Secondary peritoneal hydatidosis, the challenges of echinococcal disease in South Sudan: a case report

A 28 year old male presented to the Juba Teaching Hospital with progressive shortness of breath. 18 months prior to admission, he presented to a rural hospital with severe abdominal pain. An emergency laparotomy was performed, and a large hepatic cyst was removed. Examination at the Juba Teaching hospital revealed a grossly distended abdomen with multiple palpable masses per abdomen. An Abdominal Ultrasound revealed multiple loculated cysts throughout the abdomen. A diagnosis of Secondary Peritoneal Hydatidosis resulting from incorrectly performed surgery was made. The patient was conservatively treated and at 14 weeks, the cysts showed a moderate reduction in size. Cystic Echinococcus(CE) is common in South Sudan and has a considerable disease burden throughout the developing world. Greater governmental and international support is required to develop effective control measures for these diseases.

Measurement of laxity in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee: A comparison of three different methods in vitro

The aim of this study was to compare in-vitro measurements of anteroposterior laxity in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knee using three different methods: an Instron materials-testing machine, then a KT-2000 arthrometer, and finally by Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA). Eight ACL-deficient human cadaver knees were used. Total displacement was measured between 90 N anterior and 90 N posterior tibiofemoral drawer forces at both 20° and 90° knee flexion. Laxity ranged from 11.5 to 27.6 mm at 20° and from 8.7 to 23.9 mm at 90°. A statistically significant difference was not found between the mean RSA and KT-2000 measurements. However, the mean Instron measurements of laxity were significantly (3-4 mm) higher than both RSA and KT-2000 measurements. The clinical methods of RSA and the KT-2000 measurements agreed well but appeared to underestimate tibiofemoral anteroposterior laxity compared with the materials-testing machine. These findings may be helpful in the future comparison of different studies.

An anatomical study of meniscal allograft sizing

Meniscus-to-femoral condyle congruity is essential for the development of circumferential hoop stresses and thus function of the meniscus. When meniscal allograft transplantation is performed using bony anchorage of the insertional ligaments, accurate graft-to-host size matching is therefore essential. The standard method currently employed for size matching of meniscal allografts is to rely on plain radiographs of the host's knee, from which expected meniscal dimensions are measured. This study aimed to examine the correlation between tibial plateau dimensions and meniscal dimensions. We studied 44 donor tibial plateaus with medial and lateral meniscal allografts attached intact. Meniscal and tibial plateau dimensions were measured. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate expected meniscal dimensions from each specimen's plateau dimensions. Using specific medial and lateral tibial plateau width and length measurements, meniscal dimensions could be predicted with a mean error of only 5.0+/-6.4%. When predicting meniscal dimensions from only total bony plateau width, the mean error observed was 6.2+/-8.0%. The difference between the two methods was not statistically significant. The results suggest that meniscal dimensions can be predicted accurately from tibial plateau measurements, with only small mean errors. However, potential size mismatches should be carefully borne in mind by surgeons using meniscal allografts.

Magic angle imaging of the achilles tendon in patients with chronic tendonopathy

AIMS

To assess the Achilles tendon in patients with chronic tendonopathy using magnetic resonance (MR) magic angle imaging, and to compare the appearances and uptake of contrast medium in abnormal tendons with those in normal tendons.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Eight patients with chronic Achilles tendonopathy and five normal controls were examined with the long axis of the tendon placed at 55 degrees and at 0 degrees to the main magnetic field. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) multi-slice images were obtained and T1 values were calculated before, and for up to 1h after the administration of intravenous gadodiamide. Both the unenhanced appearance and the pattern of enhancement in the tendon were compared.

RESULTS

In the patients with tendonopathy, high signal intensity areas were evident on the short T1 inversion recovery (STIR) images obtained at 55 degrees in all tendons. Contrast medium enhancement was seen in six tendons and was most obvious on the images obtained at the magic angle. This was initially focal and then spread more diffusely within the tendon. After contrast medium administration, T1 values were significantly reduced in the tendonopathy group compared with normal controls (p<0.01). On the late post-contrast medium images obtained at 55 degrees, enhancement was evident in most of the tendon and correlated well with high signal intensity seen on STIR images.

CONCLUSION

The use of magic angle MR imaging improved the demonstration of signal changes in the Achilles tendon in chronic tendonopathy. The STIR images obtained at the magic angle showed more obvious signal change than those obtained at 0 degrees. The changes due to enhancement were much more evident on images obtained at 55 degrees than at 0 degrees. The uptake of contrast medium was greater in the patients than in normal controls.

Magnetic resonance: magic angle imaging of the Achilles tendon

Tendons do not normally produce detectable signals with conventional magnetic-resonance techniques and are recognised as dark signal voids. However, if tendons are examined at 55 degrees to the static magnetic field (the "magic angle"), signals become detectable and the tendons can become the brightest structure on the image. We have used this approach to establish tendon relaxation times and magnetisation transfer ratios and to show contrast enhancement. We have also shown more detail of acute and chronic tendon rupture by this method compared with images made with the tendon parallel to the static magnetic field.

Levels of personal agency among academic majors

Action identification theory presented by Vallacher and Wegner characterizes individual differences in identification level in terms of a personality dimension known as "level of personal agency." Levels of personal agency, as measured by the Behavior Identification Form, were examined in a sample of 237 college "seniors" representing eight academic majors. The mean levels of personal agency among individuals in several of these majors were significantly different.

Surgical excision of pilomatrixoma of the head and neck: a retrospective review of 26 cases

The objective of this article is to describe our experiences in treating patients for head and neck pilomatrixoma at our institution during a 5-year period and to compare our findings with previously published results. To that end, we conducted a 5-year retrospective chart review to identify those patients who had a confirmed histopathologic diagnosis of pilomatrixoma involving the head and neck area. We reviewed medical records for presenting signs and symptoms, lesion characteristics, treatment rendered, and outcomes. We identified 26 patients, aged 6 to 77 (mean: 33), who met the criteria for inclusion in our study. All had been treated for solitary tumors with simple surgical excision and closure. We found no reported adverse outcomes and no tumor recurrences at the surgical sites. These findings support the use of simple surgical excision as the treatment of choice for these tumors.

Effect of the Palmaz balloon-expandable metallic stent in the trachea of pigs

Endoscopically placed airway stents offer a viable option in primary or adjunctive treatment of severe pediatric tracheobronchial stenoses. Optimistic clinical reports substantiate the need for experimental studies to more effectively evaluate their clinical role. Development of an animal model comparable with the pediatric airway, amenable to endoscopic instrumentation, and capable of assessing effect on growth was the purpose of this pilot project. Nine 4-week-old piglets underwent endoscopic midtracheal placement of the balloon-expandable Palmaz metallic stent. Initial expansion and stent position were verified fluoroscopically and by direct videobronchoscopy. Serial endoscopic examination and stent reexpansion were performed 2 and 4 weeks after stent insertion. Animal weight, clinical tolerance, tracheal growth, and stent integrity were observed. Tracheal inflammation was evaluated grossly and by objective histopathologic criteria. Successful endotracheal stent placement and expansion were accomplished in all piglets. One pig died of anesthesia complications less than 24 hours after stent insertion. The remaining pigs exhibited excellent clinical tolerance through experiment completion. No detrimental effect on growth was noted, and effective dilatation of the stented tracheal region was observed. Stent incorporation was evident with significant mucosal ingrowth. Inflammation in the form of nonobstructing granulation tissue was present, and no evidence of necrosis or cartilage invasion was evident. The piglet trachea appears to be an excellent model for evaluation of expandable metallic airway stents in management of congenital and acquired tracheobronchial stenoses.

Cranial polyneuropathies in multiple sclerosis: case report and literature review

Although cranial neuropathies are common disorders in multiple sclerosis patients, multiple cranial nerve involvement is an unusual occurrence. Correlation of clinical symptoms with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of demyelinating central nervous system lesions can confirm the diagnosis. The authors report on the case of a 43-year-old woman who initially was thought to have suffered a brainstem infarct but, in fact, had developed multiple cranial nerve functional deficits. Treatment of multiple sclerosis remains primarily supportive in nature, with corticosteroids used for acute exacerbations and chronic progression.

Evaluating the Role of Regression Methods in the Determination of Standard Spending Assessments

A Standard Spending Assessment (SSA) is the amount which government considers appropriate for a local authority to set as its annual budget requirement. Each assessment is composed of revenues calculated for a discrete set of service blocks where the local unit costs of service provision are most often estimated by means of regression procedures that have been subject to regular scrutiny and review. Set against this context, in this paper the authors evaluate the performance of the regressions that contribute to the calculation of SSAs as equitable allocation devices. The general accounting framework for constructing SSAs is described and a statistical classification of the regression models is presented. In their analysis the authors examine a selection of models that are representative of each class and they include the regressions that comprise the Other District Services and Personal Social Services blocks. These appraisals follow a common sequence where a dummy variable is entered into the regression to test the consistency of the allocation made to a specified group of local authorities. When the dummy variable is statistically significant, revisions to the specification of the regression are either tested or suggested. Finally, the broader implications of these findings for the design of SSAs are examined.

College students' decisions to intervene in alcohol-related situations

OBJECTIVE

In reviewing research on college students' intervention practices in alcohol-related situations, Seibold and Thomas recently advanced a transactional influence reconceptualization of intervention episodes. This study sought to explicate the factors contributing to college students' decision to intervene or not to intervene in alcohol-related situations.

METHOD

In order to empirically explore this area, 489 students from three U.S. universities were surveyed about factors affecting their decisions to intervene or not in two types of alcohol-related situations: a drunk-driving situation and an alcohol abuse situation.

RESULTS

Students' intervention decisions were motivated primarily by concerns for the target and for potential consequences if they did not intervene. In contrast, decisions not to intervene were motivated primarily by an absence of a strong relationship with the target, their own condition at the time, and the potential impact of the intervention attempt on their image. Gender differences moderated many of these findings, however.

CONCLUSIONS

Results are discussed in terms of approaching the study of alcohol interventions from a transactional influence perspective.

Avascular necrosis of the hip

Avascular necrosis is a common problem and can be a grossly disabling condition in young patients. Magnetic resonance imaging has revolutionized the diagnosis and assessment of early cases. Core decompression of the femoral head may promote venous drainage and reduce the risk of progressive collapse towards osteoarthritis. However, the authors favour early total joint replacement in patients who are greatly incapacitated.

An evaluation of the role of the ED in the management of migraine headaches

The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics and clinical course of patients who receive emergency department (ED) migraine treatment and their association with frequent ED visits. All migraine patient records during a 42-month period were reviewed retrospectively at an urban teaching hospital ED. One hundred eighty-five migraine patients had 339 total visits; 133 had a single visit; 31 had two visits; and 21 patients had three or more ED visits (range, 3 to 26 visits). Patients with three or more visits accounted for 42.5% of all ED migraine visits. Drugs were administered in 82.3%, and efficacy was documented in 49% of ED visits. Complete or considerable relief was noted in 64.5% of visits. Drug abuse was infrequently identified in migraine patients. Most migraine patients seem to use the ED appropriately. A small group (11.4%) of patients accounted for 42.5% of all ED visits. Given the nature of severe, frequent migraines and the current lack of consistently effective therapy, this may be a common ED phenomenon. More effective management strategies and therapy that will enable patients to reduce their dependence on the ED for treatment would be useful for patients with multiple ED visits.

Forecasting global HIV-AIDS dynamics: modelling strategies and preliminary simulations

In the light of the considerable biomathematical effort devoted to building models of the incidence of HIV and AIDS in communities, in this paper a multiregion specification is developed that includes a parsimonious cross-infection mechanism where high-risk and low-risk populations are distinguished by their promiscuity rates. The nature of this mixing is compared with some existing modelling formats, and some preliminary simulations are presented for the timing and spread of the epidemic in a sixteen-city global system.

Glomus tumour of the palate: case report and review of the literature

Glomus tumours are benign vascular tumours, usually located in the skin. Intra-oral glomus tumours are rare. A glomus tumour of the palate is reported, only the fifth such case out of a total of 14 intra-oral glomus tumours in the world medical literature.

An analysis of psychiatric patient attributes in Salford using categorical data models

Much geographical work about mental illness has been aggregative in nature and, consequently, has ignored variation that might be attributed to individuals. The research reported here is intended to reverse this trend by applying the methods of categorical data analysis to the detailed patient histories contained in the Salford Psychiatric Case Register. The paper begins by reviewing the changing prevalence rates for various diagnoses and types of care in Salford between 1968 and 1986. In the light of this background log-linear data models are fitted to evaluate relationships between service usage and patient age, diagnosis and marital status and residential location at two survey points within the study period. Significant relationships are examined in terms of their temporal stability (such as the diagnosis of schizophrenia and a marital status of single) and instability (the changing role of the community psychiatric nurse) to isolate the main combinations of categories to influence the uptake of psychiatric services.

Carrier models for the simulation of Hodgkin's disease: a review with some extensions

Epidemiologists have unearthed a good deal of both anecdotal and statistical evidence to suggest that Hodgkin's disease might be a transmissible entity. This paper critically reviews those findings which have led to the building of a single-region carrier model capable of making deterministic simulations for the temporal incidence of Hodgkin's disease. The results of fitting this model to the monthly incidence of the disease in Greater Manchester between 1962 and 1976 are discussed in relation to the plausibility of the equilibria associated with the more realistic solutions. In the light of this evaluation, the specification of the model is extended to include multi-region settings with more complex infective mechanisms. Finally, the improvements that accrue from adopting a stochastic modelling style are outlined.

Multiple-dose cimetidine administration does not influence the single-dose pharmacokinetics of quinapril and its active metabolite (CI-928)

The potential effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetic profiles of quinapril and its active metabolite CI-928 was evaluated in eight healthy volunteers. Each subject received a single 40-mg quinapril dose on days 1 and 12 and cimetidine 300 mg four times daily on days 8 through 13. Serial blood and urine samples were collected for assay of quinapril and CI-928 concentrations. No statistically significant differences were observed in quinapril or CI-928 Cmax, tmax, AUC(0-infinity), beta, or percent of dose excreted in urine values for quinapril administered alone and in combination with cimetidine. Therefore, multiple-dose cimetidine administration does not influence the single-dose pharmacokinetics of quinapril and its active metabolite, CI-928, in healthy volunteers.

Gentamicin dosage recommendations for neonates based on half-life predictions from birthweight

The appropriate dosing of gentamicin in the newborn was evaluated. Gentamicin was administered intramuscularly to 151 neonates ranging in birthweight from 0.66 to 4.7 kg (gestational age, 26-42 weeks) during a 7-month period. A dosage of 2.5 mg/kg of birthweight every 12 hours was initiated at birth until gentamicin serum levels could be determined. These infants were divided into three groups based on birthweight: 1) less than or equal to 1000 gm; 2) 1001-2000 gm; 3) greater than 2000 gm. From gentamicin serum level data, these three groups had significantly different (P less than 0.05) gentamicin half-lives. Based on the desirability of maintaining a trough gentamicin serum level less than 2, 100, 95.5, and 39% of infants in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, required initial dosing interval adjustments. A second group of 74 infants whose birthweight ranged from 0.82 to 3.9 kg (gestational age, 26-42 weeks) required aminoglycoside therapy and were prospectively placed on gentamicin 2.5 mg/kg of birthweight on the following schedule: 1) less than or equal to 1000 gm every 24 hours; 2) 1001-2000 gm every 18 hours; 3) greater than 2000 gm every 12 hours. Using this method, only 15, 58, and 33% of infants in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, required dosing interval changes. We conclude that a marked reduction in undesirably high trough gentamicin serum levels can be affected by a simple change in dosing interval based on birthweight, although gentamicin serum levels are still required due to a significant number of infants with high trough levels.

Effect of acute alcohol consumption on lithium kinetics

Lithium carbonate is used in several psychiatric disorders in the context of alcohol abuse. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study the single-dose kinetics of lithium were followed after alcohol or placebo. Lithium carbonate capsules were taken by mouth by 10 healthy young men with alcohol on one occasion and with placebo on a separate occasion (at least 7 days apart). Lithium concentrations were determined in serum and urine samples for 24 hours after dosing and served as the basis for kinetic analysis. Acute alcohol had no effect on lithium absorption, elimination, distribution, or clearance. Alcohol did, however, increase the peak serum lithium level in nine of 10 subjects, from a mean of 0.62 mEq/L in the placebo condition to 0.70 mEq/L in the alcohol condition. Our data suggest that alcohol has limited effects on lithium carbonate kinetics. The possibility of elevated serum lithium concentrations when lithium is taken with alcohol is suggested.

Space-time interaction in Hodgkin's disease in Greater Manchester

Knox's test for space-time interaction was applied to 922 cases of Hodgkin's disease which, according to the North Western Regional Cancer Registry, had presented in 1962-76 among the population of the region known before 1974 as the South East Lancashire Conurbation. In the series as a whole, there were statistically significant excesses of pairs of patients separated by time intervals of less than a year and distances of less than 1 km. Analysis by age and sex indicated that this clustering involved (a) a trio of young females and (b) pairs involving adults over 45 years old. No evidence was detected of any clustering by histological subtype or of any tendency for cases close in space to be separated by long time intervals of specific duration. These findings lend support to the idea that at least some cases of Hodgkin's disease may be induced by an infection or other environmental influence, but they do not suggest that such an infection has a long and specific incubation period.

High-performance liquid chromatographic-ultraviolet determination of primaquine and its metabolites in human plasma and urine

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of primaquine and its metabolites from plasma and urine samples obtained after oral administration of primaquine diphosphate. Following partial deproteinization with acetonitrile, samples were chromatographed by direct injection onto a cyano column with UV detection at 254 nm. Levels as low as 100 ng/mL per 20-microL injection were quantitated. Preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis is reported for two human volunteers after oral doses of 60 mg and 90 mg. Two apparent plasma metabolites and two possible urinary metabolites of primaquine are also reported.

Lincomycin dose response for treatment of necrotic enteritis in broilers

A dose response study was conducted to determine the appropriate (optimal) lincomycin concentration in drinking water for the treatment of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broilers. The study was replicated twice over time using a total of 2,895 broilers. Birds were raised in a facility containing a built-up litter from a source that experienced NE. They were commingled from 1 day of age until NE was observed. Lincomycin was mixed in drinking water at a rate of 0, .528, 2.114, 8.454, or 33.818 mg/liter for a period of 7 days. The study was terminated 3 weeks after initiation of therapy. Necrotic enteritis was diagnosed by mortality and pathological findings. The data on mortality were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance procedures. The Walker-Carmer technique was applied to estimate the appropriate lincomycin concentration. Lincomycin was effective for the treatment of NE in broilers at concentrations of greater than or equal to 2.114 mg/liter of drinking water. The minimal effective dose that would achieve maximal treatment response (optimal dose) against NE in broilers was estimated to be 16.9 mg lincomycin/liter of drinking water.

Therapeutic effect of optimal lincomycin concentration in drinking water on necrotic enteritis in broilers

The efficacy of 16.9 mg lincomycin/liter of drinking water was evaluated for the treatment of necrotic enteritis (NE) in 743 broiler-type chickens. Birds were raised in a facility containing a built-up litter obtained from a source that experienced NE. They were commingled from 1 day of age until NE was observed. Two groups of 6 pens each were given 0 or 16.9 mg lincomycin/liter of drinking water. Water medication was offered fresh daily for 7 days and the study was terminated 3 weeks after initiation of therapy. The susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens to lincomycin was determined in vitro. The test organism was susceptible to lincomycin as reflected by minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal lethal concentration of .156 microgram/ml. Mortality attributed to NE was 0% in lincomycin treated birds and 14% in nonmedicated control birds (P less than .01). Lincomycin water medication was highly effective for the treatment of NE in broilers.

Effects and handling of almitrine bismesylate in healthy subjects

Almitrine bismesylate was administered to young, healthy, non-smoking male subjects as single oral doses, multiple oral doses and multiple oral doses with food. A variety of physiological parameters and blood parameters were tested at specified times in relationship to drug ingestion, and multiple blood samples for plasma almitrine bismesylate levels were obtained. Evaluation of the data revealed almitrine bismesylate to be safe at all doses tested, up to 400 mg per day, with symptoms of mild nausea and headache occurring most frequently when the drug was administered in the fasting state. A striking complaint of shortness of breath on exertion was reported by subjects, with increased frequency and severity related to total amount of drug ingested and level of physical activity. Increased oxygen uptake and tidal volume were found after multiple oral dosing. Plasma almitrine bismesylate levels were highly variable, and marked individual differences in peak levels and terminal phase rate constants and half lives were found. Multiple oral dosing, either fasting or with food, significantly prolonged the terminal phase half life when compared to single oral dosing.

Validation of the BUV satellite ozone sensor using the rocket ozonesonde

This paper reviews aspects of the rocket ozonesonde (ROCOZ) performance pertaining to the validation of satellite ozone sensing systems, particularly the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) sensor. It is shown that while the BUV system relates cumulative vertical ozone to pressure, the ROCOZ can measure cumulative ozone as a function of radar altitude. As a consequence some method of relating atmospheric pressure and altitude is required, with a concomitant error introduced. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to evaluate the contribution of scattered flux on the ROCOZ result. The scattered component always causes an underestimate in cumulative ozone that increases almost linearly with pressure and is only weakly dependent on the solar zenith angle. For most practical operating conditions, however, the error in cumulative ozone arising from the scattered flux is of the order of 1% or less.

The interaction of spironolactone and digoxin: a review and evaluation

A review of the literature describing the interaction of digoxin and spironolactone is presented. Two mechanisms of possible interaction are discussed. Spironolactone and its metabolites may interfere with digoxin radioimmunoassay or alter the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. The occurrence of either or both of these processes may make interpretation of serum digoxin levels difficult.

An in-house industrial counseling program: the Northwestern Bell Telephone Company experience

Development of a counseling program at Northwestern Bell Telephone in the state of Iowa began in 1970. Since its inception, the program has expanded to assist nearly 2000 individuals per year with varying problems. It is not the first counseling program for employees (other programs are described in the paper), but it is unique in its availability to all employees in the state, with counselors strategically placed in the major districts of the Bell System. Because of its concern for human resources, the company supported the medical department in establishing the counseling program. The management has been supportive and noninterfering. The numbers of employees using the program and their responses to questionnaires indicate the need for the service. The advantages and costs of an in-house counseling service are discussed.

Microbiological method for assaying lincomycin in animal feed: collaborative study

A microbiological assay for determining lincomycin in swine feed, supplement, and a vitamin-mineral premix was studied collaboratively in 16 laboratories. The design of the study involved a complete feed, feed supplement, and a vitamin-mineral premix covering a range of fortification from 20 to 80 g/ton and 80 to 2600 g/ton. Two methods of sample preparation were used depending on the concentration of lincomycin in the sample. Statistical evaluation of the results from the 2 methods indicated that 10 and 11 collaborators, respectively, had mean recoveries which were not significantly different from one another. Ten laboratories obtained a mean recovery of 112.2% (range 102.3--123.5%) for the lower level, and 11 laboratories obtained a mean recovery of 104.4% (range 100.0--107.7%) for the higher level. The method has been adopted as official first action.

Information content of sky intensity and polarization measurements at right angles to the solar direction

This paper presents the results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of the brightness and polarization at right angles to the solar direction both for ground-based observations (looking up) and for satellite-based systems (looking down). Calculations have been made for a solar zenith angle whose cosine was 0.6 and wavelengths ranging from 3500 A to 9500 A. We have succeeded in demonstrating a sensitivity of signatures to total aerosol loading, aerosol particle size distribution and refractive index, and the surface reflectance albedo. For Lambertian type surface reflection the albedo effects enters solely through the intensity sensitivity, and we have found very high correlations between the polarization term signatures for the ground-based and satellite-based systems. Potential applications of these results for local albedo predictions and satellite imaging systems recalibrations are discussed.

Ozone estimates derived from Dobson direct sun measurements: effect of atmospheric temperature variations and scattering

We have performed an analysis of the impact of the temperature sensitivity of the ozone absorption coefficients on estimates of total atmospheric ozone obtained by the Dobson spectrophotometer operating in direct sun mode. In general, the higher the mean ozone temperature the greater will be the tendency to overestimate the ozone amount. The spreads in ozone residuals over the temperature models we investigated were 3%, 4%, and 6% for the A, C, and D line pairs, respectively, whereas for coupled line pairs the spread was only about 2%. The A-C-D triplet showed a very small temperature effect, the spread being probably less than 2%. For the A-D system, currently recommended by the WMO, the computed spread was 2.4 +/- 0.5%. A Monte Carlo model was applied to investigate the potential impact of scattered radiation entering the system. The effect has been computed for various conical fields of view. For clear sky conditions with no aerosols present, the error introduced appears to be less than 1%. When a tropospheric aerosol model was inserted, however, significant errors were observed. For the models we studied aerosol attenuation resulted in overestimates of total ozone up to 8%, but the impact of scattered radiation was to reduce the overestimate, and, in some cases, the scattering and attenuation effects may balance for a realistic Dobson system. Both effects increased from the A to the C to the D line pairs. The results indicate that line pair coupling reduces the combined error due to both sources to less than 1%.

MMPI profiles of brain-damages and schizophrenic patients

Since perceptual, motor, and conceptual tests for brain-damage generally seem unable to differentiate organic from schizophrenic NP patients, an attempt was made to determine whether measures taken from a personality test might prove so capable. Accordingly the MMPI profiles of 50 organics with evidence of cerebral lesions were compared to those of 50 schizophrenics. Significant between-diagnosis effects appeared on six scales and four rules were developed from the data. In cross-validational studies, the signs proved to be useful in differentiating brain-damaged from schizophrenic males but seemed to be of no value with female Ss.

DIfferentiation of organics from schizophrenics with Reitan's sensory-perceptual disturbances tests

Earlier research has indicated that many of the common “brain-damage” tests do not discriminate organic from schizophrenic NP patients. In the present paper the abilities of Reitan's six sensory-perceptual tests to separate these two groups were tested. The results for five of the tests—Tactile Finger Recognition (Finger Agnosia), Finger-tip Writing, Tactile Form Recognition, Tactile Sensory Imperception, and Visual Sensory Imperception—were unencouraging. However, the absolute right-left difference scores for Auditory Sensory Imperception showed some promise and total number of Auditory Double stimulation errors also separated recently admitted organics from recently admitted schizophrenics. Implications of the findings are briefly discussed.