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Simpson-Yap S, Pirmani A, Kalincik T, De Brouwer E, Geys L, Parciak T, Helme A, Rijke N, Hillert JA, Moreau Y, Edan G, Sharmin S, Spelman T, McBurney R, Schmidt H, Bergmann AB, Braune S, Stahmann A, Middleton RM, Salter A, Bebo B, Van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Ozakbas S, Boz C, Karabudak R, Alroughani R, Rojas JI, van der Mei IA, Sciascia do Olival G, Magyari M, Alonso RN, Nicholas RS, Chertcoff AS, de Torres AZ, Arrambide G, Nag N, Descamps A, Costers L, Dobson R, Miller A, Rodrigues P, Prčkovska V, Comi G, Peeters LM. Updated Results of the COVID-19 in MS Global Data Sharing Initiative. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2022; 9:9/6/e200021. [PMID: 36038263 PMCID: PMC9423711 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Certain demographic and clinical characteristics, including the use of some disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), are associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection severity in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Comprehensive exploration of these relationships in large international samples is needed. Methods Clinician-reported demographic/clinical data from 27 countries were aggregated into a data set of 5,648 patients with suspected/confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 severity outcomes (hospitalization, admission to intensive care unit [ICU], requiring artificial ventilation, and death) were assessed using multilevel mixed-effects ordered probit and logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, disability, and MS phenotype. DMTs were individually compared with glatiramer acetate, and anti-CD20 DMTs with pooled other DMTs and with natalizumab. Results Of 5,648 patients, 922 (16.6%) with suspected and 4,646 (83.4%) with confirmed COVID-19 were included. Male sex, older age, progressive MS, and higher disability were associated with more severe COVID-19. Compared with glatiramer acetate, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with higher probabilities of hospitalization (4% [95% CI 1–7] and 7% [95% CI 4–11]), ICU/artificial ventilation (2% [95% CI 0–4] and 4% [95% CI 2–6]), and death (1% [95% CI 0–2] and 2% [95% CI 1–4]) (predicted marginal effects). Untreated patients had 5% (95% CI 2–8), 3% (95% CI 1–5), and 1% (95% CI 0–3) higher probabilities of the 3 respective levels of COVID-19 severity than glatiramer acetate. Compared with pooled other DMTs and with natalizumab, the associations of ocrelizumab and rituximab with COVID-19 severity were also more pronounced. All associations persisted/enhanced on restriction to confirmed COVID-19. Discussion Analyzing the largest international real-world data set of people with MS with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 confirms that the use of anti-CD20 medication (both ocrelizumab and rituximab), as well as male sex, older age, progressive MS, and higher disability are associated with more severe course of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Simpson-Yap
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy.
| | - Ashkan Pirmani
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Edward De Brouwer
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Lotte Geys
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Tina Parciak
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Anne Helme
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Nick Rijke
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Jan A Hillert
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Yves Moreau
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Gilles Edan
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Sifat Sharmin
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Tim Spelman
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Robert McBurney
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Hollie Schmidt
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Arnfin B Bergmann
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Stefan Braune
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Alexander Stahmann
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Rod M Middleton
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Amber Salter
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Bruce Bebo
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Anneke Van der Walt
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Serkan Ozakbas
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Cavit Boz
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Rana Karabudak
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Raed Alroughani
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Juan I Rojas
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Ingrid A van der Mei
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Guilherme Sciascia do Olival
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Melinda Magyari
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Ricardo N Alonso
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Richard S Nicholas
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Anibal S Chertcoff
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Ana Zabalza de Torres
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Nupur Nag
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Annabel Descamps
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Lars Costers
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Ruth Dobson
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Aleisha Miller
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Vesna Prčkovska
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
| | - Liesbet M Peeters
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K., S.S.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (A.P., E.D.B., L.G., T.P., Y.M.), KU Leuven; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (A.P., L.G., T.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; MS Centre (T.K., L.M.P.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Department of Medical Informatics (T.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; MS International Federation (A.H., N.R.), London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S.), Swedish MS Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, France; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R.M., H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg an der Donau, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH; UK MS Register (R.M.M., R.S.N.), Swansea University; COViMS (A. Salter, B.B.); Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Neuroscience (A.V.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), İzmir; Department of Neurology (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon; Department of Neurology (R.K.), University of Hacettepe, Turkey; Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; The Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.A.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O.); The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Departement of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N., A.M.), United Kingdom; MS and Demyelinating Diseases, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires (A.S.C.), EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z.d.T., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; icometrix (A.D., L.C.), Leuven, Belgium; Queen Mary University London (R.D.), United Kingdom; QMENTA (P.R., V.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Casa di Cura del Policlinico and Università Vita Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Italy
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Simpson-Yap S, De Brouwer E, Kalincik T, Rijke N, Hillert JA, Walton C, Edan G, Moreau Y, Spelman T, Geys L, Parciak T, Gautrais C, Lazovski N, Pirmani A, Ardeshirdavanai A, Forsberg L, Glaser A, McBurney R, Schmidt H, Bergmann AB, Braune S, Stahmann A, Middleton R, Salter A, Fox RJ, van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Alroughani R, Ozakbas S, Rojas JI, van der Mei I, Nag N, Ivanov R, Sciascia do Olival G, Dias AE, Magyari M, Brum D, Mendes MF, Alonso RN, Nicholas RS, Bauer J, Chertcoff AS, Zabalza A, Arrambide G, Fidao A, Comi G, Peeters L. Associations of Disease-Modifying Therapies With COVID-19 Severity in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 2021; 97:e1870-e1885. [PMID: 34610987 PMCID: PMC8601210 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES People with multiple sclerosis (MS) are a vulnerable group for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly those taking immunosuppressive disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). We examined the characteristics of COVID-19 severity in an international sample of people with MS. METHODS Data from 12 data sources in 28 countries were aggregated (sources could include patients from 1-12 countries). Demographic (age, sex), clinical (MS phenotype, disability), and DMT (untreated, alemtuzumab, cladribine, dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, interferon, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, rituximab, siponimod, other DMTs) covariates were queried, along with COVID-19 severity outcomes, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, need for artificial ventilation, and death. Characteristics of outcomes were assessed in patients with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, MS phenotype, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. RESULTS Six hundred fifty-seven (28.1%) with suspected and 1,683 (61.9%) with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. Among suspected plus confirmed and confirmed-only COVID-19, 20.9% and 26.9% were hospitalized, 5.4% and 7.2% were admitted to ICU, 4.1% and 5.4% required artificial ventilation, and 3.2% and 3.9% died. Older age, progressive MS phenotype, and higher disability were associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Compared to dimethyl fumarate, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.41; aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.48-4.02) and ICU admission (aOR 2.30, 95% CI 0.98-5.39; aOR 3.93, 95% CI 1.56-9.89), although only rituximab was associated with higher risk of artificial ventilation (aOR 4.00, 95% CI 1.54-10.39). Compared to pooled other DMTs, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.29-2.38; aOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.87-4.07) and ICU admission (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.49-4.36; aOR 4.32, 95% CI 2.27-8.23), but only rituximab was associated with artificial ventilation (aOR 6.15, 95% CI 3.09-12.27). Compared to natalizumab, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (aOR 1.86, 95% CI 1.13-3.07; aOR 2.88, 95% CI 1.68-4.92) and ICU admission (aOR 2.13, 95% CI 0.85-5.35; aOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.17-8.91), but only rituximab was associated with ventilation (aOR 5.52, 95% CI 1.71-17.84). Associations persisted on restriction to confirmed COVID-19 cases. No associations were observed between DMTs and death. Stratification by age, MS phenotype, and EDSS score found no indications that DMT associations with COVID-19 severity reflected differential DMT allocation by underlying COVID-19 severity. DISCUSSION Using the largest cohort of people with MS and COVID-19 available, we demonstrated consistent associations of rituximab with increased risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and need for artificial ventilation and of ocrelizumab with hospitalization and ICU admission. Despite the cross-sectional design of the study, the internal and external consistency of these results with prior studies suggests that rituximab/ocrelizumab use may be a risk factor for more severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Simpson-Yap
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Edward De Brouwer
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Nick Rijke
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan A Hillert
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Clare Walton
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gilles Edan
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Yves Moreau
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Tim Spelman
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lotte Geys
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Tina Parciak
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Clement Gautrais
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Nikola Lazovski
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ashkan Pirmani
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Amin Ardeshirdavanai
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lars Forsberg
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Glaser
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert McBurney
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Hollie Schmidt
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Arnfin B Bergmann
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan Braune
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Stahmann
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodden Middleton
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Amber Salter
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert J Fox
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raed Alroughani
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Serkan Ozakbas
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Juan I Rojas
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ingrid van der Mei
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Nupur Nag
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Rumen Ivanov
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Guilherme Sciascia do Olival
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Estavo Dias
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Melinda Magyari
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Doralina Brum
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Fernanda Mendes
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ricardo N Alonso
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard S Nicholas
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Johana Bauer
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Aníbal Sebastián Chertcoff
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Zabalza
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Fidao
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Liesbet Peeters
- From the CORe (S.S.-Y., T.K.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroepidemiology Unit (S.S.-Y., N.N., A.F.), Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research (S.S.-Y.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; ESAT-STADIUS (E.D.B., Y.M., A.P.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (T.K.), Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; MS International Federation (N.R., C.W.), London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.A.H., T.S., L.F., A.G.), Swedish MS Registry, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (G.E.), CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Karolinska Institutet (T.S.), Solna, Sweden; Biomedical Research Institute-Data Science Institute (L.G., A.P., L.P.), Hasselt University, Belgium; Department of Medical Informatics (T.P.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Department of Computer Science and AI (C.G.), KU Leuven, Belgium; QMENTA (N.L.), Barcelona, Spain; Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Molecular Unit, Leuven, Belgium; iConquerMS People-Powered Research Network (R. McBurney, H.S.), Accelerated Cure Project for MS, Waltham, MA; NeuroTransData Study Group (A.B.B., S.B.), NeuroTransData, Neuburg, Germany; German MS-Register by the National MS Society (A. Stahmann), MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany; UK MS Register (R. Middleton, R.S.N.), Swansea University, UK; COViMS (A. Salter, R.J.F.), US; Division of Biostatistics (A. Salter), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neuroscience (A.v.d.W., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Al-Amiri Hospital (R.A.), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dokuz Eylul University (S.O.), Izmir, Turkey; Neurology Department (J.I.R.), Hospital Universitario de CEMIC; RELACOEM (J.I.R., R.N.A.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Australian MS Longitudinal Study (I.v.d.M.), Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Bulgarian SmartMS COVID-19 Dataset (R.I.), Sofia, Bulgaria; ABEM-Brazilian MS Patients Association (G.S.d.O., A.E.D.), São Paulo, Brazil; Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (M.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Universidade Estadual Paulista (D.B.), Unesp, Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Brazil; REDONE.br-Brazilian Registry of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (D.B., M.F.M.); Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (M.F.M.), Brazil; Multiple Sclerosis University Center (R.N.A.), Ramos Mejia Hospital-EMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Imperial College London (R.S.N.); Swansea University (R.S.N.), Swansea, UK; Mental Health Area (J.B.); MS and Demyelinating Diseases (A.S.C.)., Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, EMA, Argentina; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.Z., G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A.Z., G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (A.Z., G.A.), Spain; and Institute of Experimental Neurology (G.C.), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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