, Bowen MD, Gentsch JR. Human G9P[8] rotavirus strains circulating in Cameroon, 1999-2000: Genetic relationships with other G9 strains and detection of a new G9 subtype. Infect Genet Evol 2013; 18:315-24. [PMID: 23770141 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RV-A) are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children worldwide and genotype G9P[8] is one of the five most common genotypes detected in humans. In order to gain insight into the degree of genetic variability of G9P[8] strains circulating in Cameroon, stool samples were collected during the 1999-2000 rotavirus season in two different geographic regions in Cameroon (Southwest and Western Regions). By RT-PCR, 15 G9P[8] strains (15/89=16.8%) were identified whose genomic configurations was subsequently determined by complete or partial gene sequencing. In general, all Cameroonian G9 strains clustered into current globally-spread sublineages of the VP7 gene and displayed 86.6-100% nucleotide identity amongst themselves and 81.2-99.5% nucleotide identity with global G9 strains. The full genome classification of all Cameroonian strains was G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 but phylogenetic analysis of each gene revealed that the strains were spread across 4 or more distinct lineages. An unusual strain, RVA/Human-wt/CMR/6788/1999/G9P[8], which shared the genomic constellation of other Cameroonian G9P[8] strains, contained a novel G9 subtype which diverged significantly (18.8% nucleotide and 19% amino acid distance) from previously described G9 strains. Nucleotide and amino acid alignments revealed that the 3' end of this gene is highly divergent from other G9 VP7 genes suggesting that it arose through extensive accumulation of point mutations. The results of this study demonstrate that diverse G9 strains circulated in Cameroon during 1999-2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Esona
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
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Gautam R, Srinath I, Clavijo A, Szonyi B, Bani-Yaghoub M, Park S, Ivanek R. Identifying areas of high risk of human exposure to coccidioidomycosis in Texas using serology data from dogs. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:174-81. [PMID: 22856539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis or Valley Fever (VF) is an emerging soil-borne fungal zoonosis affecting humans and animals. Most non-human cases of VF are found in dogs, which we hypothesize may serve as sentinels for estimating the human exposure risk. The objective of this study is to use the spatial and temporal distribution and clusters of dogs seropositive for VF to define the geographic area in Texas where VF is endemic, and thus presents a higher risk of exposure to humans. The included specimens were seropositive dogs tested at a major diagnostic laboratory between 1999 and 2009. Data were aggregated by zip code and smoothed by empirical Bayesian estimation to develop an isopleth map of VF seropositive rates using kriging. Clusters of seropositive dogs were identified using the spatial scan test. Both the isopleth map and the scan test identified an area with a high rate of VF-seropositive dogs in the western and southwestern parts of Texas (relative risk = 31). This location overlapped an area that was previously identified as a potential endemic region based on human surveys. Together, these data suggest that dogs may serve as sentinels for estimating the risk of human exposure to VF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Kaskaoutis DG, Gautam R, Singh RP, Houssos EE, Goto D, Singh S, Bartzokas A, Kosmopoulos PG, Sharma M, Hsu NC, Holben BN, Takemura T. Influence of anomalous dry conditions on aerosols over India: Transport, distribution and properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gautam R, Kulow M, Döpfer D, Kaspar C, Gonzales T, Pertzborn K, Carroll R, Grant W, Ivanek R. The strain-specific dynamics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 faecal shedding in cattle post inoculation. J Biol Dyn 2012; 6:1052-1066. [PMID: 22988977 PMCID: PMC3983691 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2012.722232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports analysis of faecal shedding dynamics in cattle for three Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECO157) strains (S1, S2 and S3) of different genotype and ecological history, using experimental inoculation data. The three strains were compared for their shedding frequency and level of ECO157 in faeces. A multistate Markov chain model was used to compare shedding patterns of S1 and S2. Strains S1 and S2 were detected seven to eight times more often and at 10(4) larger levels than strain S3. Strains S1 and S2 had similar frequencies and levels of shedding. However, the total time spent in the shedding state during colonization was on average four times longer for S1 (15 days) compared to S2 (4 days). These results indicate that an ECO157 strain effect on the frequency, level, pattern and the duration of faecal shedding may need to be considered in control of ECO157 in the cattle reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Gautam
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - M. Kulow
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - D. Döpfer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - C. Kaspar
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - T. Gonzales
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K.M. Pertzborn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - R.J. Carroll
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - W. Grant
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - R. Ivanek
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Roy SK, Agrahari UC, Gautam R, Srivastava A, Jachak SM. Isointricatinol, a new antioxidant homoisoflavonoid from the roots of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler. Nat Prod Res 2011; 26:690-5. [PMID: 21740278 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.548813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new homoisoflavonoid, isointricatinol (1), together with eight known homoisoflavonoids, three flavonoids, bergenin and 11-O-galloylbergenin were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of MeOH extract of Caesalpinia digyna roots and evaluated for the antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals. The structure of 1 was elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques and found to be a Z-isomer of 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(4'-methoxybenzyl)chroman-4-one. Compound 1 was found to exhibit mild to moderate free radical scavenging effect against DPPH (IC(50), 85.50 µM) and ABTS (IC(50), 44.13 µM) radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Roy
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India
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Acharya A, Gautam R, Subedee L. Uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Bharatpur, Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J 2011; 13:30-33. [PMID: 21991698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection is one of the common clinical condition in the patients presenting to the clinics and hospitals. Detection of common pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is mandatory for effective treatment. The present study was conducted to detect common pathogens of urinary tract infection (UTI) and their susceptibility pattern to the commonly used antimicrobial agents in local scenario. We conducted a retrospective study on bacteria isolated from the urine samples submitted in microbiology unit from May 2009 to October 2009 at Chitwan Medical College. Study included total 950 clean catched midstream urine samples which were processed to identify the causative agents and their susceptibility pattern to commonly used antimicrobial agents according to the CLSI guidelines. This study showed UTI is more common in young females. Out of total 950 samples, 237 (24.94%) samples grew potential pathogens causing UTI. Escherichia coli were the predominant 163 (68.77%) isolates followed by Enterobacter spp 33 (13.92%). Most of the urinary isolates showed hundred percent resistant to Ampicillin and high degree of resistance to Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantoin, Cotrimoxazole followed by Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin. More than 50% of common pathogens were resistant to Ceftriaxone. Uropathogens were more sensitive to Cephotaxim, Amikacin, Ofloxacin and Norfloxacin. Uropathogens resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporin are increasing. Irrational and repeated use of antibiotics is the main cause of increasing resistant organism of UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan School of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal.
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Gautam R, Bassi AS, Yanful EK. A review of biodegradation of synthetic plastic and foams. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 141:85-108. [PMID: 17625268 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-9212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymeric foams have pervaded every aspect of modern life. Although foams provide numerous benefits, they also cause a significant environmental litter problem because of their recalcitrant and xenobiotic nature. Biodegradation may provide solution to the problem, but not enough is known about the biodegradation process of synthetic plastic and plasticbased foams. This review has been written to provide an overview of the current state of plastic foam biodegradation. Several biodegradation pathways of a few select synthetic polymers are also presented along with a discussion on some of the physico-chemical factors that can influence the biodegradation of plastic foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering.
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Sood R, Bhadauriya T, Rao M, Gautam R, Malhotra S, Barman TK, Upadhyay DJ, Rattan A. Antimycobacterial activities of oxazolidinones: a review. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2007; 6:343-54. [PMID: 17168800 DOI: 10.2174/187152606779025860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxazolidinones are a new class of totally synthetic antibacterial agents with wide spectrum of activity against a variety of clinically significant susceptible and resistant bacteria. These compounds have been shown to inhibit translation at the initiation phase of protein synthesis. DuP-721, the first oxazolidinone showed good activity against M. tuberculosis when given orally or parenterally to experimental animals but was not developed further due to lethal toxicity in animal models. Later two oxazolidinones, PNU-100480 and Linezolid, demonstrated promising antimycobacterial activities in the murine model. While Linezolid has been approved for clinical use, PNU-100480 was not been developed further. DA-7867 showed good in vitro and better in vivo efficacy than Linezolid but was poorly tolerated in rat toxicology studies. The antimycobacterial activity of AZD-2563 has not been explored. RBx 7644 had modest antimycobacterial activity while RBx 8700 has potent antibacterial and concentration dependent activity against all slow growing mycobacteria. It demonstrated better activity than RBx 7644 against MDR strains of M. tuberculosis along with intracellular activity. Toxicity, especially myelosuppression, has been an important limiting factor for development of an oxazolidinones. The GM-CSF assay has helped in selecting molecules with less myleosuppressive potential. We report, a review on the promising antituberculosis activities of the class oxazolidinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sood
- Infectious Diseases, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot No. 20, Sector -18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon-122 001, India.
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Gautam R, Singh VP, Saxena MK, Srivastava SK. Identification of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida in India by conventional and PCR assays. Vet J 2006; 172:561-4. [PMID: 15994103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of capsular and somatic serotypes were studied among 123 Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from chickens (n=94), ducks (22), quails (4), turkeys (2) and geese (1) from different geographical regions of India. All strains exhibited similar cultural and morphological characteristics. Ninety-two of the isolates belonged to serotype A:1, the most prevalent serotype, with serotypes A:3, A:1,3, D:3 and F:3 having two isolates each. Only one isolate was positive for serotypes A:4 and D:1. Twenty isolates were untyped. A multiplex capsular PCR assay generated amplicons of sizes approximately 460, approximately 1044, approximately 657 and approximately 854 bp in 106 isolates identified as capsular serotype-A, 15 in serotype D and two in serotype F. Capsular types B and E were not detected in any of the avian isolates studied. The present findings suggest that a multiplex capsular PCR assay may be suitable for the rapid initial identification serotypes P. multocida during epidemiological studies of fowl cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India.
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Gautam R, Joseph S, Saxena MK, Chaudhuri P, Srivastava SK. Characterization of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida by restriction endonuclease and amplified fragment length polymorphism. Res Vet Sci 2006; 81:8-18. [PMID: 16427104 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian strains of Pasteurella multocida were typed by employing restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and single enzyme-amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to evaluate their applicability for epidemiological studies of fowl cholera outbreaks. A total of 72 strains isolated from different avian species (chicken, duck, turkey, quail and goose) belonging to various geographical regions of India were characterized. REA using two different enzymes HhaI and HpaII produced 9 and 18 clusters respectively, whereas Single enzyme-AFLP recognized 32 patterns out of 72 strains typed. The study indicated that REA using HpaII is a simple and resource efficient method, however, further typing with more stringent and rapid method like Single enzyme-AFLP, could drastically enhance investigation in epidemiological studies of fowl cholera outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India.
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Gautam R, Joseph S, Chaudhuri P, Saxena MK, Srivastava SK, Singh N. Detection of Pasteurella multocida in experimentally infected embryonated chicken eggs by PCR assay. Indian J Exp Biol 2006; 44:321-4. [PMID: 16629376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Applicability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect Pasteurella multocida in experimentally infected embryonated chicken egg was assessed in the present study. PCR assay rapidly and specifically detected the genome of P. multocida in amniotic fluid, allantoic fluid and homogenates of infected embryo and its membranes. The sensitivity of detection was as low as 20 bacterial cells/ml of allantoic or amniotic fluids. Detection of P. multocida in dead embryos by PCR was possible up to 6 and 30 days or more following storage of dead embryos at 37 degrees C, and at 4 degrees C as well as at -20 degrees C, respectively. The study revealed that PCR assays could be employed directly for detection and confirmation of P. multocida infection in experimentally infected chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Gautam R, Saxena MK, Chaudhuri P, Srivastava SK. Detection of multiple strains ofPasteurella multocidain fowl cholera outbreaks by polymerase chain reaction-based typing. Avian Pathol 2005; 34:456-62. [PMID: 16537159 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500367963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Applicability of molecular methods for the detection and differentiation of Pasteurella multocida strains involved in two separate fowl cholera outbreaks in a single poultry farm was investigated. A total of 12 and 18 strains of P. multocida obtained from two separate outbreaks were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Phenotypically, all strains were similar; however, DNA-based techniques by employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were found to be highly specific and sensitive for rapid detection and differentiation of strains. All 30 strains gave amplicons of approximately 460 bp and approximately 1,044 bp specific for P. multocida and capsular serogroup A in the Multiplex Capsular PCR typing system. Molecular typing techniques such as repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and single primer PCR differentiated all 30 strains into different profiles. However, similar patterns of genome fragments were observed among all strains following restriction endonuclease analysis using the enzyme HpaII. The current investigation revealed involvement of the same and multiple strains of P. multocida in two outbreaks. The results also indicated that molecular methods of detection and typing are rapid in comparison with conventional methods for epidemiological investigations of fowl cholera outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P., India.
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Shivachandra SB, Kumar AA, Gautam R, Singh VP, Chaudhuri P, Srivastava SK. PCR assay for rapid detection of Pasteurella multocida serogroup A in morbid tissue materials from chickens with fowl cholera. Vet J 2004; 168:349-52. [PMID: 15501155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Shivachandra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India
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Rattan V, Gautam R. Peripheral osteoma of mandible arising from anterior lingual alveolar plate--a case report. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 1999; 17:132-4. [PMID: 10863508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral osteomas of the mandible are uncommon bony tumours. Of those that have been described, the location is normally posterior to the premolars on the lingual surface of the mandible or in the condylar area. This article presents a case of an atypical presentation of an osteoma arising from the anterior lingual alveolar cortical plate of the mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rattan
- Unit of Oral and Maxilofacial Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
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Gautam R, Gaur M, Srivastava N, Pereira BM. Rejuvenation of epididymal principal cells by prolactin under androgen deficiency. Indian J Exp Biol 1994; 32:854-9. [PMID: 7896316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Influence of prolactin on the ultrastructure of principal cells lining the epididymal epithelium was investigated in Wistar rats. Orchidectomy produced degenerative changes suggesting that structural integrity of principal cell is maintained by factors originating in the testis. The atrophic changes in the principal cell of ordhidectomised rats were significantly reversed when prolactin was administered to these animals. The number of cells that responded were found to increase with the dose of prolactin injected. On the otherhand, bromocryptine treatment did not appreciably change the ultrastructure of principal cells in orchidectomised rats. Results suggest that prolactin may have a rejuvenating epididymal principal cells in androgen deficient states.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Roorkee, India
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Ray B, Gautam R, Gaur M, Srivastava N, Pereira BM. Impact of prolactin on epididymal lipid profile in castrated rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1994; 32:299-303. [PMID: 7927519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin treatment to castrated rats led to accumulation of triacylglycerol and esterified cholesterol. There was no appreciable drift in epididymal cholesterol: phospholipid ratio between the prolactin treated and control animals. However, further analysis of phospholipids showed a build up of phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine but a drop in the levels of phosphatidyl serine and sphingomyelin in prolactin treated castrated rats as compared to those castrated animals injected with vehicle alone. Changes in phospholipids reported above were prominently seen in the group of castrated rats that received 100 micrograms oPRL/100 g body weight but not in those animals which received either lower or higher doses of the hormone. Interestingly, bromocryptine treatment in castrated rats produced a general depletion in the levels of all lipid classes studied in the epididymis. It is suggested that this may be due to impaired synthesis and/or increased breakdown of lipids in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ray
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Roorkee, India
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Gautam R, Pereira BM. Modulation in activity of some epididymal glycosidases by prolactin. Indian J Exp Biol 1993; 31:410-3. [PMID: 8359847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Activity of glycosidases in the epididymis was influenced by several factors originating in the testis. Activities of all the three glycosidases studied viz., beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase and alpha-mannosidase were found to be significantly lower in the epididymis of orchidectomized animals than in sham operated rats. However, an enhanced activity of epididymal beta-galactosidase and alpha-mannosidase was noticed in prolactin treated orchidectomized rats compared to orchidectomized rats given vehicle alone. On the other hand, activity of these two enzymes in bromocriptine treated orchidectomized rats was even lower than that found in orchidectomized rats given vehicle. Neither prolactin nor bromocriptine treatment had any significant influence on the epididymal beta-glucosidase. The results suggest a selective but definite action of prolactin on epididymal glycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Roorkee, India
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Abstract
1. Previous experiments have shown that the level of sialic acid in the epididymis is influenced by factors originating in the testis. 2. To exclude interference from these factors, both orchidectomized and duct-ligated rats were used to study the potential role of prolactin in the epididymis. 3. When ovine prolactin was injected in orchidectomized rats, a dose-related increase in the level of sialic acid was observed in the epididymis. 4. That this action of prolactin is independent of androgen was confirmed by studies using bromocriptine, which decreases circulating endogenous prolactin. 5. The physiological role(s) of epididymal sialic acid production in response to prolactin remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gautam
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Two groups of open heart surgery patients, one receiving prostacyclin and one placebo, were assessed one week pre-operatively and 3 months post-operatively, using a battery of clinical tests measuring a variety of cognitive functions. No significant differences between the groups were detected, apart from a visual retention deficit at 3 months in the prostacyclin group. The results cast doubt on previous findings suggesting that prostacyclin reduces cognitive deficits following open heart surgery.
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