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Sinkevičienė J, Sinkevičiūtė A, Česonienė L, Daubaras R. Fungi Present in the Clones and Cultivars of European Cranberry ( Vaccinium oxycoccos) Grown in Lithuania. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2360. [PMID: 37375985 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are associated with the European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) and play important roles in plant growth and disease control, especially in cranberry yields. This article presents the results of a study which was aimed to investigate the diversity of fungi found on different clones and cultivars of the European cranberry grown in Lithuania, causing twigs, leaf diseases and fruit rots. In this study seventeen clones and five cultivars of V. oxycoccos were selected for investigation. Fungi were isolated via the incubation of twigs, leaves and fruit on a PDA medium and identified according to their cultural and morphological characteristics. Microscopic fungi belonging to 14 genera were isolated from cranberry leaves and twigs, with Physalospora vaccinii, Fusarium spp., Mycosphaerella nigromaculans and Monilinia oxycocci being the most frequently isolated fungi. 'Vaiva' and 'Žuvinta' cultivars were the most susceptible to pathogenic fungi during the growing season. Among the clones, 95-A-07 was the most susceptible to Phys. vaccinii, 95-A-08 to M. nigromaculans, 99-Ž-05 to Fusarium spp. and 95-A-03 to M. oxycocci. Microscopic fungi belonging to 12 genera were isolated from cranberry berries. The most prevalent pathogenic fungi M. oxycocci were isolated from the berries of the cultivars 'Vaiva' and 'Žuvinta' and clones 95-A-03 and 96-K-05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Sinkevičienė
- Department of Agroecosystems and Soil Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio Str. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, Z.E. Žiliberio 6, LT-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Sinkevičiūtė
- Faculty of Odontology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, J.Lukšos-Daumanto 2, LT-50106 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laima Česonienė
- Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, Z.E. Žiliberio 6, LT-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Remigijus Daubaras
- Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, Z.E. Žiliberio 6, LT-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Urbonaviciene D, Bobinaite R, Viskelis P, Viskelis J, Petruskevicius A, Puzeryte V, Cesoniene L, Daubaras R, Klavins L, Bobinas C. Nutritional and Physicochemical Properties of Wild Lingonberry ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.)-Effects of Geographic Origin. Molecules 2023; 28:4589. [PMID: 37375144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much attention has been devoted to Vaccinium L. berries because of their substantial potential to be adapted for the development of innovative food and pharmaceutical applications. The accumulation of plant secondary metabolites is extremely dependent on climate and other environmental conditions. In order to increase the reliability of the findings, this study was conducted with samples collected in four regions in Northern Europe (Norway, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania) and analyzed in a single laboratory using a standardized methodology. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the nutritional (biologically active compounds (phenolic (477-775 mg/100 g fw), anthocyanins (20-57 mg/100 g fw), pro-anthocyanidins (condensed tannins (141-269 mg/100 g fw)) and antioxidant activity in different systems (ABTS•+, FRAP). Physicochemical properties (acidity, soluble solids, color) of wild Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. were also evaluated. The results may contribute to the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals with potential health benefits in the future. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report on the evaluation of the biologically active compounds of wild lingonberries from different Northern European countries based on one laboratory's validated methods. The results indicated a geomorphological influence on the biochemical and physicochemical composition of wild Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. depending on their place of geographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Urbonaviciene
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Ramune Bobinaite
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Pranas Viskelis
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Viskelis
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Aistis Petruskevicius
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Viktorija Puzeryte
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
- Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, 46324 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laima Cesoniene
- Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, 46324 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Linards Klavins
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, 1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ceslovas Bobinas
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
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Česonienė L, Štreimikytė P, Liaudanskas M, Žvikas V, Viškelis P, Viškelis J, Daubaras R. Berries and Leaves of Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.: A Source of Phenolic Compounds. Plants 2022; 11:plants11020147. [PMID: 35050034 PMCID: PMC8781454 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Berries of Actinidia kolomikta (A. kolomikta) are known for high ascorbic acid content, but the diversity of phenolic compounds has been little studied. The present research aimed to investigate phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in berries and leaves of twelve A. kolomikta cultivars. The UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique was used to determine differences among cultivars in the quantitative composition of individual phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH• free radical scavenging and CUPRAC methods. In the present study, 13 phenolic compounds were detected in berries, whereas leaves contained 17 phenolic compounds. Flavonols were the primary class found in both berries and leaves; other identified phenolic compounds were flavan-3-ols, flavones and, phenolic acids; and dihydrochalcone phloridzin was identified in the leaves. The amount and variety of phenolic compounds in berries and leaves and antioxidant activity were found to be cultivar-dependent. The highest total content of phenolic compounds was found in the leaves of the cultivar ‘Aromatnaja’ and in the berries of the cultivar ‘VIR-2’. Results of this study have confirmed that berries and leaves of A. kolomikta could be a valuable raw material for both food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laima Česonienė
- Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, Z.E. Zilibero 6, LT-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: (L.Č.); (P.Š.)
| | - Paulina Štreimikytė
- Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, Z.E. Zilibero 6, LT-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (P.V.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: (L.Č.); (P.Š.)
| | - Mindaugas Liaudanskas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50166 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50166 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Vaidotas Žvikas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50166 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Pranas Viškelis
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (P.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Jonas Viškelis
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (P.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Remigijus Daubaras
- Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, Z.E. Zilibero 6, LT-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Cesoniene L, Daubaras R, Bogacioviene S, Maruska A, Stankevicius M, Valatavicius A, Zych M, Ercisli S, Ilhan G. Investigations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Berries of Different Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. Accessions. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/124029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Drevinskas T, Naujokaitytė G, Maruška A, Kaya M, Sargin I, Daubaras R, Česonienė L. Effect of molecular weight of chitosan on the shelf life and other quality parameters of three different cultivars of Actinidia kolomikta (kiwifruit). Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:269-275. [PMID: 28732865 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The kiwi fruit, Actinidia kolomikta, has valuable properties such as high antioxidant activity, high vitamin C, polyphenols, chlorophylls and organic acids content, but the species are hardly commercialized due to their short shelf life (less than two days). In this study three different cultivars of A. kolomikta (Anykšta, Sentiabrskaya and VIR2) were coated with low, medium and high molecular weight chitosan bio-polymer with the aim to extend the shelf life. The changes in fruit firmness, mass, phenolic compound content, vitamin C content and subjective criteria (withering level, decoloration level and aesthetic appearance) were monitored. It was observed that high molecular weight chitosan had higher positive effect on the shelf life of Sentiabrskaya and Anykšta cultivars than VIR2. Low molecular weight chitosan was found effective on VIR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Drevinskas
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos str. 8, LT44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gintarė Naujokaitytė
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos str. 8, LT44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Maruška
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos str. 8, LT44404, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Murat Kaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Idris Sargin
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Remigijus Daubaras
- Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University, Z.E. Zilibero 6, LT46324 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laima Česonienė
- Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University, Z.E. Zilibero 6, LT46324 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kaya M, Česonienė L, Daubaras R, Leskauskaitė D, Zabulionė D. Chitosan coating of red kiwifruit (Actinidia melanandra) for extending of the shelf life. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:355-60. [PMID: 26772912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Commercial production of red kiwifruit (Actinidia melanandra) has been unsuccessful because of its short shelf life. Here in this study, we used chitosan to extend the shelf life of red kiwifruit berries. Chitosan (with 70-75% deacetylation degree and low molecular weight) was dissolved in acetic acid (at pH 2.0-2.3) to obtain gel material, which was used for coating of the fruit. The coated and uncoated samples were kept for 26 days at room temperature (20±2°C). The changes in the weight loss, firmness, soluble solid content, total polyphenol content and ascorbic acid content were evaluated. All these findings showed that chitosan could be an effective coating material for berries of red kiwifruit to extend its short shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Laima Česonienė
- Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University, Ž.E. Žilibero 6, Lt-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Remigijus Daubaras
- Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University, Ž.E. Žilibero 6, Lt-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Leskauskaitė
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Donata Zabulionė
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kraujalytė V, Venskutonis PR, Pukalskas A, Česonienė L, Daubaras R. Antioxidant properties, phenolic composition and potentiometric sensor array evaluation of commercial and new blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and bog blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) genotypes. Food Chem 2015; 188:583-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kraujalytė V, Venskutonis PR, Pukalskas A, Česonienė L, Daubaras R. Antioxidant properties and polyphenolic compositions of fruits from different European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) genotypes. Food Chem 2013; 141:3695-702. [PMID: 23993538 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant properties of fruit juices of six Viburnum opulus genotypes were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS(+) radical scavenging capacity (RSC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and Folin-Ciocalteu total phenolic content (TPC) assays. TPC varied in the range of 5.4-10.6 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, RSC (ABTS(+)), FRAP and ORAC values were 31.9-109.8, 32.3-61.8 and 141.6-260.4 μmol trolox equivalents/g, respectively. V. opulus var. sargentii fruit juice was a remarkably stronger antioxidant than the other five V. opulus genotypes. The content of chlorogenic acid (the main phenolic compound in berry juices) depending on plant cultivar varied in the range of 0.54-6.93 mg/ml. The RSC of individual constituents was measured by the on-line HPLC-UV-DPPH method: chlorogenic acid was the dominant radical scavenger in V. opulus P3 (74%), while epicatechin and catechin (the main antioxidants in V. opulus var. sargentii) contributed to 40% and 23% of the total RSC for the sargentii genotype. Nine constituents were identified in V. opulus juice by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadruple and time-of-flight mass spectrometers (UPLC-QTOF-MS). In general, the study demonstrated that V. opulus var. sargentii followed by V. opulus P3 and V. opulus var. americanum possessed the highest antioxidant capacity. The obtained results may assist in selecting the most valuable V. opulus genotypes for the production of fruits possessing strong antioxidant capacity and containing beneficial phenolic constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Kraujalytė
- Department of Food Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
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Cesonienė L, Daubaras R, Viškelis P, Sarkinas A. Determination of the total phenolic and anthocyanin contents and antimicrobial activity of Viburnum opulus fruit juice. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2012; 67:256-61. [PMID: 22865031 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-012-0303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Viburnum opulus is a plant with fruits that are rich in biologically active substances, making it valuable to the food and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we present our study of the total phenolic and anthocyanin contents and antimicrobial activity in the fruit juice of six V. opulus L. accessions. The cultivar 'Krasnaya Grozd' was notable for its exceptionally large amount of total phenolics, 1168 mg/100 g, with anthocyanins comprising 3-5 % of the total phenolic content. The evaluation of the antimicrobial properties confirmed that the juice of V. opulus fruits strongly inhibited the growth of a wide range of human pathogenic bacteria, both Gram-negative (Salmonella typhimurium and S. agona) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Lysteria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis) organisms. Conversely, the yeasts Debaryomyces hansenii and Torulaspora delbrueckii showed complete resistance to the fruit juice, whereas a low sensitivity was demonstrated by Trichosporon cutaneum, Kluyveromyces marxianus var. lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae 12R, and Candida parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laima Cesonienė
- Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University, Žilibero 6, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Cesonienė L, Daubaras R, Jasutienė I, Venclovienė J, Miliauskienė I. Evaluation of the biochemical components and chromatic properties of the juice of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2011; 66:238-44. [PMID: 21735163 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid, total anthocyanins, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and colour properties in juice of the American cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon and the European cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos were investigated. Berry juices of V. macrocarpon cultivars were distinguished by their higher total anthocyanin and benzoic acid amounts. These cultivars accumulated on average 43.11 mg/l of benzoic acid and 92.45 mg/l of total anthocyanins. The levels of benzoic acid and total anthocyanins in V. oxycoccos cultivars were 17.52 mg/l and 42.54 mg/l, respectively. The V. macrocarpon cultivars 'Franklin', 'Le Munyon', 'Searles', and 'Early Richard' were selected as the best according to the enhanced total anthocyanins and benzoic acid amounts. The separation of anthocyanins by HPLC-UV-VIS revealed the presence of six anthocyanins, with peonidin-3-galactoside being the most prevalent. Galactoside together with glucoside conjugates comprised the largest percentage of total anthocyanins in the juices of V. macrocarpon and V. oxycoccos cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laima Cesonienė
- Kaunas Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Viskelis P, Rubinskiene M, Jasutiene I, Sarkinas A, Daubaras R, Cesoniene L. Anthocyanins, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and their press cakes. J Food Sci 2009; 74:C157-61. [PMID: 19323730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amounts of total phenolics, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid in 4 American cranberry varieties harvested at 4 stages of maturity were measured. The larger amount of phenolic compounds was found in berries of "Black Veil" cultivar (504 mg/100 g) at II stage of maturity. Significantly larger amounts of anthocyanins were determined in the overripe berries of the cultivars "Ben Lear" and "Black Veil." The amount of ascorbic acid in berries increased during ripening from I to III stage, and slightly decreased in the overripe berries. The biggest quantities of ascorbic acid were found in the ripe berries of "Ben Lear" cultivar (15.8 mg/100 g). The distribution of anthocyanins pigments was determined by HPLC-UV/MS in mature berries. The composition of individual anthocyanins in berries was quite similar in all the studied cranberry cultivars. While skins of cranberries are rich in anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds, the extracts of the by-products of cranberries juice-berry cakes, were analyzed and obtained results were compared with the properties of extracts made from whole berries. The anthocyanins and total phenolics content, radical scavenging activity, antimicrobial activity of the whole berries, and their press cakes extracts were measured. All investigated extracts from berries and their press cakes showed good radical scavenging activity and revealed antimicrobial properties. It was found that Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876) and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341) were the most sensitive among 10 tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Viskelis
- Lithuanian Inst of Horticulture, Babtai, Lithuania
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Chesoniene L, Daubaras R, Viskelis P. BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BERRIES OF SOME KOLOMIKTA KIWI (ACTINIDIA KOLOMIKTA) CULTIVARS AND DETECTION OF HARVEST MATURITY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2004.663.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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