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Agnelli S, King RB. Aural myiasis in Ancient Rome: Celsus and the ear maggots. J Laryngol Otol 2023; 137:1345-1348. [PMID: 36420690 DOI: 10.1017/s002221512200247x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although today there is extensive scientific literature on aural myiasis, a historical study of the subject has yet to appear. This short article reports the first description of aural myiasis in the Western medical literature. METHODS Methods involved: (1) scholarship review of ear diseases within Ancient Greek and Roman medical texts (L'Année philologique); (2) linguistic analysis for text identification through the Library of Latin Texts, the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae and the Loeb Classical Library; and (3) translation of the Latin texts that described cases of aural myiasis with commentary. RESULTS To our knowledge, the earliest case of aural myiasis in Latin medical literature is reported by the Roman encyclopaedist Celsus (first century CE). In his De Medicina, he describes cases of Wohlfahrtia magnifica maggot infestation of the ear and how to treat affected patients. CONCLUSION Despite present advances in otology, we believe that much insight can still be gained from this ancient example of medical history in ear diseases. A more comparative analysis of the subject is to be considered in the future, which will provide more data from different cultures and times.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Agnelli
- One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R B King
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Marshall H, Selvan T, Ahmad R, Bento M, Veiga C, Sands G, Malone C, King RB, Clark CH, McGarry CK. Evaluation of a novel phantom for the quality assurance of a six-degree-of-freedom couch 3D-printed at multiple centres. Phys Med 2023; 114:103136. [PMID: 37769414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.103136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to validate a bespoke 3D-printed phantom for use in quality assurance (QA) of a 6 degrees-of-freedom (6DoF) treatment couch. A novel phantom design comprising a main body with internal cube structures, was fabricated at five centres using Polylactic Acid (PLA) material, with an additional phantom produced incorporating a PLA-stone hybrid material. Correctional setup shifts were determined using image registration by 3D-3D matching of high HU cube structures between obtained cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) images to reference CTs, containing cubes with fabricated rotational offsets of 3.5°, 1.5° and -2.5° in rotation, pitch, and roll, respectively. Average rotational setup shifts were obtained for each phantom. The reproducibility of 3D-printing was probed by comparing the internal cube size as well as Hounsfield Units between each of the uniquely produced phantoms. For the five PLA phantoms, the average rot, pitch and roll correctional differences from the fabricated offsets were -0.3 ± 0.2°, -0.2 ± 0.5° and 0.2 ± 0.3° respectively, and for the PLA hybrid these differences were -0.09 ± 0.14°, 0.30 ± 0.00° and 0.03 ± 0.10°. There was found to be no statistically significant difference in average cube size between the five PLA printed phantoms, with the significant difference (P < 0.05) in HU of one phantom compared to the others attributed to setup choice and material density. This work demonstrated the capability producing a novel 3D-printed 6DoF couch QA phantom design, at multiple centres, with each unique model capable of sub-degree couch correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Marshall
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Tamil Selvan
- Department of Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Reem Ahmad
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mariana Bento
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catarina Veiga
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gordon Sands
- Radiotherapy Physics, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ciaran Malone
- Radiotherapy Physics, St. Luke's Radiation Oncology Network, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raymond B King
- Department of Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Catharine H Clark
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Radiotherapy Physics, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Metrology for Medical Physics, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Conor K McGarry
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; Department of Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
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Abstract
The lowest energy structures for Bn species (n = 6 to 23 except for 20) observed experimentally in the gas phase with a mass spectrometer are planar networks of boron triangles. Such networks are considered to consist of trigonal planar sp2-hybridized boron atoms having perpendicular p orbitals similar to the carbon atoms in benzene and other planar aromatic hydrocarbons. Electron bookkeeping for reasonable chemical bonding topologies of wheel-like structures such as B@Bn-1 (n = 6-9) leads to two π-electrons for B6 and B7+ similar to the cyclopropenyl cation and six π-electrons for B82- and B9- similar to benzene. Related chemical bonding topology analyses for low-energy oval B10 and B11- structures as well as for larger planar boron triangle networks with 12, 13, and 14 boron atoms suggest six π-electrons in such structures. Planar networks of boron triangles having 16-19 boron atoms are shown to be systems with 10 π-electrons similar to naphthalene. Similarly, low-energy planar B22 and B23- structures are shown to be 4 π-electron systems 1analogous to linear anthracene and angular phenanthrene, respectively. Intermediate B15- and B21- systems are shown to be systems with 4k rather than 4k + 2 π-electrons with 8 and 12 π-electrons, respectively. Structures based on planar networks of boron triangles are strongly energetically disfavored for B20 relative to a nonplanar decagonal antiprism structure with ideal D10d symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia
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Giacometti V, King RB, McCreery C, Buchanan F, Jeevanandam P, Jain S, Hounsell AR, McGarry CK. 3D-printed patient-specific pelvis phantom for dosimetry measurements for prostate stereotactic radiotherapy with dominant intraprostatic lesion boost. Phys Med 2021; 92:8-14. [PMID: 34823110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Developing and assessing the feasibility of using a three-dimensional (3D) printed patient-specific anthropomorphic pelvis phantom for dose calculation and verification for stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) with dose escalation to the dominant intraprostatic lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS A 3D-printed pelvis phantom, including bone-mimicking material, was fabricated based on the computed tomography (CT) images of a prostate cancer patient. To compare the extent to which patient and phantom body and bones overlapped, the similarity Dice coefficient was calculated. Modular cylindrical inserts were created to encapsulate radiochromic films and ionization chamber for absolute dosimetry measurements at the location of prostate and at the boost region. Gamma analysis evaluation with 2%/2mm criteria was performed to compare treatment planning system calculations and measured dose when delivering a 10 flattening filter free (FFF) SABR plan and a 10FFF boost SABR plan. RESULTS Dice coefficients of 0.98 and 0.91 were measured for body and bones, respectively, demonstrating agreement between patient and phantom outlines. For the boost plans the gamma analysis yielded 97.0% of pixels passing 2%/2mm criteria and these results were supported by the chamber average dose difference of 0.47 ± 0.03%. These results were further improved when overriding the bone relative electron density: 97.3% for the 2%/2mm gamma analysis, and 0.05 ± 0.03% for the ionization chamber average dose difference. CONCLUSIONS The modular patient-specific 3D-printed pelvis phantom has proven to be a highly attractive and versatile tool to validate prostate SABR boost plans using multiple detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giacometti
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Raymond B King
- Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Craig McCreery
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser Buchanan
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Jeevanandam
- Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Suneil Jain
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom; Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Hounsell
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom; Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Conor K McGarry
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom; Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Osman SOS, Russell E, King RB, Crowther K, Jain S, McGrath C, Hounsell AR, Prise KM, McGarry CK. Fiducial markers visibility and artefacts in prostate cancer radiotherapy multi-modality imaging. Radiat Oncol 2019; 14:237. [PMID: 31878967 PMCID: PMC6933910 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-019-1447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, a novel pelvic phantom was developed and used to assess the visibility and presence of artefacts from different types of commercial fiducial markers (FMs) on multi-modality imaging relevant to prostate cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS The phantom was designed with 3D printed hollow cubes in the centre. These cubes were filled with gel to mimic the prostate gland and two parallel PVC rods were used to mimic bones in the pelvic region. Each cube was filled with gelatine and three unique FMs were positioned with a clinically-relevant spatial distribution. The FMs investigated were; Gold Marker (GM) CIVCO, GM RiverPoint, GM Gold Anchor (GA) line and ball shape, and polymer marker (PM) from CIVCO. The phantom was scanned using several imaging modalities typically used to image prostate cancer patients; MRI, CT, CBCT, planar kV-pair, ExacTrac, 6MV, 2.5MV and integrated EPID imaging. The visibility of the markers and any observed artefacts in the phantom were compared to in-vivo scans of prostate cancer patients with FMs. RESULTS All GMs were visible in volumetric scans, however, they also had the most visible artefacts on CT and CBCT scans, with the magnitude of artefacts increasing with FM size. PM FMs had the least visible artefacts in volumetric scans but they were not visible on portal images and had poor visibility on lateral kV images. The smallest diameter GMs (GA) were the most difficult GMs to identify on lateral kV images. CONCLUSION The choice between different FMs is also dependent on the adopted IGRT strategy. PM was found to be superior to investigated gold markers in the most commonly used modalities in the management of prostate cancer; CT, CBCT and MRI imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O. S. Osman
- Centre of Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN UK
- Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Emily Russell
- Centre of Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN UK
| | - Raymond B. King
- Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Karen Crowther
- Radiotherapy Department, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Suneil Jain
- Centre of Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN UK
- Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Cormac McGrath
- Radiological Sciences and Imaging, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Forster Green Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Alan R. Hounsell
- Centre of Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN UK
- Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Kevin M. Prise
- Centre of Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN UK
| | - Conor K. McGarry
- Centre of Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN UK
- Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
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Chung ML, Lee SJ, Moser DK, King RB. 2205Caregivers with persistent depressive symptoms are at high risk of having poor health status over 1 year of caregiving. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz748.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Depressive symptoms are a substantial psychological problem in caregivers of stroke survivors, but there is limited knowledge about the trajectory of depressive symptoms and the consequence in longitudinal study. The purposes of this study were to (1) identify patterns for trajectory of depressive symptoms in caregivers who provided caregiving for stroke survivors for 1 year post-discharge, and (2) examine associations of depressive symptom trajectories with caregivers' burden, family function, social support, and health status over time.
Methods
In this secondary analysis of a longitudinal study, caregivers of stroke survivors completed a survey at post-discharge and 1 year follow up. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). Caregiving burden, family function, and social support were assessed using the Zarit Burden Interview, the Family Assessment Device, and the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List. Health status was assessed using two items from the SF-36. Pattern of depressive symptom trajectory (i.e., symptom-free, symptom improved, symptom developed, and persistent symptom) were identified by the presence of depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥16) at post-discharge and 1 year follow up. ANOVA, and multinomial logistic regression were used.
Results
Of the 102 caregivers (mean age=58 years, 66% female), 32.4% experienced depressive symptoms at post-discharge; 30.4% experienced depressive symptoms at 1-year follow up. During the first year of the caregiving experience, 57.8% of caregivers were symptom-free but 20.6% experienced persistent depressive symptoms; 11.8% had improved depressive symptoms, and 9.8% developed depressive symptoms. Caregivers with persistent depressive symptoms reported the highest level of burden (p<0.001), and the lowest levels of family function (p=0.02) and interpersonal support (p=0.0001) among the 4 groups at post-discharge and the results were unchanged at 1 year follow up. Furthermore, 33% of caregivers with persistent depressive symptoms reported their health as fair or poor at 1 year follow up and 42% of them reported their health became worse at 1 year follow up. Caregivers who developed depressive symptoms had the 2nd lowest score of interpersonal support (p=0.047) at 1 year follow up. Compared to symptom-free caregivers, caregivers with persistent depressive symptoms were 7 times more likely to have fair or poor health at 1 year follow up (95% CI, 1.55–32.87, p=0.012).
Conclusions
Trajectory of depressive symptoms was associated with caregiving burden, family function, and interpersonal support. The persistence of depressive symptoms is substantial for caregivers of stroke survivors and they are at high risk to have poor health status at 1 year of caregiving. Management of depressive symptoms at the early caregiving stage may be beneficial to prevent the development and persistence of depressive symptoms in caregivers of stroke survivors.
Acknowledgement/Funding
National Institute for Nursing Research R01NR02416
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Chung
- University of Kentucky, College of Nursing, Lexington, United States of America
| | - S J Lee
- Chung-Ang University, Red Cross College of Nursing, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - D K Moser
- University of Kentucky, College of Nursing, Lexington, United States of America
| | - R B King
- Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
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Fairmichael C, Redmond KM, Lyons C, Stevenson SR, Osman SO, McGarry CK, Irvine DM, Mitchell DM, King RB, Hounsell AR, O'Sullivan JM, Waugh DJ, Jain S. Plasma citrulline levels as a biomarker for bowel toxicity in prostate stereotactic radiotherapy with or without pelvic nodal radiation. J Clin Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2019.37.7_suppl.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
73 Background: Plasma levels of citrulline, an amino acid, are derived mainly from small bowel enterocytes. Decreased levels occur in a range of bowel conditions and citrulline has been proposed as a biomarker of bowel toxicity in pelvic radiotherapy. In a prospective study, we identify no correlation between plasma citrulline and toxicity in men receiving prostate stereotactic radiotherapy randomized to receive either pelvic nodal irradiation or not. Furthermore, citrulline levels were not significantly different between these two groups. Methods: As part of an approved clinical trial, men with intermediate to high risk prostate cancer were randomised 1:1 to prostate only or prostate + pelvic nodal radiotherapy, delivered with a rectal spacer gel in situ. The prostate and proximal seminal vesicles received 40 Gy in 5 fractions. Those randomised to the pelvic nodal arm also received 25 Gy in 5 fractions to pelvic nodes. Citrulline was measured at 10 points during treatment – consent, before fraction 1, 1 and 24 hours following fraction 1, prior to each fraction 2 – 5 and at 6 weeks’ and 3 months’ follow up. Bowel toxicity was measured by EPIC patient reported scores. Results: 16 men with follow up of at least 3 months (median 9, maximum 18 months) were analysed. Reported toxicity was significantly higher in the prostate and pelvis arm: 5 of 9 men showed a decrease in EPIC bowel domain summary score of 10 points or more compared to 0 of 7 in the prostate-only arm (p = 0.0337, two tailed Fisher’s exact test). No significant correlation between toxicity and citrulline levels was seen, nor did citrulline vary significantly between arms or fall as treatment progressed. Data analysis for a further 8 men already recruited to the study is ongoing. Conclusions: Toxicity was more commonly reported by men randomised to receive pelvic radiotherapy, suggesting that the small bowel irradiated in pelvic fields plays a role in bowel toxicity experienced during stereotactic radiotherapy. Citrulline levels showed no significant correlation with toxicity or radiation dose to small bowel. We propose that citrulline is not a useful biomarker of small bowel toxicity in this setting. Clinical trial information: NCT03253978.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Fairmichael
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly M. Redmond
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara Lyons
- Northwest Cancer Centre, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Derry, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Conor K. McGarry
- Northern Ireland Cancer Centre Medical Physics, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Raymond B. King
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Giacometti V, King RB, Agnew CE, Irvine DM, Jain S, Hounsell AR, McGarry CK. An evaluation of techniques for dose calculation on cone beam computed tomography. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20180383. [PMID: 30433821 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy and efficiency of four different techniques, thus determining the optimum method for recalculating dose on cone beam CT (CBCT) images acquired during radiotherapy treatments. METHODS: Four established techniques were investigated and their accuracy assessed via dose calculations: (1) applying a standard planning CT (pCT) calibration curve, (2) applying a CBCT site-specific calibration curve, (3) performing a density override and (4) using deformable registration. Each technique was applied to 15 patients receiving volumetric modulated arc therapy to one of three treatment sites, head and neck, lung and prostate. Differences between pCT and CBCT recalculations were determined with dose volume histogram metrics and 2.0%/0.1 mm gamma analysis using the pCT dose distribution as a reference. RESULTS: Dose volume histogram analysis indicated that all techniques yielded differences from expected results between 0.0 and 2.3% for both target volumes and organs at risk. With volumetric gamma analysis, the dose recalculation on deformed images yielded the highest pass-rates. The median pass-rate ranges at 50% threshold were 99.6-99.9%, 94.6-96.0%, and 94.8.0-96.0% for prostate, head and neck and lung patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Deformable registration, HU override and site-specific calibration curves were all identified as dosimetrically accurate and efficient methods for dose calculation on CBCT images. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: With the increasing adoption of CBCT, this study provides clinical radiotherapy departments with invaluable information regarding the comparison of dose reconstruction methods, enabling a more accurate representation of a patient's treatment. It can also integrate studies in which CBCT is used in image-guided radiation therapy and for adaptive radiotherapy planning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giacometti
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
| | - Raymond B King
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK.,2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre , Belfast , UK
| | - Christina E Agnew
- 2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre , Belfast , UK
| | - Denise M Irvine
- 2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre , Belfast , UK
| | - Suneil Jain
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK.,2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre , Belfast , UK
| | - Alan R Hounsell
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK.,2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre , Belfast , UK
| | - Conor K McGarry
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK.,2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre , Belfast , UK
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Fairmichael C, King RB, Osman SOS, Irvine DM, Hounsell AR, Mitchell DM, McGarry CK, Jain S. Impact and practical aspects of rectal spacer insertion for prostate stereotactic radiotherapy–first UK experience. Eur J Surg Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.01.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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King RB, Osman SO, Fairmichael C, Irvine DM, Lyons CA, Ravi A, O'Sullivan JM, Hounsell AR, Mitchell DM, McGarry CK, Jain S. Efficacy of a rectal spacer with prostate SABR-first UK experience. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20170672. [PMID: 29182384 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the use of implanted hydrogel rectal spacers for stereotactic ablative radiotherapy-volumetric modulated arc therapy (SABR-VMAT) patients, investigating practicality, dosimetric impact, normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and early toxicity. METHODS Data from the first 6 patients treated within a prostate SABR and rectal spacer trial were examined to determine spacer insertion tolerability, resultant changes in treatment planning and dosimetry and early toxicity effects. CT scans acquired prior to spacer insertion were used to generate SABR plans which were compared to post-insertion plans. Plans were evaluated for target coverage, conformity, and organs at risk doses with NTCPs also determined from resultant dose fluences. Early toxicity data were also collected. RESULTS All patients had successful spacer insertion under local anaesthetic with maximal Grade 1 toxicity. All plans were highly conformal, with no significant differences in clinical target volume dose coverage between pre- and post-spacer plans. Substantial improvements in rectal dose metrics were observed in post-spacer plans, e.g. rectal volume receiving 36 Gy reduced by ≥42% for all patients. Median NTCP for Grade 2 + rectal bleeding significantly decreased from 4.9 to 0.8% with the use of a rectal spacer (p = 0.031). To date, two episodes of acute Grade 1 proctitis have been reported following treatment. CONCLUSION The spacer resulted in clinically and statistically significant reduction in rectal doses for all patients. Advances in knowledge: This is one of the first studies to investigate the efficacy of a hydrogel spacer in prostate SABR treatments. Observed dose sparing of the rectum is predicted to result in meaningful clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B King
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Ireland.,2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital , Belfast , Ireland
| | - Sarah Os Osman
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Ireland.,2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital , Belfast , Ireland
| | - Ciaran Fairmichael
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Ireland.,3 Department of Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital , Belfast , Ireland
| | - Denise M Irvine
- 2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital , Belfast , Ireland
| | - Ciara A Lyons
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Ireland.,3 Department of Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital , Belfast , Ireland.,4 Department of Clinical Oncology, North West Cancer Centre, Altnagelvin Area Hospital , Londonderry , Northern Ireland
| | - Ananth Ravi
- 5 Department of Medical Physics, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , Canada
| | - Joe M O'Sullivan
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Ireland.,3 Department of Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital , Belfast , Ireland
| | - Alan R Hounsell
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Ireland.,2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital , Belfast , Ireland
| | - Darren M Mitchell
- 3 Department of Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital , Belfast , Ireland
| | - Conor K McGarry
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Ireland.,2 Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital , Belfast , Ireland
| | - Suneil Jain
- 1 Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Ireland.,3 Department of Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital , Belfast , Ireland
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Fairmichael C, King RB, Osman SOS, Irvine DM, Hounsell AR, Mitchell DM, McGarry CK, Jain S. Impact and practical aspects of rectal spacer insertion for prostate stereotactic radiotherapy – First UK experience. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.10.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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12
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Lyons CA, King RB, Osman SO, McMahon SJ, O’Sullivan JM, Hounsell AR, Jain S, McGarry CK. A novel CBCT-based method for derivation of CTV-PTV margins for prostate and pelvic lymph nodes treated with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:124. [PMID: 28778178 PMCID: PMC5543558 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional CTV-PTV margin recipes are not generally applicable in the situation of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) treatments of multiple target volumes with a single isocentre. In this work, we present a novel geometric method of margin derivation based on CBCT-derived anatomical data. METHODS Twenty patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer were selected for retrospective review. Individual volumes of interest (prostate, prostate and seminal vesicles and pelvic lymph nodes) were delineated on five representative CBCTs and registered to the planning CT using two registration protocols: bone match or prostate-based soft tissue match. Margins were incrementally expanded around composite CTV structures until 95% overlap was achieved. RESULTS CTV-PTV margins of 5.2, 6.5 and 7.6 mm were required for prostate, prostate and seminal vesicles and pelvic lymph nodes respectively using a prostate matching protocol. For the prostate and seminal vesicle structures, margins calculated using our method displayed good agreement with a conventional margin recipe (within ±1.0 mm). CONCLUSIONS We have presented an alternative method of CTV-PTV margin derivation that is applicable to SABR treatments with more than one isocentric target. These results have informed an institutional trial of prostate and pelvic nodal SABR in men with high-risk localized prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara A. Lyons
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN UK
- Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Raymond B. King
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN UK
- Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Sarah O.S. Osman
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN UK
- Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Stephen J. McMahon
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN UK
| | - Joe M. O’Sullivan
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN UK
- Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Alan R. Hounsell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN UK
- Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Suneil Jain
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN UK
- Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Conor K. McGarry
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN UK
- Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
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King RB, McMahon SJ, Hyland WB, Jain S, Butterworth KT, Prise KM, Hounsell AR, McGarry CK. An overview of current practice in external beam radiation oncology with consideration to potential benefits and challenges for nanotechnology. Cancer Nanotechnol 2017; 8:3. [PMID: 28217177 PMCID: PMC5291831 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-017-0027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been a significant evolution in the technologies and techniques employed within the radiation oncology environment. Over the same period, extensive research into the use of nanotechnology in medicine has highlighted a range of potential benefits to its incorporation into clinical radiation oncology. This short communication describes key tools and techniques that have recently been introduced into specific stages of a patient’s radiotherapy pathway, including diagnosis, external beam treatment and subsequent follow-up. At each pathway stage, consideration is given towards how nanotechnology may be combined with clinical developments to further enhance their benefit, with some potential opportunities for future research also highlighted. Prospective challenges that may influence the introduction of nanotechnology into clinical radiotherapy are also discussed, indicating the need for close collaboration between academic and clinical staff to realise the full clinical benefit of this exciting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B King
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK.,Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT9 7AB UK
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
| | - Wendy B Hyland
- Radiotherapy Physics, North West Cancer Centre, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, BT47 6SB UK
| | - Suneil Jain
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK.,Clinical Oncology, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT9 7AB UK
| | - Karl T Butterworth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
| | - Alan R Hounsell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK.,Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT9 7AB UK
| | - Conor K McGarry
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK.,Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT9 7AB UK
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14
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King RB, Agnew CE, O'Connell BF, Prise KM, Hounsell AR, McGarry CK. Time-resolved dosimetric verification of respiratory-gated radiotherapy exposures using a high-resolution 2D ionisation chamber array. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:5529-46. [PMID: 27384459 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/15/5529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to track and verify the delivery of respiratory-gated irradiations, performed with three versions of TrueBeam linac, using a novel phantom arrangement that combined the OCTAVIUS(®) SRS 1000 array with a moving platform. The platform was programmed to generate sinusoidal motion of the array. This motion was tracked using the real-time position management (RPM) system and four amplitude gating options were employed to interrupt MV beam delivery when the platform was not located within set limits. Time-resolved spatial information extracted from analysis of x-ray fluences measured by the array was compared to the programmed motion of the platform and to the trace recorded by the RPM system during the delivery of the x-ray field. Temporal data recorded by the phantom and the RPM system were validated against trajectory log files, recorded by the linac during the irradiation, as well as oscilloscope waveforms recorded from the linac target signal. Gamma analysis was employed to compare time-integrated 2D x-ray dose fluences with theoretical fluences derived from the probability density function for each of the gating settings applied, where gamma criteria of 2%/2 mm, 1%/1 mm and 0.5%/0.5 mm were used to evaluate the limitations of the RPM system. Excellent agreement was observed in the analysis of spatial information extracted from the SRS 1000 array measurements. Comparisons of the average platform position with the expected position indicated absolute deviations of <0.5 mm for all four gating settings. Differences were observed when comparing time-resolved beam-on data stored in the RPM files and trajectory logs to the true target signal waveforms. Trajectory log files underestimated the cycle time between consecutive beam-on windows by 10.0 ± 0.8 ms. All measured fluences achieved 100% pass-rates using gamma criteria of 2%/2 mm and 50% of the fluences achieved pass-rates >90% when criteria of 0.5%/0.5 mm were used. Results using this novel phantom arrangement indicate that the RPM system is capable of accurately gating x-ray exposure during the delivery of a fixed-field treatment beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
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16
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Huang X, Xu HG, Lu S, Su Y, King RB, Zhao J, Zheng W. Discovery of a silicon-based ferrimagnetic wheel structure in V(x)Si(12)(-) (x = 1-3) clusters: photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory investigation. Nanoscale 2014; 6:14617-14621. [PMID: 25292334 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03130j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Our studies show that VSi(12)(-) adopts a V-centered hexagonal prism with a singlet spin state. The addition of the second V atom leads to a capped hexagonal antiprism for V(2)Si(12)(-) in a doublet spin state. Most interestingly, V(3)Si(12)(-) exhibits a ferrimagnetic, bicapped hexagonal antiprism wheel-like structure with a total spin of 4 μ(B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
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17
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Hyland WB, McMahon SJ, Butterworth KT, Cole AJ, King RB, Redmond KM, Prise KM, Hounsell AR, McGarry CK. Investigation into the radiobiological consequences of pre-treatment verification imaging with megavoltage X-rays in radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2014; 87:20130781. [PMID: 24472729 PMCID: PMC4067021 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-treatment verification imaging with megavoltage X-rays on cancer and normal cell survival in vitro and to compare the findings with theoretically modelled data. Since the dose received from pre-treatment imaging can be significant, the incorporation of this dose at the planning stage of treatment has been suggested. METHODS The impact of imaging dose incorporation on cell survival was investigated by clonogenic assay of irradiated DU-145 prostate cancer, H460 non-small-cell lung cancer and AGO-1522b normal tissue fibroblast cells. Clinically relevant imaging-to-treatment times of 7.5 and 15 min were chosen for this study. The theoretical magnitude of the loss of radiobiological efficacy due to sublethal damage repair was investigated using the Lea-Catcheside dose protraction factor model. RESULTS For the cell lines investigated, the experimental data showed that imaging dose incorporation had no significant impact on cell survival. These findings were in close agreement with theoretical results. CONCLUSION For the conditions investigated, the results suggest that allowance for the imaging dose at the planning stage of treatment should not adversely affect treatment efficacy. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE There is a paucity of data in the literature on imaging effects in radiotherapy. This article presents a systematic study of imaging dose effects on cancer and normal cell survival, providing both theoretical and experimental evidence for clinically relevant imaging doses and imaging-to-treatment times. The data provide a firm foundation for further study into this highly relevant area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Hyland
- Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, UK
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18
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Duffy MJ, Kelly O, Calvert CR, King RB, Belshaw L, Kelly TJ, Costello JT, Timson DJ, Bryan WA, Kierspel T, Turcu ICE, Cacho CM, Springate E, Williams ID, Greenwood JB. Fragmentation of neutral amino acids and small peptides by intense, femtosecond laser pulses. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2013; 24:1366-1375. [PMID: 23817831 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High power femtosecond laser pulses have unique properties that could lead to their application as ionization or activation sources in mass spectrometry. By concentrating many photons into pulse lengths approaching the timescales associated with atomic motion, very strong electric field strengths are generated, which can efficiently ionize and fragment molecules without the need for resonant absorption. However, the complex interaction between these pulses and biomolecular species is not well understood. To address this issue, we have studied the interaction of intense, femtosecond pulses with a number of amino acids and small peptides. Unlike previous studies, we have used neutral forms of these molecular targets, which allowed us to investigate dissociation of radical cations without the spectra being complicated by the action of mobile protons. We found fragmentation was dominated by fast, radical-initiated dissociation close to the charge site generated by the initial ionization or from subsequent ultrafast migration of this charge. Fragments with lower yields, which are useful for structural determinations, were also observed and attributed to radical migration caused by hydrogen atom transfer within the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Duffy
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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King RB, Hyland WB, Cole AJ, Butterworth KT, McMahon SJ, Redmond KM, Trainer C, Prise KM, McGarry CK, Hounsell AR. Anin vitrostudy of the radiobiological effects of flattening filter free radiotherapy treatments. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:N83-94. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/5/n83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Agnew CE, King RB, Hounsell AR, McGarry CK. Implementation of phantom-less IMRT delivery verification using Varian DynaLog files and R/V output. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:6761-77. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/21/6761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Uţă MM, Cioloboc D, King RB. Iron-centered ten-vertex germanium clusters: the ubiquity of low energy pentagonal prismatic structures with various skeletal electron counts. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9197-204. [PMID: 22920590 DOI: 10.1021/jp307881w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the most significant recent developments (in 2009) is the discovery of the clusters M@Ge10(3-) (M = Fe, Co) in which the outer Ge10 polyhedron is a pentagonal prism rather than a deltahedral structure of the type predicted by the Wade-Mingos rules. Consistent with this experimental observation, density functional theory shows the lowest energy structures to be pentagonal prisms for the iron-centered clusters Fe@Ge10(z) in all nine charge states ranging from -5 to +3. This contrasts with the previously studied cobalt-centered germanium clusters Co@Ge10(z) for which the lowest energy structures are pentagonal prisms only for the electron richest systems where z ranges from -3 to -5. The C3v structures derived from the tetracapped trigonal prism found as lowest energy structures of the electron poorer Co@Ge10(z) (z = 0, -1, -2) systems are higher energy structures for the iron-centered germanium clusters Fe@Ge10(z) (z = 0, -1, -2). The strong energetic preference for pentagonal prismatic structures in the Fe@Ge10(z) clusters can be attributed to the need for the larger volume of the pentagonal prism relative to other 10-vertex closed polyhedra to accommodate the interstitial iron atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Uţă
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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22
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Uţă MM, Cioloboc D, King RB. Cobalt-centered ten-vertex germanium clusters: the pentagonal prism as an alternative to polyhedra predicted by the Wade-Mingos rules. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3498-504. [PMID: 22390155 DOI: 10.1021/ic202226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most exciting recent (2009) discoveries in metal cluster chemistry is the pentagonal prismatic Co@Ge(10)(3-) ion, found in [K(2,2,2-crypt)](4)[Co@Ge(10)][Co(1,5-C(8)H(12))(2)]·toluene and characterized structurally by X-ray diffraction. The complete absence of triangular faces in the pentagonal prismatic structure of Co@Ge(10)(3-) contradicts expectations from the well-established Wade-Mingos rules, which predict polyhedral structures having mainly or entirely triangular faces. A theoretical study on Co@Ge(10)(z) systems (z = -5 to +1) predicts a singlet D(5h) pentagonal prismatic global minimum for the trianion Co@Ge(10)(3-) in accord with this experimental result. Redox reactions on this pentagonal prismatic Co@Ge(10)(3-) trianion generate low-energy pentagonal prismatic structures for Co@Ge(10)(z) where z = 0, -1, -2, -4, and -5 having quartet, triplet, doublet, doublet, and triplet spin states, respectively. Similar theoretical methods predict a singlet C(3v) polyhedral structure for the monoanion Co@Ge(10)(-), similar to previous theoretical predictions on the isoelectronic neutral Ni@Ge(10) and the structure realized experimentally in the isoelectronic Ni@In(10)(10-) found in the K(10)In(10)Ni intermetallic. Redox reactions on this C(3v) polyhedral Co@Ge(10)(-) monoanion generate low energy C(3v) polyhedral structures for Co@Ge(10)(z) where z = 0, -2, -3, and -4 having doublet, doublet, triplet, and quartet spin states, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Uţă
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Calvert CR, Belshaw L, Duffy MJ, Kelly O, King RB, Smyth AG, Kelly TJ, Costello JT, Timson DJ, Bryan WA, Kierspel T, Rice P, Turcu ICE, Cacho CM, Springate E, Williams ID, Greenwood JB. LIAD-fs scheme for studies of ultrafast laser interactions with gas phase biomolecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6289-97. [PMID: 22322861 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23840c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Laser induced acoustic desorption (LIAD) has been used for the first time to study the parent ion production and fragmentation mechanisms of a biological molecule in an intense femtosecond (fs) laser field. The photoacoustic shock wave generated in the analyte substrate (thin Ta foil) has been simulated using the hydrodynamic HYADES code, and the full LIAD process has been experimentally characterised as a function of the desorption UV-laser pulse parameters. Observed neutral plumes of densities >10(9) cm(-3) which are free from solvent or matrix contamination demonstrate the suitability and potential of the source for studying ultrafast dynamics in the gas phase using fs laser pulses. Results obtained with phenylalanine show that through manipulation of fundamental femtosecond laser parameters (such as pulse length, intensity and wavelength), energy deposition within the molecule can be controlled to allow enhancement of parent ion production or generation of characteristic fragmentation patterns. In particular by reducing the pulse length to a timescale equivalent to the fastest vibrational periods in the molecule, we demonstrate how fragmentation of the molecule can be minimised whilst maintaining a high ionisation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Calvert
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Kelly O, Duffy MJ, King RB, Belshaw L, Williams ID, Sá J, Calvert CR, Greenwood JB. Femtosecond lasers for mass spectrometry: proposed application to catalytic hydrogenation of butadiene. Analyst 2011; 137:64-9. [PMID: 22068546 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15706j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectra from the interaction of intense, femtosecond laser pulses with 1,3-butadiene, 1-butene, and n-butane have been obtained. The proportion of the fragment ions produced as a function of intensity, pulse length, and wavelength was investigated. Potential mass spectrometry applications, for example in the analysis of catalytic reaction products, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Kelly
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Maths and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
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Greenwood JB, Kelly O, Calvert CR, Duffy MJ, King RB, Belshaw L, Graham L, Alexander JD, Williams ID, Bryan WA, Turcu ICE, Cacho CM, Springate E. A comb-sampling method for enhanced mass analysis in linear electrostatic ion traps. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:043103. [PMID: 21528991 DOI: 10.1063/1.3572331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper an algorithm for extracting spectral information from signals containing a series of narrow periodic impulses is presented. Such signals can typically be acquired by pickup detectors from the image-charge of ion bunches oscillating in a linear electrostatic ion trap, where frequency analysis provides a scheme for high-resolution mass spectrometry. To provide an improved technique for such frequency analysis, we introduce the CHIMERA algorithm (Comb-sampling for High-resolution IMpulse-train frequency ExtRAaction). This algorithm utilizes a comb function to generate frequency coefficients, rather than using sinusoids via a Fourier transform, since the comb provides a superior match to the data. This new technique is developed theoretically, applied to synthetic data, and then used to perform high resolution mass spectrometry on real data from an ion trap. If the ions are generated at a localized point in time and space, and the data is simultaneously acquired with multiple pickup rings, the method is shown to be a significant improvement on Fourier analysis. The mass spectra generated typically have an order of magnitude higher resolution compared with that obtained from fundamental Fourier frequencies, and are absent of large contributions from harmonic frequency components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Greenwood
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
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Bryan WA, Calvert CR, King RB, Greenwood JB, Newell WR, Williams ID. Controlled redistribution of vibrational population by few-cycle strong-field laser pulses. Faraday Discuss 2011; 153:343-60; discussion 395-413. [PMID: 22452089 DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00042j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of strong-field (i.e. intensities in excess of 10(13) Wcm(-2)) few-cycle ultrafast (durations of 10 femtoseconds or less) laser pulses to create, manipulate and image vibrational wavepackets is investigated. Quasi-classical modelling of the initial superposition through tunnel ionization, wavepacket modification by nonadiabatically altering the nuclear environment via the transition dipole and the Stark effect, and measuring the control outcome by fragmenting the molecule is detailed. The influence of the laser intensity on strong-field ultrafast wavepacket control is discussed in detail: by modifying the distribution of laser intensities imaged, we show that focal conditions can be created that give preference to this three-pulse technique above processes induced by the pulses alone. An experimental demonstration is presented, and the nuclear dynamics inferred by the quasi-classical model discussed. Finally, we present the results of a systematic investigation of a dual-control pulse scheme, indicating that single vibrational states should be observable with high fidelity, and the populated state defined by varying the arrival time of the two control pulses. The relevance of such strong-field coherent control methods to the manipulation of electron localization and attosecond science is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Bryan
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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King RB, Silaghi-Dumitrescu I, Uţă MM. The unique palladium-centered pentagonal antiprismatic cationic bismuth cluster: a comparison of related metal-centered 10-vertex pnictogen cluster structures by density functional theory. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:8508-14. [PMID: 19663411 DOI: 10.1021/ic901293h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structures for the metal-centered 10-vertex pnictogen clusters M@Pn(10)(4+) (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; Pn = As, Sb, Bi) based on polyhedra with 3-fold, 4-fold, and 5-fold symmetry have been studied by density functional theory. Among these nine M/Pn combinations, only Pd@Bi(10)(4+) and Pt@Bi(10)(4+) are predicted to have the D(5d) pentagonal antiprism as the lowest energy structure in accord with experimental observation of this cluster in the ternary halide Bi(14)PdBr(10) as well as the prediction of the Wade-Mingos rules for these arachno systems. The lowest energy structures for the arsenic and antimony clusters M@Pn(10)(4+) (Pn = As, Sb) and Ni@Bi(10)(4+) are predicted to have structures derived from a tetracapped trigonal prism that has been severely distorted for M@As(10)(4+) (M = Pd, Pt). The volumes of the As(10) polyhedra other than the pentagonal prism are too small to contain interstitial palladium or platinum atoms so that major distortions are predicted for such clusters leading to partial opening of the polyhedron.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Fernie KJ, King RB, Drouillard KG, Stanford KM. Temporal and spatial patterns of contaminants in Lake Erie watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon insularum) before and after the round goby (Apollonia melanostomus) invasion. Sci Total Environ 2008; 406:344-351. [PMID: 18771794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial trends in contaminant concentrations were assessed in Lake Erie watersnakes, a threatened (USA)/endangered (Canada) species restricted to western Lake Erie. Temporal changes in plasma contaminant levels were determined in 1990 and 2003, and spatial patterns in 2003 at 12 sites, throughout the species' range. During this period, the watersnakes' diet changed from fish (75%) and amphibians (25%) that avoid zebra mussels, to round gobies (95%) that feed extensively on zebra mussels. Temporal trends indicate that watersnakes on Pelee and North Bass Islands showed a marginal increase in hexachlorobenzene levels, and a significant decline in dieldrin, oxychlordane, and heptachlor epoxide, likely reflecting declines in aerial deposition and clearing of local vineyards. The contaminants with the greatest burdens, sum PCBs and p,p'-DDE, remained stable in the snakes, consistent with trends in other local biota, suggesting that although the dietary switch to round gobies meant consumption of a more contaminated diet, their diet remained at the same trophic position. We suggest that the watersnakes' PCB and p,p'-DDE temporal patterns reflect the lack of change in sediment concentrations with minimal influence from their dietary switch. Similar to top avian predators, PCBs, p,p'-DDE, and technical chlordane, are most prevalent in watersnakes; this ranking remains unchanged. In 2003, the watersnakes demonstrated significant spatial differences in concentrations of p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, technical chlordane and its metabolites. Their 2003 concentrations of p,p'-DDE, and to a lesser extent PCBs, exceed the recommended interim no-observable effects levels on watersnake embryonic survival. Further investigations are required to determine if these higher levels of PCBs, p,p'-DDE, and technical chlordane, affect reproductive and physiological parameters of the Lake Erie watersnake. Until concentrations of sediment contaminants decline in western Lake Erie, these endangered/threatened watersnakes will continue to be exposed to higher concentrations of persistent organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fernie
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6.
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Abstract
A new series of nonspherical and very oblate deltahedra, conveniently called the oblatocloso deltahedra, is found in dimetallaboranes among which the dirhenaboranes Cp2Re2B(n-2)H(n-2) (8 <or= n <or= 12) are the prototypes. The D(6h) hexagonal bipyramid is the first member of this series (n = 8). However, the higher members of the series are not bipyramids but are derivable from them by a number of diamond-square-diamond processes. A viable model for the skeletal bonding in the oblatocloso dimetallaboranes can be developed if the two metal vertices, typically degree 6 or 7 vertices, are assumed each to contribute five internal orbitals rather than the three internal orbitals assumed by the Wade-Mingos rules. This leads to 2n + 4 actual skeletal electrons for an n vertex oblatocloso dimetallaborane rather than the Wadean 2n - 4 skeletal electrons. The surface bonding of an n vertex oblatocloso dimetallaborane then consists of n three-center two-electron bonds similar to that in corresponding isocloso metallaboranes thereby leaving four orbitals and four electrons for a metal-metal double bond inside the deltahedron. Removal of one or two boron vertices from oblatocloso deltahedra leads to oblatonido and oblatoarachno dimetallaboranes, respectively, having the same number of skeletal electrons as the oblatocloso deltahedra from which they are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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King RB, Silaghi-Dumitrescu I, Uţa MM. Density Functional Theory Study of 10-Atom Germanium Clusters: Effect of Electron Count on Cluster Geometry. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:4974-81. [PMID: 16780318 DOI: 10.1021/ic051905m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) at the hybrid B3LYP level has been applied to Ge10z germanium clusters (z = -6, -4, -2, 0, +2, +4, +6) starting from 12 different initial configurations. The D4d 4,4-bicapped square antiprism found experimentally in B10H102- and other 10-vertex clusters with 22 skeletal electrons is calculated for the isoelectronic Ge102- to be the global minimum by more than 15 kcal/mol. The global minima found for electron-rich clusters Ge104- and Ge106- are not those known experimentally. However, experimentally known structures for nido-B10H14 and the pentagonal antiprism of arachno-Pd@Bi104+ are found at higher but potentially accessible energies for Ge104- and Ge106-. The global minimum for Ge10 is the C3v 3,4,4,4-tetracapped trigonal prism predicted by the Wade-Mingos rules and found experimentally in isoelectronic Ni@Ga1010-. However, only slightly above this global minimum for Ge10 (+3.3 kcal/mol) is the likewise C3v isocloso 10-vertex deltahedron found in metallaboranes such as (eta6-arene)RuB9H9 derivatives. Structures found for more electron-poor clusters Ge102+ and Ge104+ include various capped octahedra and pentagonal bipyramids. This study predicts a number of 10-vertex cluster structures that have not yet been realized experimentally but would be interesting targets for future synthetic 10-vertex cluster chemistry using vertex units isolobal with the germanium vertices used in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Invasive species often have rapid and far-reaching negative impacts on populations and ecological communities. These effects are most common when invasive species have few competitors or predators. Although higher level carnivores do consume invasive species, quantitative effects of new and abundant food sources on predators have rarely been documented and, as a consequence, potentially positive effects of invasive species may be under appreciated. We investigated the effects of the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814)) on diet composition, growth rate, and body size of the Lake Erie Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon insularum (Conant and Clay, 1937)), which is threatened in the USA and endangered in Ontario, Canada. Water Snakes have shifted their diet, and round gobies now constitute >92% of prey consumed. This shift in diet has occurred in just one or two Water Snake generations, yet has resulted in more rapid growth and attainment of larger body size in Water Snakes. These positive effects may reduce predation, speed reproductive maturity, increase offspring production, and fuel population growth of this threatened species.
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King RB, Silaghi-Dumitrescu I, Lupan A. Density Functional Study of 8- and 11-Vertex Polyhedral Borane Structures: Comparison with Bare Germanium Clusters. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:7819-24. [PMID: 16241131 DOI: 10.1021/ic050656z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) at the hybrid B3LYP level has been applied to the polyhedral boranes B(n)H(n)(z) (n = 8 and 11, z = -2, -4, and -6) for comparison with isoelectronic germanium clusters Ge(n)(z). The energy differences between the global minima and other higher energy borane structures are much larger relative to the case of the corresponding bare germanium clusters. Furthermore, for both B(8)H(8)(2-) and B(11)H(11)(2-), the lowest energy computed structures are the corresponding experimentally observed most spherical deltahedra predicted by the Wade-Mingos rules, namely the D(2)(d) bisdisphenoid and the C(2)(v) edge-coalesced icosahedron, respectively. Only in the case of B(8)H(8)(2-) is there a second structure close (+2.6 kcal/mol) to the D(2)(d) bisdisphenoid global minimum, namely the C(2)(v) bicapped trigonal prism corresponding to the "square" intermediate in a single diamond-square-diamond process that can lead to the experimentally observed room temperature fluxionality of B(8)H(8)(2-). Stable borane structures with 3-fold symmetry (e.g., D(3)(h), C(3)(v), etc.) are not found for boranes with 8- and 11-vertices, in contrast to the corresponding germanium clusters where stable structures derived from the D(3)(d) bicapped octahedron and D(3)(h) pentacapped trigonal prism are found for the 8- and 11-vertex systems, respectively. The lowest energy structures found for the electron-rich boranes B(8)H(8)(4-) and B(11)H(11)(4-) are nido polyhedra derived from a closo deltahedron by removal of a relatively high degree vertex, as predicted by the Wade-Mingos rules. They relate to isoelectronic species found experimentally, e.g., B(8)H(12) and R(4)C(4)B(4)H(4) for B(8)H(8)(4-) and C(2)B(9)H(11)(2-) for B(11)H(11)(4-). Three structures were found for B(11)H(11)(6-) with arachno type geometry having two open faces in accord with the Wade-Mingos rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA.
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King RB, Silaghi-Dumitrescu I, Lupan A. Density Functional Theory Study of 11-Atom Germanium Clusters: Effect of Electron Count on Cluster Geometry. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:3579-88. [PMID: 15877441 DOI: 10.1021/ic040110x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) at the hybrid B3LYP level has been applied to the germanium clusters Ge(11)(z) (z = -6, -4, -2, 0, +2, +4, +6) starting from eight different initial configurations. The global minimum within the Ge(11)(2-) set is an elongated pentacapped trigonal prism distorted from D(3)(h) to C(2v) symmetry. However, the much more spherical edge-coalesced icosahedron, also of C(2v) symmetry, expected by the Wade-Mingos rules for a 2n + 2 skeletal electron system and found experimentally in B(11)H(11)(2-) and isoelectronic carboranes, is of only slightly higher energy (+5.2 kcal/mol). Even more elongated D(3)(h) pentacapped trigonal prisms are the global minima for the electron-rich structures Ge(11)(4-) and Ge(11)(6-). For Ge(11)(4-) the C(5v) 5-capped pentagonal antiprism analogous to the dicarbollide ligand C(2)B(9)H(11)(2-) is of significantly higher energy (approximately 28 kcal/mol) than the D(3h) global minimum. The C(2v) edge-coalesced icosahedron is also the global minimum for the electron-poor Ge(11) similar to its occurrence in experimentally known 11-vertex "isocloso" metallaboranes of the type (eta(6)-arene)RuB(10)H(10). The lowest energy polyhedral structures computed for the more hypoelectronic Ge(11)(4+) and Ge(11)(6+) clusters are very similar to those found experimentally for the isoelectronic ions E(11)(7-) (E = Ga, In, Tl) and Tl(9)Au(2)(9-) in intermetallics in the case of Ge(11)(4+) and Ge(11)(6+), respectively. These DFT studies predict an interesting D(5h) centered pentagonal prismatic structure for Ge(11)(2+) and isoelectronic metal clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
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King RB, Silaghi-Dumitrescu I, Lupan A. Density functional theory study of eight-atom germanium clusters: effect of electron count on cluster geometry. Dalton Trans 2005:1858-64. [PMID: 15877159 DOI: 10.1039/b501855b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) at the hybrid B3LYP level has been applied to the germanium clusters Ge8z(z=-6, -4, -2, 0, +2, +4) using nine initial geometries. For Ge8(2-) the D2d bisdisphenoid structure predicted by the Wade-Mingos rules is not computed to be the global minimum but instead lies 3.9 kcal mol-1 above the Td tetracapped tetrahedron global minimum predicted to exhibit spherical aromaticity. The hyperelectronic clusters Ge(8)4- and Ge8(6-) have nido B8H12 and square antiprism structures, respectively, as global minima in accord with the Wade-Mingos rules and experimental data on E(8)2+(E=Sb, Bi) cations. Hypoelectronic eight-vertex clusters isoelectronic and isolobal with Ge8, Ge8(2+) and Ge(8)4+ are not known experimentally. Their computed structures include smaller polyhedra having one or more capped triangular faces as well as more open non-polyhedral structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Abstract
Most cyclopentadienylmetallaboranes containing the vertex units CpM (M = Co, Rh, Ir; Cp = eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl ring, mainly eta(5)-Me(5)C(5)) and CpRu donating two and one skeletal electrons, respectively, have structures closely related to binary boranes or borane anions. Smaller clusters of this type, such as metallaborane analogues of arachno-B(4)H(10) (e.g., (CpIr)(2)B(2)H(8)), nido-B(5)H(9) (e.g., (CpRh)(2)B(3)H(7) and (CpRu)(2)B(3)H(9)), arachno-B(5)H(11) (e.g., CpIrB(4)H(10)), B(6)H(6)(2)(-) (e.g., (CpCo)(4)B(2)H(4)), nido-B(6)H(10) (e.g., CpIrB(5)H(9) and (CpRu)(2)B(4)H(10)), and arachno-B(6)H(12) (e.g., (CpIr)(2)B(4)H(10)), have the same skeletal electron counts as those of the corresponding boranes. However, such clusters with eight or more vertices, such as metallaborane analogues of B(8)H(8)(2)(-) (e.g., (CpCo)(4)B(4)H(4)), arachno-B(8)H(14) (e.g., (CpRu)(2)B(6)H(12)), and nido-B(10)H(14) (e.g., (CpRu)(2)B(8)H(12)), have two skeletal electrons less than those of the corresponding metal-free boranes, analogous to the skeletal electron counts of isocloso boranes relative to those of metal-free deltahedral boranes. Some metallaboranes have structures not analogous to metal-free boranes but instead analogous to metal carbonyl clusters such as 3-capped square pyramidal (CpRu)(2)B(4)H(8) and (CpRu)(3)B(3)H(8) analogous to H(2)Os(6)(CO)(16) and capped octahedral (CpRh)(3)B(4)H(4) analogous to Os(7)(CO)(21). In the metallaborane structures closely related to metal-free boranes, the favored degrees of BH and CpM vertices appear to be 5 and 6, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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King RB, Silaghi-Dumitrescu I. Density Functional Theory Study of Nine-Atom Germanium Clusters: Effect of Electron Count on Cluster Geometry. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:6701-8. [PMID: 14552622 DOI: 10.1021/ic030107y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) at the hybrid B3LYP level has been applied to the germanium clusters Ge(9)(z) clusters (z = -6, -4, -3, -2, 0, +2, and +4) starting from three different initial configurations. Double-zeta quality LANL2DZ basis functions extended by adding one set of polarization (d) and one set of diffuse (p) functions were used. The global minimum for Ge(9)(2)(-) is the tricapped trigonal prism expected by Wade's rules for a 2n + 2 skeletal electron structure. An elongated tricapped trigonal prism is the global minimum for Ge(9)(4)(-) similar to the experimentally found structure for the isoelectronic Bi(9)(5+). However, the capped square antiprism predicted by Wade's rules for a 2n + 4 skeletal electron structure is only 0.21 kcal/mol above this global minimum indicating that these two nine-vertex polyhedra have very similar energies in this system. Tricapped trigonal prismatic structures are found for both singlet and triplet Ge(9)(6)(-), with the latter being lower in energy by 3.66 kcal/mol and far less distorted. The global minimum for the hypoelectronic Ge(9) is a bicapped pentagonal bipyramid. However, a second structure for Ge(9) only 4.54 kcal/mol above this global minimum is the C(2)(v)() flattened tricapped trigonal prism structure found experimentally for the isoelectronic Tl(9)(9)(-). For the even more hypoelectronic Ge(9)(2+), the lowest energy structure consists of an octahedron fused to two trigonal bipyramids. For Ge(9)(4+), the global minimum is an oblate (squashed) pentagonal bipyramid with two pendant Ge vertices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Triangulated boron networks can be described in terms of the deviation of their local vertex environments from the degree 5 vertices found in ideal icosahedra. Vertices of degrees other than 5 or equivalent are considered to be defective vertices. This method, which was previously applied to deltahedral borane anions B(n)H(n)(2-) and nido-B(n)H(n+4) boranes, has now been applied to arachno boranes of the types B(n)H(n+6) and B(n)H(n+5)(-) (4 < or = n < or = 10). The known structures of the neutral arachno boranes B(4)H(10), B(8)H(14), and n-B(9)H(15) consist of triangulated boron networks with no defective vertices in accord with their higher stabilities relative to other neutral arachno boranes. In other structures of known arachno boranes, there are relatively small numbers of defective vertices, and these are isolated as far as possible from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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King RB. Flattening of rhodium vertices in mixed rhodium-nickel carbonyl clusters: relationships to borane and zintl ion structures. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:4722-6. [PMID: 12206696 DOI: 10.1021/ic0202662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The flattened deltahedra and related polyhedra found in hypoelectronic bare group 13 metal cluster anions are also found in some anionic mixed rhodium-nickel carbonyl clusters. In all cases the rhodium vertices rather than the nickel vertices are involved in the flattening process so that the rhodium vertices contribute four internal orbitals and the nickel vertices three internal orbitals to the skeletal bonding of the cluster. Thus, the 11-vertex cluster Rh(5)Ni(6)(CO)(21)(3-) has a D(3h) triflattened pentacapped trigonal prismatic structure similar to that found in the In(11)(7-) anion of the intermetallic K(8)In(11). Similarly the polyhedra in the 11-vertex cluster RhNi(10)(CO)(19)(3-) and the 9-vertex cluster Rh(3)Ni(6)(CO)(17)(3-) are both derived from a 10-vertex isocloso polyhedron by capping (for RhNi(10)(CO)(19)(3-)) or vertex removal (for Rh(3)Ni(6)(CO)(17)(3-)) followed by flattening all of the rhodium vertices. A D(3h) icosahedron with flattened rhodium vertices is found in the 12-vertex cluster Rh(3)Ni(9)(CO)(22)(3-).
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Boron polyhedra can be described in terms of the deviation of their local vertex environments from the degree 5 vertices found in ideal icosahedra. Vertices of degrees other than 5 can be considered to be defective vertices. The most favorable structures for borane polyhedra are those in which the defective vertices are isolated as much as possible, similar to the Frank-Kasper polyhedra found in metal alloy structures. Using this criterion, the 9- and 10-vertex borane deltahedra are seen to be more favorable than the other nonicosahedral deltahedra in the boranes B(n)H(n)(2-) (6 < or = n < or = 12) in accord with experimental observations. Extension of such ideas to neutral boron hydrides of the type B(n)H(n+4) accounts for the relatively high stability of B(10)H(14), the formation of metal complexes of B(6)H(10), and the stability of B(18)H(22). In addition, the borane B(12)H(16) is predicted to form stable transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Li Q, Liu Y, Xie Y, King RB, Schaefer HF. Binuclear homoleptic copper carbonyls Cu(2)(CO)(x) (x = 1-6): remarkable structures contrasting metal-metal multiple bonding with low-dimensional copper bonding manifolds. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:5842-50. [PMID: 11681895 DOI: 10.1021/ic010769s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Binuclear homoleptic copper carbonyls Cu(2)(CO)(x) (x = 1-6) have been studied using four different density functional theory methods (DFT) in conjunction with a basis set of extended double-zeta plus polarization quality, labeled as DZP. For each homoleptic binuclear copper carbonyl compound, several stationary point structures are presented, and these structures are characterized in terms of their geometries, thermochemistry, and vibrational frequencies. The optimal unsaturated Cu(2)(CO)(x) (x = 1-6) structures are generated by joining 18-electron tetrahedral, 16-electron trigonal, 14-electron linear copper carbonyl building blocks, and/or bare copper atoms with copper-copper single bonds rather than by joining 18-electron copper carbonyl units with multiple copper-copper bonds. For Cu(2)(CO)(6) the eclipsed and staggered ethane-like structure are virtually degenerate and lie significantly lower in energy than other possible structures. The eclipsed Cu-Cu single bond distance is predicted to be 2.61 A, while that for the staggered structure is 2.65 A. The lowest energy structure for Cu(2)(CO)(5) is the eclipsed ethyl radical-like structure, with r(e)(Cu-Cu) = 2.51 A. The staggered ethyl radical-like structure lies only 0.1 kcal/mol higher in energy, with a Cu-Cu distance shorter by only approximately 0.001 A. For Cu(2)(CO)(4) a methylcarbene-like structure is predicted to lie lowest, with Cu-Cu distance 2.40 A. However, twisted and planar ethylene-like structure lie only 3-5 kcal/mol higher. For Cu(2)(CO)(3) a surprising methylcarbyne-like structure with r(e)(Cu-Cu) = 2.38 A is predicted to lie lowest with all four DFT methods. However, a classical vinyl radical-like lies only 2-4 kcal/mol higher. For Cu(2)(CO)(2) theory predicts a vinylidene-like structure with r(e)(Cu-Cu) = 2.34 A to be essentially degenerate with cis and trans bent acetylene structures with copper-copper distances 2.33 A. Finally, and consistent with earlier theoretical studies, the linear end on Cu-Cu-CO structure with r(e)(Cu-Cu) = 2.27 A is the predicted global minimum for Cu(2)(CO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- School of Chemical Engineerining and Materials Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, China
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41
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Abstract
Chiral molecules can either be handed (i.e., "shoes") or nonhanded ("potatoes"). The only chiral ligand partition for tetrahedral metal complexes (or for a tetrahedral carbon atom such as that found in amino acids and other chiral biological molecules) is the fully unsymmetrical degree 6 partition (1(4)), which leads to handed metal complexes of the type MABCD with a lowest-degree chirality polynomial consisting of the product of all six possible linear factors of the type (s(i)-s(j)) where 1 < or = i,j < or = 4. The lowest-degree chiral ligand partitions for octahedral metal complexes are the degree 6 partitions (31(3)) and (2(3)) leading to handed chiral metal complexes of the types fac-MA(3)BCD and cis-MA(2)B(2)C(2). The form of the lowest-degree chirality polynomial for the (31(3)) chiral ligand partition of the octahedron resembles that of the (1(4)) chiral ligand partition of the tetrahedron, likewise with four different ligands. However, the form of the lowest-degree chirality polynomial for the (2(3)) chiral ligand partition of the octahedron corresponds to the square of the chirality polynomial of the (1(3)) chiral ligand partition of the polarized triangle, which likewise has three different ligands. Ligand partitions for octahedral metal complexes such as (2(2)1(2)), (21(4)), and (1(6)), which are less symmetrical than the lowest-degree chiral ligand partitions (31(3)) and (2(3)), lead to chiral octahedral metal complexes which are nonhanded. In such complexes, pairs of enantiomers can be interconverted by simple ligand interchanges without ever going through an achiral intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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King RB, Carlson CE, Shade-Zeldow Y, Bares KK, Roth EJ, Heinemann AW. Transition to home care after stroke: depression, physical health, and adaptive processes in support persons. Res Nurs Health 2001; 24:307-23. [PMID: 11746061 DOI: 10.1002/nur.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal design was used to examine adaptation in primary support persons (PSP) of stroke survivors during the transition from hospitalization (T1) to home care (T2). The major purposes of the study were (a) to examine changes in depression, physical health, and contextual and coping factors from hospitalization of the stroke survivor through the first 6-10 weeks of home care; and (b) to identify predictors of depression. Data (N = 136) were collected on depression, physical health, background, survivor illness, and social environmental variables; appraisal of impact; social support resources; and coping skills. Reduction in mean PSP depression was significant at T2, but the change in physical health was not significant. Significant changes occurred in survivor function, family functioning, and three of six coping skills. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to predict depression. T1 variables accounted for 29% of the variance in T1 PSP depression, with gender and appraisal of impact the strongest of seven predictors. T1 depression, T2 health, family functioning, and avoidance coping were the strongest of seven predictors, explaining 50% of the variance in T2 depression. Findings highlight the importance of maintaining caregiver health and preventing depression and identify variables to target for the reduction of PSP depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
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King RB, Silaghi-Dumitrescu I, Kun A. Distortions from octahedral symmetry in hypoelectronic six-vertex polyhedral clusters of the group 13 elements boron, indium, and thallium as studied by density functional theory. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:2450-2. [PMID: 11327931 DOI: 10.1021/ic0009932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Abstract
Chemical bonding models based on graph theory or tensor surface harmonic theory demonstrate the analogy between the aromaticity in two-dimensional planar polygonal hydrocarbons such as benzene and that in three-dimensional deltahedral borane anions of the type BnHn2- (6 < or = n < or = 12). Such models are supported both by diverse computational studies and experimental determinations of electron density distribution. Related methods can be used to study the chemical bonding in the boron polyhedra found in other structures including neutral binary boron hydrides, metallaboranes, various allotropes of elemental boron, and boron-rich solid-state metal borides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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45
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Abstract
The concept of aromaticity is useful for understanding the properties of some polyoxometalates containing transition metals such as vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten having structures based on metal macropolygons and macropolyhedra with M-O-M edges. Thus, the aromatic macrocuboctahedral Keggin ions readily undergo one-electron reductions to highly colored mixed-valence "blues" (e.g., molybdenum blue), whereas the macroicosahedral Silverton ions, M(IV)Mo12O42(8-) (M(IV) = Ce, Th, U), which, like cyclohexane, do not have vertex valence orbitals available for delocalization, do not undergo analogous reduction reactions. A macrohexagon of d1 vanadium(IV) atoms as V-O-V units has been imbedded into an electronically inactive borate matrix in the ion [V6B20O50H8](8-). The small beta unit for the V-O-V interactions in this V6 macrohexagon leads to an unprecedented example of high spin aromaticity with a paramagnetism corresponding to four unpaired electrons per V6 unit in contrast to benzene, which is diamagnetic and hence exhibits low spin aromaticity. The M-O-M interactions in these aromatic metal oxides are closely related to the Cu-O-Cu interactions in the high critical temperature superconducting copper oxides which are essential to the electron transport in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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46
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King RB. Some Examples of Unusual Skeletal Bonding Topologies in Metallaboranes Containing Two or Three Early Transition Metal Vertices. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:2699-704. [PMID: 11375682 DOI: 10.1021/ic001320m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The metallaboranes (CpM)(2)B(n)H(n+4) (M = Cr, Mo, W; n = 4, 5; Cp = eta(5)-C(5)H(5), eta(5)-C(5)Me(5)), (CpW)(2)B(7)H(9), (CpRe)(2)B(7)H(7), and (CpW)(3)B(8)H(9) have the 2v or 2v + 2 skeletal electrons for closo or isocloso deltahedra (v = number of polyhedral vertices) if the early transition metal vertices are assumed to contribute four or more internal orbitals rather than the usual three internal orbitals for BH vertices. The polyhedra for the metallaboranes (CpM)(2)B(n)H(n+4) (M = Cr, Mo, W; n = 4, 5) are derived from (n + 1)-gonal bipyramids by removal of an equatorial vertex. The deltahedra for the larger metallaboranes (CpW)(2)B(7)H(9), (CpRe)(2)B(7)H(7), and (CpW)(3)B(8)H(9) are derived from the corresponding B(n)H(n)(2)(-) deltahedra (n = 9 and 11 in these cases) by sufficient diamond-square-diamond processes to provide vertices of degrees > or = 6 for each of the CpM vertices. Reasonable skeletal bonding topologies in accord with the availability of skeletal electrons and orbitals consist of surface 2c-2e and 3c-2e bonds supplemented by metal-metal bonding through the center of the polyhedron.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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47
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Abstract
The authors report the case of a young man who suffered multiple injuries in a motor vehicle accident, the most significant of which arose in the brain, creating an unusual clinical syndrome. After experiencing an initial coma for several days, the patient was found to have a right-sided homonymous hemianopsia and a right hemiparesis, which was more marked at the shoulder and was accompanied by preservation of finger movement. Dystonic movements appeared 2 months later and progressed, along with increased spasticity on volition, to severe uncontrolled arm movements at 2 years postinjury. This motor disorder continued to worsen during the following 6 years prior to the patient's death. At autopsy, the left side of the brain was observed to have marked atrophy of the optic tract, a partial lesion of the posterior portion of the medial segment of the globus pallidus (GP), and a reduction in the size of the internal capsule at the level of the GP, suggesting impaired circulation to these areas at the time of injury. The isolated lesion of the internal segment of the GP was the presumed cause of the dystonia, acting through an alteration in thalamic inhibition. The atrophic subthalamic nucleus was the probable cause of the hemiballismus. The authors speculate that this and other delayed and progressive features of this case were the result of an active, but disordered, adaptive process that failed to compensate and, instead, caused even greater problems than the original injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse 13210, USA
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48
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Abstract
Chemical bonding models are developed for the titanocarbohedrenes Ti14C13 and Ti8C12 by assuming that the Ti atoms use a six-orbital sd5 manifold and there is no direct Ti...Ti bonding. In the 3 x 3 x 3 cubic structure of Ti14C13, the 8 Ti atoms at the vertices of the cube are divided into two tetrahedral sets, one Ti(III) set and one Ti(IV) set, and the 6 Ti atoms at the midpoints of the cube faces exhibit square planar TiC4 coordination with two perpendicular three-center four-electron bonds. The energetically unfavorable Th dodecahedral structure for Ti8C12 has 8 equivalent Ti(III) atoms and C2(4-) units derived from the complete deprotonation of ethylene. In the more energetically favorable Td tetracapped tetrahedral structure for Ti8C12, the C2 units are formally dianions and the 8 Ti atoms are partitioned into inner tetrahedra (Ti(i)) bonded to the C2 units through three-center Ti-C2 bonds and outer tetrahedra (Ti degrees) bonded to the C2 units through two-center Ti-C bonds. The Ti atoms in one of the Ti4 tetrahedra are Ti(0) and those in the other Ti4 tetrahedron are Ti(III). Among the two such possibilities, the lower energy form has the (Ti0)o4(Ti(III))i4 configuration, corresponding to dicarbene C2 ligands with two unpaired electrons in the carbon-carbon pi-bonding similar to the multiple bond in triplet O2. This contrasts with the opposite (Ti(III)o4(Ti0)i4 configuration in the higher energy form of Th-Ti8C12, corresponding to ethynediyl ligands with full C...C triple bonds and unpaired electrons in the C sp hybrid orbitals for sigma-bonding to Ti.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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49
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Saperstein DS, King RB. Motor neuron presentation of an ulnar neuropathy and Riche-Cannieu anastomosis. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 40:119-22. [PMID: 10746189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A Riche (7)-Cannieu (2) anastomosis (ulnar-to-median anastomosis in the hand) in the setting of an ulnar or median nerve lesion can produce confusing clinical and electrodiagnostic findings. We report a patient with a deep branch ulnar neuropathy complicated by a Riche-Cannieu anastomosis. His clinical presentation led to an initial diagnosis of motor neuron disease. Extensive electrophysiologic studies clarified the extent of the Riche-Cannieu anastomosis and the ulnar neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Saperstein
- Department of Neurology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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van Beek JH, van Mil HG, King RB, de Kanter FJ, Alders DJ, Bussemaker J. A (13)C NMR double-labeling method to quantitate local myocardial O(2) consumption using frozen tissue samples. Am J Physiol 1999; 277:H1630-40. [PMID: 10516204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.4.h1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of local myocardial O(2) consumption (VO(2)) has been problematic but is needed to investigate the heterogeneity of aerobic metabolism. The goal of the present investigation was to develop a method to measure local VO(2) using small frozen myocardial samples, suitable for determining VO(2) profiles. In 26 isolated rabbit hearts, 1.5 mmol/l [2-(13)C]acetate was infused for 4 min, followed by 1.5 min of [1,2-(13)C]acetate. The left ventricular (LV) free wall was then quickly frozen. High-resolution (13)C-NMR spectra were measured from extracts taken from 2- to 3-mm thick transmural layer samples. The multiplet intensities of glutamate were analyzed with a computer model allowing simultaneous estimation of the absolute flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the fractional contribution of acetate to acetyl CoA formation from which local VO(2) was calculated. The (13)C-derived VO(2) in the LV free wall was linearly related to "gold standard" VO(2) from coronary venous O(2) electrode measurements in the same region (r = 0.932, n = 22, P < 0.0001, slope 1.05) for control and lowered metabolic rates. The ratio of subendocardial to subepicardial VO(2) was 1.52 +/- 0.19 (SE, significantly >1, P < 0.025). Local myocardial VO(2) can now be quantitated with this new (13)C method to determine profiles of aerobic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H van Beek
- Laboratory for Physiology, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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