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Salomonsson SE, Maltos AM, Gill K, Aladesuyi Arogundade O, Brown KA, Sachdev A, Sckaff M, Lam KJK, Fisher IJ, Chouhan RS, Van Laar VS, Marley CB, McLaughlin I, Bankiewicz KS, Tsai YC, Conklin BR, Clelland CD. Validated assays for the quantification of C9orf72 human pathology. Sci Rep 2024; 14:828. [PMID: 38191789 PMCID: PMC10774390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A repeat expansion mutation in the C9orf72 gene is the leading known genetic cause of FTD and ALS. The C9orf72-ALS/FTD field has been plagued by a lack of reliable tools to monitor this genomic locus and its RNA and protein products. We have validated assays that quantify C9orf72 pathobiology at the DNA, RNA and protein levels using knock-out human iPSC lines as controls. Here we show that single-molecule sequencing can accurately measure the repeat expansion and faithfully report on changes to the C9orf72 locus in what has been a traditionally hard to sequence genomic region. This is of particular value to sizing and phasing the repeat expansion and determining changes to the gene locus after gene editing. We developed ddPCR assays to quantify two major C9orf72 transcript variants, which we validated by selective excision of their distinct transcriptional start sites. Using validated knock-out human iPSC lines, we validated 4 commercially available antibodies (of 9 tested) that were specific for C9orf72 protein quantification by Western blot, but none were specific for immunocytochemistry. We tested 15 combinations of antibodies against dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) across 66 concentrations using MSD immunoassay, and found two (against poly-GA and poly-GP) that yielded a 1.5-fold or greater signal increase in patient iPSC-motor neurons compared to knock-out control, and validated them in human postmortem and transgenic mouse brain tissue. Our validated DNA, RNA and protein assays are applicable to discovery research as well as clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Salomonsson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A M Maltos
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Gill
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - O Aladesuyi Arogundade
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K A Brown
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Sachdev
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Sckaff
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K J K Lam
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - I J Fisher
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R S Chouhan
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - V S Van Laar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Gene Therapy Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C B Marley
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - K S Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Gene Therapy Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Y-C Tsai
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - B R Conklin
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C D Clelland
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Mohammed S, Syal R, Bhatia P, Chhabra S, Chouhan RS, Kamal M. Prediction of post-induction hypotension in young adults using ultrasound-derived inferior vena cava parameters: An observational study. Indian J Anaesth 2021; 65:731-737. [PMID: 34898699 PMCID: PMC8607854 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_1514_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter and its respiratory variability have been shown to predict post-induction hypotension with high specificity in a mixed population of patients. We assessed whether these parameters could be as reliable in healthy adult patients as in a mixed patient population. Methods In the present prospective observational study, 110 patients of either sex, aged between 18 and 50 years, belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists class I and II, fasted as per the institutional protocol and scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia were enroled. Prior to induction, ultrasound examination of IVC was done and variation in IVC diameter with respiration was assessed. Maximum and minimum IVC diameters [(dIVCmax) and (dIVCmin), respectively] over a single respiratory cycle were measured and collapsibility index (CI) was calculated. Vitals were recorded just before induction and at every minute after induction for 10 min. Episodes of hypotension (mean arterial pressure [MAP] <65 mmHg or fall in MAP >30% from baseline) during the observation period were recorded. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for determining optimum cut-off with sensitivity and specificity of IVC diameters and CI for development of hypotension. Results IVC was not visualised in 22 patients. Out of the remaining 88 patients, 17 (19.3%) patients developed hypotension after induction. The dIVCmax, dIVCmin and CI were comparable between patients who developed and who did not develop hypotension. The area under curve of ROC for CI, dIVCmax and dIVCmin was 0.51, 0.55 and 0.52, respectively, with optimum cut-off value of 0.46, 1.42 and 0.73, respectively. Conclusion Ultrasound-derived IVC parameters demonstrate poor diagnostic accuracy for prediction of hypotension after induction in healthy adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadik Mohammed
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rashmi Syal
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pradeep Bhatia
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swati Chhabra
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ravindra S Chouhan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manoj Kamal
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Prabhakar H, Rath GP, Bithal PK, Chouhan RS. Intracranial pressure and haemodynamic changes during the tunnelling phase of ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 22:947-50. [PMID: 16318668 DOI: 10.1017/s0265021505001626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The tunnelling phase of ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion is the most painful part but patients are often given inadequate opioid analgesic for fear of post operative delayed recovery and/or respiratory depression. This may result in an increase in intracranial pressure. METHODS Twenty adults scheduled to undergo ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion were administered standard anaesthesia. Monitoring included heart rate, electrocardiogram, end-tidal carbon dioxide, invasive blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. Intracranial pressure was monitored by placing the ventricular end of shunt catheter in the dilated lateral ventricle. Five minutes before tunnelling, fentanyl 1 microg kg(-1) was administered. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate and intracranial pressure were recorded during tunnelling and subsequently at 1-min interval for 5 min. Data were analysed using t-test and repeated measured test. RESULTS Tunnelling caused significant increase in mean arterial pressure (from 81.4 +/- 11.0 to 110.9 +/- 15.3 mmHg, P < 0.05), intracranial pressure (from 21.4 +/- 8.1 to 29.2 +/- 12.5 mmHg, P < 0.05) and heart rate (from 74.4 +/- 13.8 to 94.1 +/- 17.8 beats min(-1), P < 0.05). Whereas, the increase in haemodynamic parameters persisted for 3 min post-tunnelling, elevated intracranial pressure lasted for 2 min. CONCLUSION Tunnelling significantly increases intracranial pressure and blood pressure despite prior fentanyl administration. This may be deleterious in the presence of intracranial pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Prabhakar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, New Delhi, India
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Chouhan RS, Vivek Babu K, Kumar MA, Neeta NS, Thakur MS, Amitha Rani BE, Pasha A, Karanth NGK, Karanth NG. Detection of methyl parathion using immuno-chemiluminescence based image analysis using charge coupled device. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1264-71. [PMID: 16054353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel method based on immuno-chemiluminescence and image analysis using charge coupled device (CCD) for the qualitative detection of methyl parathion (MP) with high sensitivity (up to 10 ppt) is described. MP antibodies raised in poultry were used as a biological sensing element for the recognition of MP present in the sample. The immuno-reactor column was prepared by packing in a glass capillary column (150 microl capacity) MP antibodies immobilized on Sepharose CL-4B through periodate oxidation method. Chemiluminescence principle was used for the detection of the pesticide. Light images generated during the chemiluminescence reaction were captured by a CCD camera and further processed for image intensity, which was correlated with pesticide concentrations. K(3)Fe(CN)(6) was used as a light enhancer to obtain detectable light images. Different parameters including concentrations of K(3)Fe(CN)(6), luminol, urea H(2)O(2), antibody, addition sequence of reactants and incubation time to obtain best images were optimized. The results obtained by image analysis method showed very good correlation with that of competitive ELISA for methyl parathion detection. Competitive ELISA method was used as a reference to compare the results obtained by CCD imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Chouhan
- Fermentation Technology and Bioengineering Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570013, India
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Bithal PK, Pandia MP, Dash HH, Chouhan RS, Mohanty B, Padhy N. Comparative incidence of venous air embolism and associated hypotension in adults and children operated for neurosurgery in the sitting position. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2004; 21:517-22. [PMID: 15318462 DOI: 10.1017/s0265021504007033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Venous air embolism is a constant threat during neurosurgery performed in the sitting position. No large prospective study has compared the incidence of venous air embolism and associated hypotension between adults and children. METHODS Four hundred and thirty patients (334 adults, 96 children) scheduled to undergo planned posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position (between January 1989 to December 1994) were studied with end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring. Intraoperatively, a sudden and sustained decrease in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension of >0.7 kPa was presumed to be due to venous air embolism. Management during the episode was on the established guidelines. Hypotension (decrease in systolic arterial pressure of 20% or more from the previous level) was treated with crystalloids and/or a vasopressor. RESULTS Capnometry detected a 28% incidence rate of air embolism in adults (93/334) and a 22% incidence rate in children (21/96) (P = 0.29). In both groups, the highest incidence rate of embolism took place during muscle handling (44% of adults versus 38% of children, P = 0.8). Embolic episodes were accompanied by hypotension in 37% of adults (34/93) and in 33% of children (7/21) (P = 0.98). To restore arterial pressure to pre-embolic levels, 53% of adults (18/34) and 43% of children (3/7) were administered vasopressors (P = 0.94). There was no intraoperative mortality. The surgical procedure on one adult was abandoned because of persistent hypotension following the embolic episode. CONCLUSION The incidence of venous air embolism and consequent hypotension is similar in adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Bithal
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroanaesthesia, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract
Although ECG changes in subarachnoid hemorrhage and head injury have been described in adults, they have been rarely reported in children. We present 3 pediatric head-injured patients who developed severe ischemic changes on ECG. Three children (ages 9 months, 2.5 years, and 12 years) were admitted with severe head injury. All of them developed progressive ST segment depression of 4 to 7 mm during the surgical procedure. The first case, a 9-month-old child, also had bradycardia and cardiac arrest following ST depression. He was promptly resuscitated with simultaneous evacuation of extradural hematoma. In the other two cases, ST depression also gradually came up to baseline coinciding with surgical treatment of main pathology. All of the patients were ventilated postoperatively for 36 to 48 hours and discharged with no neurologic deficit. ECG changes and myocardial ischemia in head-injured patients have been attributed to extreme sympathetic stimulation and raised intracranial pressure in adults. But there has been no such systematic study in children. From our observations, we can conclude that ECG changes do occur in children with head injury, although the exact mechanism awaits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monali Dash
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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