Redefinition of Fatty Liver Disease from NAFLD to MAFLD through the Lens of Drug Development and Regulatory Science

Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) affects a third of the population and is a leading cause of liver-related death. Since no effective treatments exist, novel approaches to drug development are required. Unfortunately, outdated terminology and definitions of the disease are hampering efforts to develop new drugs and treatments. An international consensus panel has put forth an influential proposal for the disease to be renamed from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to MAFLD, including a proposal for how the disease should be diagnosed. As allies with the many stakeholders in MAFLD care-including patients, patients' advocates, clinicians, researchers, nurse and allied health groups, regional societies, and others-we are aware of the negative consequences of the NAFLD term and definition. We share the sense of urgency for change and will act in new ways to achieve our goals. Although there is much work to be done to overcome clinical inertia and reverse worrisome recent trends, the MAFLD initiative provides a firm foundation to build on. It provides a roadmap for moving forward toward more efficient care and affordable, sustainable drug and device innovation in MAFLD care. We hope it will bring promising new opportunities for a brighter future for MAFLD care and improve care and outcomes for patients of one of the globe's largest and costliest public health burdens. From this viewpoint, we have revisited this initiative through the perspectives of drug development and regulatory science.

β-Boswellic acid, a bioactive substance used in food supplements, inhibits protein synthesis by targeting the ribosomal machinery

The Boswellia gum resin extracts have been used in traditional medicines because of their remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. Nowadays, these extracts are on the market as food supplements. β-Boswellic acid (βBA) is one of the main pentacyclic triterpene components, among the family of BAs, of the Boswellia gum resins. BAs have been broadly studied and are well known for their wide anti-inflammatory and potential anticancer properties. In this paper, a mass spectrometry-based chemoproteomic approach has been applied to characterize the whole βBA interacting profile. Among the large numbers of proteins fished out, proteasome, 14-3-3 and some ribosomal proteins were considered the most interesting targets strictly connected to the modulation of the cancer progression. In particular, because of their recent assessment as innovative chemotherapeutic targets, the ribosomal proteins were considered the most attractive βBA partners, and the biological role of their interaction with the natural compound has been evaluated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

New dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one based Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors

The inhibition of the C-terminal domain of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is emerging as a novel strategy for cancer therapy, therefore the identification of a new class of C-terminal inhibitors is strongly required.

Correction: Identification of the key structural elements of a dihydropyrimidinone core driving toward more potent Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors

Correction for ‘Identification of the key structural elements of a dihydropyrimidinone core driving toward more potent Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors’ by S. Teracciano et al., Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 12857–12860.

Identification of the key structural elements of a dihydropyrimidinone core driving toward more potent Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors

Dramatic improvement in the biological activity of DHPM derivatives as a new class of Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors for cancer therapy.

Theonellasterone, a steroidal metabolite isolated from a Theonella sponge, protects peroxiredoxin-1 from oxidative stress reactions

Peroxiredoxin-1, a key enzyme in the cellular detoxification pathway, has been identified through a chemoproteomic approach as the main partner of theonellasterone, a marine bioactive metabolite.

In cell scalaradial interactome profiling using a bio-orthogonal clickable probe

A bio-orthogonal click-chemistry procedure was developed to allow thein cellinteractome profiling of scalaradial, an anti-inflammatory marine natural product.

Penile Carcinoma: Treatment of Metastatic Disease after Previous Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Locoregional Therapy

Introduction

Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is a rare condition in European countries. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves local disease control in patients with lymph node metastases and/or inoperable disease. Limited data exist on the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting for patients with metastatic disease after previous neoadjuvant chemotherapy and locoregional therapy.

Methods

Twelve patients with metastatic penile carcinoma previously treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and locoregional therapy were enrolled into the study. Treatment protocol consisted of paclitaxel 175mg/m2 at a 3-week interval. Objective response rate according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, progression-free survival, overall survival and toxicity were evaluated.

Results

A partial objective response, a disease stability, and a disease progression were documented in 3, 3 and 6 patients, respectively. Median progression-free survival and median overall survival were 4 and 6 months, respectively. Treatment was well tolerated; only one case of grade 4 toxicity was reported.

Conclusions

Our initial data suggest that paclitaxel monotherapy is active and well tolerated in patients with metastatic squamous cell penile carcinoma previously treated with neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy and local therapy. Further studies are therefore needed.

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as First Line Treatment in Patients with Peyronie's Disease

Introduction

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) is a minimal invasive treatment for patients with Peyronie's Disease (PD). Currently, however, controversial data exist on the efficacy of ESWT as first-line treatment.

Methods

We performed a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of ESWT in a group of 100 patients with disease duration <12 months, naive to previous treatments, with a single plaque, erectile dysfunction and/or painful erections and/or penile recurvatum. Patients were randomized to undergo ESWT or Placebo. The Storz Duolith device was employed for treatments. A non-functioning probe was employed as placebo. Treatments were administered in four sessions at weekly intervals. The following evaluations were performed at baseline and at 12- and 24-week intervals from treatment: IIEF-5 (International Index of Erectile Function) questionnaire, VAS (Visual Analogue Scale), plaque size measurement, penile curvature measurement.

Results

Only patients treated with ESWT reported a significant improvement of mean VAS score and of mean IIEF-5 score at a 12-week follow-up. Mean plaque size and mean curvature degree did not improved significantly in patients treated with ESWT but showed a significant worsening at the 24-week follow up compared to baseline values in the placebo group.

Conclusions

ESWT can improve significantly painful erections and erectile functions in patients with PD naive to other treatments. Moreover, ESWT can stabilize plaque size and penile curvature thus preventing disease progression.

Effect of surface waxes on the persistence of chlorpyrifos-methyl in apples, strawberries and grapefruits

The effects of the cuticle and epicuticular waxes of grapefruit, strawberry and apple on the photodegradation and penetration of chlorpyrifos-methyl were studied. Photodegradation experiments were conducted by exposing the insecticide to the light of a xenon lamp in the presence of a film of wax extracted from the fruit surface. The half-life of chlorpyrifos-methyl irradiated in absence of waxes was 9.6 min. The half-lives of pesticide irradiated in the presence of wax extracts of apple, grapefruit and strawberry were 83, 34 and 26 min, respectively. In penetration studies, fruit with and without wax layers were treated with an aqueous suspension of pesticide. The penetration of the pesticide from the cuticle to the pulp was measured after 24 h. Samples without wax contained a higher total amount of insecticide than those with wax. No pesticide was detected in samples of apple and grapefruit pulp. Residues were detected in all fractions of strawberry. The waxes and cuticle appear to have some effect on the photodegradation and penetration of chlorpyrifos-methyl in fruit samples.

Regioselective Entry to Bromo-γ-hydroxybutenolides: Useful Building Blocks for Assemblying Natural Product-Like Libraries

[reaction: see text] We report a regioselective entry to 3-bromo- and 4-bromo-5-hydroxy-5H-furan-2-ones by photooxidation of 3-bromofuran with a singlet oxygen in the presence of a suitable base. By this procedure, a variety of 3-substituted gamma-hydroxybutenolides have become for the first time easily accessible. Strategies employing these highly functionalized building blocks for the preparation of focused libraries of natural-like molecules are also discussed.

PLA2-mediated catalytic activation of its inhibitor 25-acetyl-petrosaspongiolide M: serendipitous identification of a new PLA2suicide inhibitor

25-Acetyl-petrosaspongiolide M (PMAc) (1), a mild non-covalent PLA(2) inhibitor, unexpectedly recovers, after incubation with bvPLA(2), the ability to covalently modify the enzyme target. This study demonstrates the catalytic effect of bvPLA(2) in converting 1 in its deacetylated congener petrosaspongiolide M (PM) (2), a strong covalent PLA(2) inhibitor whose molecular mechanism of inhibition has already been clarified. Moreover, our findings outline the potential role of PMAc as anti-inflammatory pro-drug, by virtue of its ability of delivering the active PM agent at the site of inflammation, functioning as a suicide inhibitor.

Er:YAG laser treatments on dentine surface: micro-Raman spectroscopy and SEM analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to give an insight into the chemical and structural modifications occurring in laser treated dentine surface, as a tool to plan a new class of dental materials specific for the dental restoration when laser technologies are used. For this purpose the effect of Er:YAG (Erbium-Yttrium Aluminium Garnet) laser treatments on human dentine surface has been investigated.

METHODS

The dentine surface of periodontally compromised teeth cut along the main axis was treated in vitro with laser pulses having the same energy but time duration varying in the range of 100-1000 micros. The chemical characteristics and the morphology of the laser treated surface have been studied with micro-Raman spectroscopy (micro-RS) and scansion electron microscopy (SEM).

RESULTS

The micro-RS and SEM analysis of laser treated teeth have been compared with those of surfaces treated with conventional mechanical methodologies. The laser pulse time duration affects the surface morphology and the chemistry of dentine, mainly of organic components. The effects have been monitored by analysing the C-H group stretch vibration mode of the micro-RS spectrum.

CONCLUSION

The laser treatment can determine different chemical microenvironments on the treated dentine surface, depending on the time duration of laser pulse used. Treatments with very long pulse results in a the dentine surface very similar to that obtained with a conventional mechanical drill, while with very short laser pulses a strong modification of the dentine organic components has been observed.

Nucleophilic Cyclopropane Ring Opening in Duocarmycin SA Derivatives by Methanol under Acid Conditions: A Quantum Mechanical Study in the Gas-Phase and in Solution

We present a quantum-mechanical study of the S(N)2 acid-catalyzed solvolysis with methanol of seven simplified duocarmycin SA (DNA alkylating agent) derivatives characterized by spirocyclic systems of increasing complexity, all containing the cyclopropyl/cyclohexadienone substrate. The reaction has been studied at the DFT-PBE0/6-31G(d) level in the gas phase and in methanol solution, using in the latter case the polarizable continuum model (PCM) to describe solvent effects. The results delivered by this computational protocol are in full agreement with the available experimental evidences and are not modified by extension of the basis set or by using a second-order many-body treatment (MP2) in place of DFT. This allows investigation of substituent effects in terms of structure/reactivity relationships and evaluation of the role of stereoelectronic effects. Furthermore, reactivity indices (hardness, electrophilicity) have been computed and shown to correlate well with activation energies. Together with their intrinsic interest, the details of the mechanism of the acid-catalyzed nucleophilic addition to the activated cyclopropane issuing from the present study pave the route for a deeper understanding of the molecular basis for the remarkable profile of the DNA-alkylation by DSA derivatives.

A new cycloamphilectene metabolite from the Vanuatu sponge Axinella sp

A new diterpene, N-formyl-7-amino-11-cycloamphilectene (1), was isolated from the apolar extract of the Vanuatu sponge Axinella sp. The structure and relative stereochemistry were established by spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray studies.

Makaluvamine P, a new cytotoxic pyrroloiminoquinone from Zyzzya cf. fuliginosa

A new pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloid (1) belonging to the makaluvamine family has been isolated from the sponge Zyzzya cf. fuliginosa collected in the waters off the Vanuatu Islands. The compound, designated makulavamine P, was characterized on the basis of its spectral data and displayed cytoxicity in the microM range on KB cells and antioxidant activity.

Isolation and NMR characterization of rosacelose, a novel sulfated polysaccharide from the sponge Mixylla rosacea

Rosacelose, a new anti-HIV polysaccharide composed of glucose and fucose sulfate, has been isolated from an aqueous extract of the marine sponge Mixylla rosacea. Extensive use of 1H and 13C multidimensional NMR spectroscopy, combined with chemical analysis were used to establish a linear polysaccharide structure composed mainly of 4,6-disulfated 3-O-glycosylated alpha-D-glucopyranosyl and 2,4-disulfated 3-O-glycosylated alpha-L-fucopyranosyl residues (in a 3:1 molar ratio).

New bisindole alkaloids of the topsentin and hamacanthin classes from the Mediterranean marine sponge Rhaphisia lacazei

Chemical investigation of the Et(2)O extract of the marine sponge Rhaphisia lacazei resulted in the isolation of 13 pure bisindole alkaloids (1-13). Compounds (1-6) belong to the class of topsentins and have already been described. Compounds 7-13 are new products, closely related to the class of hamacanthins. The major compounds 1-3 were tested in vitro for antitumor activity; compounds 2 and 3 showed antiproliferative activity against human bronchopulmonary cancer cells (NSCLC-N6) with an IC(50) of 12 and 6.3 microg/mL, respectively.

Steroid and triterpenoid oligoglycosides of marine origin

Saponins have been considered for a long time typical metabolites of plant origin. It has been only in the last two decades that the world-wide investigation of marine organisms as sources of new bioactive metabolites disclosed the wide distribution of these molecules also among marine animals. Today saponins are recognized as the most common characteristic metabolites in two classes of the phylum Echinodermata (Holothuroidea and Asteroidea). Furthermore, several steroid and triterpenoid oligoglycosides have been isolated from different species of marine sponges, more rarely Anthozoans, and also from fishes of the genus Pardachirus, where they have been shown to act as shark repellents. This communication offers a general view of the distribution of steroid and triterpenoid oligoglycosides among marine organisms and focuses on a number of recent examples to discuss structural characteristics, biological activities, and methods of investigation.

Further brominated bis- and tris-indole alkaloids from the deep-water New Caledonian marine sponge Orina Sp

Two tris-indole alkaloids, (+/-) gelliusines A and B [1], have been isolated for the first time from a marine source, the New Caledonian sponge, Orina sp. (or Gellius sp.), along with five further indole constituents [2-6]. Compound 6 has been identified as 2,2-bis-(6'-bromo-3'-indolyl(-ethylamine, previously isolated from the tunicate Didemnum candidum, but the remaining four indoles [2-5] are novel compounds. These showed anti-serotonin activity and a strong affinity for somatostatin and neuropeptide Y receptors in receptor-binding assays.

Chemical and biological investigation of the polar constituents of the starfish Luidia clathrata, collected in the Gulf of Mexico

Ten new [1-10] and three known [11-13] polyhydroxysteroids were isolated, along with four known asterosaponins [14-17], from the starfish Luidia clathrata, collected from the offshore waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The EtOH extracts of this starfish showed feeding-deterrent properties against marine fish, and inhibited the settlement of larvae of barnacles and bryozoans, as well as the growth of several bacteria. The structures of the new compounds were determined by interpretation of their nmr spectral data and by comparison with the spectral data of known compounds. The assignment of the configurations of the side-chain stereogenic centers of compounds 1 and 3-10 were based on the comparison of their nmr data with those of the stereoisomeric model compounds after derivatization with the chiral auxiliary MTPA reagent. Larval settlement assays conducted on ten isolated compounds revealed they are all potent inhibitors of settlement. Two of these isolated compounds inhibited the growth of several bacteria.

Starfish saponins, Part 53. A reinvestigation of the polar steroids from the starfish Oreaster reticulatus: isolation of sixteen steroidal oligoglycosides and six polyhydroxysteroids

A reinvestigation of the starfish Oreaster reticulatus has led to the isolation of sixteen steroidal oligoglycosides and six polyhydroxysteroids. One steroidal monoglycoside has been identified as asterosaponin-1 [5], previously isolated from the same organism, and one pentaglycoside steroidal sulfate has been identified with the known ophidianoside F [1], previously isolated from starfish species of the family Ophidiasteridae. The novel pentaglycoside steroidal sulfates reticulatosides A [3] and B [4] represent the second examples of asterosaponins containing the 5 alpha-cholesta-9(11)-en-3 beta,6 alpha,20,22-tetraol aglycone. Of the remaining new steroidal oligoglycosides, the majority are characterized by the common (24S)-5 alpha-cholesta-3 beta,6 alpha,8,15 alpha,24-pentaol aglycone, with some having a sulfate group at C-6, and differing in the sugar moiety. Compounds 11, 12, 15, and 16 represent major departures from the more common structural features encountered in steroidal glycosides from starfish with the presence in 11 and 12 of a rare 5-O-methylgalactofuranosyl unit and in 15 and 16 of a 3-O-methyl-2-O-sulfate-xylopyranosyl unit. The latter was shown by nmr data combined with molecular dynamics calculations to exist in an 8:2 equilibrium mixture of the 1C4 and 4C1 conformations.

(+/-)-Gelliusines A and B, two diastereomeric brominated tris-indole alkaloids from a deep water new caledonian marine sponge (Gellius or Orina sp.)

Two new diastereomeric brominated tris-indole alkaloids occurring as enantiomeric pairs, (+/-)-gelliusines A [1] and B [2], have been isolated from a deep water New Caledonian sponge (Gellius or Orina sp.), whose crude extract exhibited cytotoxicity against KB cells. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including one- and two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy. The major compound, (+/-) gelliusine A [1], which showed very weak cytotoxicity, proved to be active at the serotonin receptor.

HIV-inhibitory natural products. 11. Comparative studies of sulfated sterols from marine invertebrates

A total of 22 sulfated sterols isolated from marine sponges, ophiuroids (brittle stars), and asteroids (sea stars) were comparatively evaluated for their antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. In general, sterols with sulfate groups at position 2, 3, or 6 were the most active, with EC50 values of 3-13 microM against HIV-1 (RF) and 2-8 microM against HIV-2 (CBL20). Those compounds which were sulfated on the sterol D ring were completely inactive against both HIV-1 and HIV-2. Overall, sulfated sterols active against HIV-1 were also active against HIV-2.

Novel HIV-inhibitory halistanol sulfates F-H from a marine sponge, Pseudoaxinissa digitata

Three new steroid sulfates 2-4 related to halistanol sulfate [1] were isolated along with the known halistanol sulfate C [5] from the marine sponge Pseudoaxinissa digitata. Halistanol sulfates F [2] and G [3] proved to be cytoprotective against HIV.

Starfish saponins, 52. Chemical constituents from the starfish Echinaster brasiliensis

This paper reports an analysis of the chemical constituents from the Caribbean starfish Echinaster brasiliensis collected at Grand Bahama Island. This species is completely devoid of cyclic steroidal glycosides, previously isolated from two species of the genus Echinaster in place of the more common penta- and hexa-glycoside steroidal sulfates ("asterosaponins"). Two typical "asterosaponins" and ten glycosides of polyhydroxysteroids were instead isolated in relatively large amounts from E. brasiliensis. The asterosaponins include the known marthasteroside A1 [1] and the new brasiliensoside [2], while the glycosides of polyhydroxysteroids include seven new compounds (six monoglycosides and one diglycoside). The known echinasteroside A, previously found in Echinaster sepositus and in the related Henricia laeviuscula (both belonging to the family Echinasteridae), and laeviusculosides C and I from H. laeviuscula were also isolated. Most of the glycosides from E. brasiliensis are 3-O-beta-xylopyranosides of delta 4-3 beta,6 beta,8,15 alpha,16 beta pentahydroxysteroid aglycones, having different side chains and sometimes a sulfate group at C-15, structural features which are typical of steroidal glycosides from starfishes of the family Echinasteridae. Continuing the analysis of the constituents of E. brasiliensis, we have also isolated a series of anthraquinones, known animal pigments found only in echinoderms and particularly in Crinoidea and in the Echinasteridae family of Asteroidea.

Starfish saponins, Part 51. Steroidal oligoglycosides from the starfish Distolasterias nipon

A reinvestigation of the extracts from the starfish Distolasterias nipon, collected at Mutsu Bay, Japan, has led to the isolation of six glycosides of polyhydroxysteroids and six asterosaponins. Four steroidal glycosides have been identified as distolasterosides D1 [1] and D2 [2] (previously isolated from the same organism), and pycnopodioside C [5] and pisasteroside A [6], previously found in the related species Pycnopodia helianthoides and Pisaster ochraceus (family Asteridae), respectively. Two asterosaponins have been identified as the common versicoside A [7] and thornasteroside A [7a]. The two remaining glycosides of polyhydroxysteroids, named distolasterosides D4 [3] and D5 [4], and four asterosaponins designated nipoglycosides A [8], B [9], C [10], and D [11] are new compounds, and their structures have been elucidated mainly by interpretation of spectral data and comparison with known compounds.

Polycyclic guanidine alkaloids from the marine sponge Crambe crambe and Ca++ channel blocker activity of crambescidin 816

Four pentacyclic guanidine derivatives (crambescidin 800 [5], crambescidin 816 [6], isocrambescidin 800 [9], and crambine [10]) related to ptilomycalin A [11] have been isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Crambe crambe. Isocrambescidin 800 and crambidine are new derivatives, the structures of which have been determined on the basis of their spectral properties. The absolute configuration of crambescidin 816 at the stereogenic center C-43 has been determined by applying Mosher's method. Pharmacological and biological activities of the Crambe crambe alkaloids are reported. In particular, crambescidin 816 was found to have a potent Ca++ antagonist effect and to inhibit the acetylcholine-induced contraction of guinea pig ileum at very low concentrations.

Starfish saponins, Part 50. Steroidal glycosides from the Okinawan starfish Nardoa tuberculata

This paper describes a complete analysis of the glycoside and polyhydroxysteroid constituents of the starfish Nardoa tuberculata, collected at Zampa, Okinawa, Japan. Besides a group of known non-sulfated steroidal diglycosides, halitylosides A [5], B [6], D [7], E [8], and F [9], and two known polyhydroxysteroids 10 and 11, N. tuberculata also contains four new sulfated steroidal glycosides 1-4 closely related to the previous halitylosides. The antifungal activities and the effects on the development of fertilized sea urchin eggs of some steroid components from this starfish were examined.

Percutaneous intralesional brushing of cystic lesions of bone: a technical improvement of diagnostic cytology

A modified bronchial brush is presented as a new cytologic method to improve the value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of cystic lesions of bone. Four female and six male patients ranging in age from 10 to 44 years were studied. In all cases intralesional brushing was percutaneously performed under fluoroscopic control with local anesthesia. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy preceded intralesional brushing and was performed as described elsewhere. The brush was driven into the walls and septa of an osteolytic lesion through a 14-G needle; material obtained was fixed and processed for cytological and/or histological examinations.

Biological activity of saponins and saponin-like compounds from starfish and brittle-stars

Twenty-four saponins and saponin-like compounds, isolated from starfish and brittle-stars, have been tested in four in vitro tests, based upon bacterial and cell tissue cultures. Saponin-like compounds from brittle-stars have previously not been tested for biological activity. In an antibacterial test based on an agar diffusion test, the Gram positive bacterium S. aureus was affected by the polyhydroxylated steroidal glycosides, polyhydroxylated sterols and disulfated sterols. However, none of the 21 compounds tested were active against the Gram negative bacterium E. coli. In a cytotoxicity test all 21 compounds tested influenced the cells at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml, while the cells were unaffected at 1 microgram/ml. In an antitumor test, 16 compounds were tested on two lymphoma cell lines. Inhibition of cell growth, at a concentration of 5 ng/ml, was seen for three polyhydroxylated sterols, in one cell line. Weak activity was seen in an antiviral test at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml.

The Structure of a Stable Serrulatane Diterpenoid Acetal From Eremophila-Rotundifolia

The serrulatenol (1a), a stable diterpenoid acetal from remophilia rotundifolia, has been shown to be (13S,18R)-5,18:13,18- diepoxyserrulat-14-en-8-ol by chemical and spectroscopic characterization and by single-crystal X-ray analysis of the p- bromobenzoate . This compound crystallizes as clear prisms in the monoclinic space group P21 with a 9.112(1), b 9.743(2), c 13.423(3) Ǻ, β 102.27(5)° and Z 2. The structural final refinement of a blocked-matrix least-squares calculation converged with R 0.038 and Rw 0.041.