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Simon C, Beerman RW, Ariansen JL, Kessler D, Sanchez AM, King K, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Samsa G, Bradley A, Torres L, Califf R, Swamy GK. Implementation of a responsible conduct of research education program at Duke University School of Medicine. Account Res 2019; 26:288-310. [PMID: 31155934 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2019.1621755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Academic medical centers rarely require all of their research faculty and staff to participate in educational programs on the responsible conduct of research (RCR). There is also little published evidence of RCR programs addressing high-profile, internal cases of misconduct as a way of promoting deliberation and learning. In the wake of major research misconduct, Duke University School of Medicine (DUSoM) expanded its RCR education activities to include all DUSoM faculty and staff engaged in research. The program included formal deliberation of the Translational Omics misconduct case, which occurred at Duke. Over 5,000 DUSoM faculty and staff participated in the first phase of this new program, with a 100% completion rate. The article reports on the program's development, challenges and successes, and future directions. This experience at Duke University illustrates that, although challenging and resource intensive, engagement with RCR activities can be integrated into programs for all research faculty and staff. Formal, participatory deliberation of recent cases of internal misconduct can add a novel dimension of reflection and openness to RCR educational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Simon
- a Trent Center for Bioethics, Humanities and History of Medicine , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA.,b Department of Population Health Sciences , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Rebecca W Beerman
- c Office of Scientific Integrity , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | | | - Donna Kessler
- c Office of Scientific Integrity , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Ana M Sanchez
- c Office of Scientific Integrity , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Kindra King
- c Office of Scientific Integrity , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | | | - Gregory Samsa
- c Office of Scientific Integrity , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.,e Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Ann Bradley
- f Office of Counsel , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Laurianne Torres
- g Office of Research Administration , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Robert Califf
- h Verily Life Sciences (Alphabet) , South San Francisco , CA , USA.,i Duke Forge , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA.,j Department of Medicine , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Geeta K Swamy
- c Office of Scientific Integrity , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.,k Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA
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Matty MA, Knudsen DR, Walton EM, Beerman RW, Cronan MR, Pyle CJ, Hernandez RE, Tobin DM. Potentiation of P2RX7 as a host-directed strategy for control of mycobacterial infection. eLife 2019; 8:39123. [PMID: 30693866 PMCID: PMC6351102 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading worldwide cause of death due to a single infectious agent. Existing anti-tuberculous therapies require long treatments and are complicated by multi-drug-resistant strains. Host-directed therapies have been proposed as an orthogonal approach, but few have moved into clinical trials. Here, we use the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model as a whole-animal screening platform to identify FDA-approved, host-directed compounds. We identify multiple compounds that modulate host immunity to limit mycobacterial disease, including the inexpensive, safe, and widely used drug clemastine. We find that clemastine alters macrophage calcium transients through potentiation of the purinergic receptor P2RX7. Host-directed drug activity in zebrafish larvae depends on both P2RX7 and inflammasome signaling. Thus, targeted activation of a P2RX7 axis provides a novel strategy for enhanced control of mycobacterial infections. Using a novel explant model, we find that clemastine is also effective within the complex granulomas that are the hallmark of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Matty
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Daphne R Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Eric M Walton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Rebecca W Beerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Mark R Cronan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Charlie J Pyle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Rafael E Hernandez
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
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Oehlers SH, Cronan MR, Beerman RW, Johnson MG, Huang J, Kontos CD, Stout JE, Tobin DM. Infection-Induced Vascular Permeability Aids Mycobacterial Growth. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:813-817. [PMID: 27496976 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria trigger formation of organized granulomas. As granulomas mature, they induce angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Here, in a striking parallel to tumor pro-angiogenic signaling, we identify angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2) induction as an important component of vascular dysfunction during mycobacterial infection. Mycobacterial infection in humans and zebrafish results in robust induction of ANG-2 expression from macrophages and stromal cells. Using a small-molecule inhibitor closely related to one currently in clinical trials, we link ANG-2/TIE2 signaling to vascular permeability during mycobacterial infection. Targeting granuloma-induced vascular permeability via vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibition limits mycobacterial growth, suggesting a new strategy for host-directed therapies against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H Oehlers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark R Cronan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca W Beerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew G Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher D Kontos
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason E Stout
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Cronan MR, Beerman RW, Rosenberg AF, Saelens JW, Johnson MG, Oehlers SH, Sisk DM, Jurcic Smith KL, Medvitz NA, Miller SE, Trinh LA, Fraser SE, Madden JF, Turner J, Stout JE, Lee S, Tobin DM. Macrophage Epithelial Reprogramming Underlies Mycobacterial Granuloma Formation and Promotes Infection. Immunity 2016; 45:861-876. [PMID: 27760340 PMCID: PMC5268069 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans triggers formation of granulomas, which are tightly organized immune cell aggregates that are the central structure of tuberculosis. Infected and uninfected macrophages interdigitate, assuming an altered, flattened appearance. Although pathologists have described these changes for over a century, the molecular and cellular programs underlying this transition are unclear. Here, using the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum model, we found that mycobacterial granuloma formation is accompanied by macrophage induction of canonical epithelial molecules and structures. We identified fundamental macrophage reprogramming events that parallel E-cadherin-dependent mesenchymal-epithelial transitions. Macrophage-specific disruption of E-cadherin function resulted in disordered granuloma formation, enhanced immune cell access, decreased bacterial burden, and increased host survival, suggesting that the granuloma can also serve a bacteria-protective role. Granuloma macrophages in humans with tuberculosis were similarly transformed. Thus, during mycobacterial infection, granuloma macrophages are broadly reprogrammed by epithelial modules, and this reprogramming alters the trajectory of infection and the associated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cronan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rebecca W Beerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allison F Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joseph W Saelens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew G Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dana M Sisk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kristen L Jurcic Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Neil A Medvitz
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sara E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Le A Trinh
- Molecular and Computational Biology and Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Molecular and Computational Biology and Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - John F Madden
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason E Stout
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Matty MA, Beerman RW, Tobin DM. Drug-Inducible, Cell-Specific Manipulation of Intracellular Calcium in Zebrafish Through Mammalian TRPV1 Expression. Zebrafish 2016; 13:374-5. [PMID: 27058231 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.29004.mat] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Matty
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca W Beerman
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina
| | - David M Tobin
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina.,2 Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina
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Walton EM, Cronan MR, Beerman RW, Tobin DM. The Macrophage-Specific Promoter mfap4 Allows Live, Long-Term Analysis of Macrophage Behavior during Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138949. [PMID: 26445458 PMCID: PMC4596833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic labeling of innate immune cell lineages within the larval zebrafish allows for real-time, in vivo analyses of microbial pathogenesis within a vertebrate host. To date, labeling of zebrafish macrophages has been relatively limited, with the most specific expression coming from the mpeg1 promoter. However, mpeg1 transcription at both endogenous and transgenic loci becomes attenuated in the presence of intracellular pathogens, including Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium marinum. Here, we describe mfap4 as a macrophage-specific promoter capable of producing transgenic lines in which transgene expression within larval macrophages remains stable throughout several days of infection. Additionally, we have developed a novel macrophage-specific Cre transgenic line under the control of mfap4, enabling macrophage-specific expression using existing floxed transgenic lines. These tools enrich the repertoire of transgenic lines and promoters available for studying zebrafish macrophage dynamics during infection and inflammation and add flexibility to the design of future macrophage-specific transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Walton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Host-Microbial Interactions, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Cronan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Host-Microbial Interactions, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebecca W. Beerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Host-Microbial Interactions, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Host-Microbial Interactions, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Beerman RW, Jongens TA. A non-canonical start codon in the Drosophila fragile X gene yields two functional isoforms. Neuroscience 2011; 181:48-66. [PMID: 21333716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is caused by the loss of expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). As a RNA binding protein, FMRP functions in translational regulation, localization, and stability of its neuronal target transcripts. The Drosophila homologue, dFMR1, is well conserved in sequence and function with respect to human FMRP. Although dFMR1 is known to express two main isoforms, the mechanism behind production of the second, more slowly migrating isoform has remained elusive. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether the two isoforms may also contribute differentially to dFMR1 function. We have found that this second dFMR1 isoform is generated through an alternative translational start site in the dfmr1 5'UTR. This 5'UTR coding sequence is well conserved in the melanogaster group. Translation of the predominant, smaller form of dFMR1 (dFMR1-S(N)) begins at a canonical start codon (ATG), whereas translation of the minor, larger form (dFMR1-L(N)) begins upstream at a non-canonical start codon (CTG). To assess the contribution of the N-terminal extension toward dFMR1 activity, we generated transgenic flies that exclusively express either dFMR1-S(N) or dFMR1-L(N). Expression analyses throughout development revealed that dFMR1-S(N) is required for normal dFMR1-L(N) expression levels in adult brains. In situ expression analyses showed that either dFMR1-S(N) or dFMR1-L(N) is individually sufficient for proper dFMR1 localization in the nervous system. Functional studies demonstrated that both dFMR1-S(N) and dFMR1-L(N) can function independently to rescue dfmr1 null defects in synaptogenesis and axon guidance. Thus, dfmr1 encodes two functional isoforms with respect to expression and activity throughout neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Beerman
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Pepper ASR, Beerman RW, Bhogal B, Jongens TA. Argonaute2 suppresses Drosophila fragile X expression preventing neurogenesis and oogenesis defects. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7618. [PMID: 19888420 PMCID: PMC2770736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome is caused by the silencing of the Fragile X Mental Retardation gene (FMR1). Regulating dosage of FMR1 levels is critical for proper development and function of the nervous system and germ line, but the pathways responsible for maintaining normal expression levels are less clearly defined. Loss of Drosophila Fragile X protein (dFMR1) causes several behavioral and developmental defects in the fly, many of which are analogous to those seen in Fragile X patients. Over-expression of dFMR1 also causes specific neuronal and behavioral abnormalities. We have found that Argonaute2 (Ago2), the core component of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway, regulates dfmr1 expression. Previously, the relationship between dFMR1 and Ago2 was defined by their physical interaction and co-regulation of downstream targets. We have found that Ago2 and dFMR1 are also connected through a regulatory relationship. Ago2 mediated repression of dFMR1 prevents axon growth and branching defects of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Consequently, the neurogenesis defects in larvae mutant for both dfmr1 and Ago2 mirror those in dfmr1 null mutants. The Ago2 null phenotype at the NMJ is rescued in animals carrying an Ago2 genomic rescue construct. However, animals carrying a mutant Ago2 allele that produces Ago2 with significantly reduced endoribonuclease catalytic activity are normal with respect to the NMJ phenotypes examined. dFMR1 regulation by Ago2 is also observed in the germ line causing a multiple oocyte in a single egg chamber mutant phenotype. We have identified Ago2 as a regulator of dfmr1 expression and have clarified an important developmental role for Ago2 in the nervous system and germ line that requires dfmr1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S.-R. Pepper
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rebecca W. Beerman
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Balpreet Bhogal
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Jongens
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cantalupo PG, Sáenz-Robles MT, Rathi AV, Beerman RW, Patterson WH, Whitehead RH, Pipas JM. Cell-type specific regulation of gene expression by simian virus 40 T antigens. Virology 2009; 386:183-91. [PMID: 19201438 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
SV40 transforms cells through the action of two oncoproteins, large T antigen and small t antigen. Small t antigen targets phosphatase PP2A, while large T antigen stimulates cell proliferation and survival by action on multiple proteins, including the tumor suppressors Rb and p53. Large T antigen also binds components of the transcription initiation complex and several transcription factors. We examined global gene expression in SV40-transformed mouse embryo fibroblasts, and in enterocytes obtained from transgenic mice. SV40 transformation alters the expression of approximately 800 cellular genes in both systems. Much of this regulation is observed in both MEFs and enterocytes and is consistent with T antigen action on the Rb-E2F pathway. However, the regulation of many genes is cell-type specific, suggesting that unique signaling pathways are activated in different cell types upon transformation, and that the consequences of SV40 transformation depends on the type of cell targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Cantalupo
- Department of Biological Sciences, 559 Crawford Hall, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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