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Weaver RG, White JW, Finnegan O, Armstrong B, Beets MW, Adams EL, Burkart S, Dugger R, Parker H, von Klinggraeff L, Bastyr M, Zhu X, Bandeira AS, Reesor-Oyer L, Pfledderer CD, Moreno JP. Understanding Accelerated Summer Body Mass Index Gain by Tracking Changes in Children's Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index Throughout the Year. Child Obes 2024; 20:155-168. [PMID: 37083520 PMCID: PMC10979692 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2023.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Drivers of summer body mass index (BMI) gain in children remain unclear. The Circadian and Circannual Rhythm Model (CCRM) posits summer BMI gain is biologically driven, while the Structured Days Hypothesis (SDH) proposes it is driven by reduced structure. Objectives: Identify the mechanisms driving children's seasonal BMI gain through the CCRM and SDH. Methods: Children's (N = 147, mean age = 8.2 years) height and weight were measured monthly during the school year, and once in summer (July-August). BMI z-score (zBMI) was calculated using CDC growth charts. Behaviors were measured once per season. Mixed methods regression estimated monthly percent change in children's height (%HΔ), weight (%WΔ), and monthly zBMI for school year vs. summer vacation, seasonally, and during school months with no breaks vs. school months with a break ≥1 week. Results: School year vs. summer vacation analyses showed accelerations in children's %WΔ (Δ = 0.9, Standard Error (SE) = 0.1 vs. Δ = 1.4, SE = 0.1) and zBMI (Δ = -0.01, SE = 0.01 vs. Δ = 0.04, SE = 0.3) during summer vacation, but %HΔ remained relatively constant during summer vacation compared with school (Δ = 0.3, SE = 0.0 vs. Δ = 0.4, SE = 0.1). Seasonal analyses showed summer had the greatest %WΔ (Δ = 1.8, SE = 0.4) and zBMI change (Δ = 0.05, SE = 0.03) while %HΔ was relatively constant across seasons. Compared with school months without a break, months with a break showed higher %WΔ (Δ = 0.7, SE = 0.1 vs. Δ = 1.6, SE = 0.2) and zBMI change (Δ = -0.03, SE = 0.01 vs. Δ = 0.04, SE = 0.01), but %HΔ was constant (Δ = 0.4, SE = 0.0 vs. Δ = 0.3, SE = 0.1). Fluctuations in sleep timing and screen time may explain these changes. Conclusions: Evidence for both the CCRM and SDH was identified but the SDH may more fully explain BMI gain. Interventions targeting consistent sleep and reduced screen time during breaks from school may be warranted no matter the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Glenn Weaver
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - James W. White
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Olivia Finnegan
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael W. Beets
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Adams
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hannah Parker
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren von Klinggraeff
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Meghan Bastyr
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Xuanxuan Zhu
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alexsandra S. Bandeira
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Layton Reesor-Oyer
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher D. Pfledderer
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Adams EL, Edgar A, Mosher P, Burkart S, Armstrong B, Glenn Weaver R, Beets MW, Rebekah Siceloff E, Savidge M, Dugger R, Prinz RJ. A comparison of perceived barriers to optimal child sleep among families with low and high income. Sleep Health 2024:S2352-7218(23)00312-1. [PMID: 38245475 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Families with low-income experience suboptimal sleep compared to families with higher-income. Unique drivers likely contribute to these disparities, along with factors that universally impede sleep patterns, despite income level. To inform intervention tailoring, this mixed-methods study gathered parent's perceptions about child sleep challenges to identify similarities/differences in families with lower-income and higher-income. METHODS Parents who experienced difficulties with their child (ages 2-4years) sleep were categorized as lower income (n = 15; $30,000 ± 17,845/year) or higher income (n = 15; $142,400 ± 61,373/year). Parents completed a survey and semistructured interview to explore barriers and facilitators for child sleep. Two coders independently evaluated transcripts for lower-income and higher-income groups using inductive analyses. Constant-comparison methods generated themes and characterized similarities/differences by income group. RESULTS Groups were similar in themes related to diverse bedtime routines, nighttime struggles with child sleep, parent strategies to reduce night wakings, parent effort to provide a sleep-promoting environment, and presence of electronic rules. Groups differed in themes related to factors influencing routine setting (eg, lower income: external factors influencing routines; higher income: personal attributes for structure), parent appraisal of child sleep (eg, higher income: ambivalence; lower income: mostly negative appraisal), nap timing and duration (eg, lower income: longer naps), and strategy utilization and pursuit of resources (eg, higher income: more parents tried various strategies and accessed online/print resources). CONCLUSIONS Parents experienced many similar barriers to child sleep, with a few distinct differences by income group. These findings can inform future intervention components for all families, as well as customized components to address the unique needs of families across income levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Adams
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States; Research Center for Child Well-Being, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States.
| | - Amanda Edgar
- Research Center for Child Well-Being, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Peyton Mosher
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States; Research Center for Child Well-Being, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States; Research Center for Child Well-Being, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States; Research Center for Child Well-Being, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States; Research Center for Child Well-Being, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - E Rebekah Siceloff
- Research Center for Child Well-Being, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Meghan Savidge
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Ronald J Prinz
- Research Center for Child Well-Being, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States; Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
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Pfledderer CD, Burkart S, Dugger R, Parker H, von Klinggraeff L, Okely AD, Weaver RG, Beets MW. What does it mean to use the mean? The impact of different data handling strategies on the proportion of children classified as meeting 24-hr movement guidelines and associations with overweight and obesity. medRxiv 2023:2023.09.22.23295801. [PMID: 37790505 PMCID: PMC10543030 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.22.23295801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite the widespread endorsement of 24-hour movement guidelines (physical activity, sleep, screentime) for youth, no standardized processes for categorizing guideline achievement exists. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the impact of different data handling strategies on the proportion of children meeting 24-hour movement guidelines (24hrG) and associations with overweight and obesity. Methods A subset of 524 children (ages 5-12yrs) with complete 24-hour behavior measures on at least 10 days was used to compare the impact of data handling strategies on estimates of meeting 24hrG. Physical activity and sleep were measured via accelerometry. Screentime was measured via parent self-report. Comparison of meeting 24hrG were made using 1) average of behaviors across all days (AVG-24hr), 2) classifying each day and evaluating the percentage meeting 24hrG from 10-100% of their measured days (DAYS-24hr), and 3) the average of a random sample of 4 days across 10 iterations (RAND-24hr). A second subset of children (N=475) with height and weight data was used to explore the influence of each data handling strategy on children meeting guidelines and the odds of overweight/obesity via logistic regression. Results Classification for AVG-24hr resulted in 14.7% of participants meeting 24hrG. Classification for DAYS-24hr resulted in 63.5% meeting 24hrG on 10% of measured days with <1% meeting 24hrG on 100% of days. Classification for RAND-24hr resulted in 15.9% of participants meeting 24hrG. Across 10 iterations, 63.6% of participants never met 24hrG regardless of the days sampled, 3.4% always met 24hrG, with the remaining 33.0% classified as meeting 24hrG for at least one of the 10 random iterations of days. Using AVG-24hr as a strategy, meeting all three guidelines associated with lower odds of having overweight obesity (OR=0.38, p<0.05). The RAND-24hr strategy produced a range of odds from 0.27 to 0.56. Using the criteria of needing to meet 24hrG on 100% of days, meeting all three guidelines associated with the lowest odds of having overweight and obesity as well (OR=0.04, p<0.05). Conclusions Varying estimates of meeting the 24hrG and the odds of overweight and obesity results from different data handling strategies and days sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Pfledderer
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Hannah Parker
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lauren von Klinggraeff
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - R. Glenn Weaver
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael W. Beets
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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Lemon SC, Neptune A, Goulding M, Pendharkar JA, Dugger R, Chriqui JF. Integrating Equity Into Bicycle Infrastructure, Planning, and Programming: A Mixed Methods Exploration of Implementation Among Participants in the Bicycle Friendly Community Program. Prev Chronic Dis 2023; 20:E89. [PMID: 37797289 PMCID: PMC10557976 DOI: 10.5888/pcd20.230119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Integrating equity considerations into bicycle infrastructure, planning, and programming is essential to increase bicycling and reduce physical inactivity-related health disparities. However, little is known about communities' experiences with activities that promote equity considerations in bicycle infrastructure, planning, and programming or about barriers and facilitators to such considerations. The objective of this project was to gain in-depth understanding of the experiences, barriers, and facilitators that communities encounter with integrating equity considerations into bicycle infrastructure, planning, and programming. METHODS We administered a web-based survey in 2022 to assess communities' experiences with 31 equity-focused activities in 3 areas: 1) community engagement, education, events, and programming (community engagement); 2) data collection, evaluation, and goal setting (data); and 3) infrastructure, facilities, and physical amenities (infrastructure). Respondents were people who represented communities in the US that participated in the League of American Bicyclists' Bicycle Friendly Community (BFC) Program. We then conducted 6 focus groups with a subset of survey respondents to explore barriers and facilitators to implementing equity-focused activities. RESULTS Survey respondents (N = 194) had experience with a mean (SD) of 5.9 (5.7) equity-focused activities. Focus group participants (N = 30) identified themes related to community engagement (outreach to and engagement of underrepresented communities, cultural perceptions of bicycling, and funding and support for community rides and programs); data (locally relevant data); and infrastructure (political will, community design, and infrastructure). They described barriers and facilitators for each. CONCLUSION Communities are challenged with integrating equity into bicycle infrastructure, planning, and programming. Multicomponent strategies with support from entities such as the BFC program will be required to make progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephenie C Lemon
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 55 North Lake Ave, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Amelia Neptune
- League of American Bicyclists, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Melissa Goulding
- Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jyothi Ananth Pendharkar
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Jamie F Chriqui
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
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Parker H, Hunt ET, Brazendale K, Klinggraeff LV, Jones A, Burkart S, Dugger R, Armstrong B, Beets MW, Weaver RG. Accuracy and Precision of Opportunistic Measures of Body Composition from the Tanita DC-430U. Child Obes 2023; 19:470-478. [PMID: 36201230 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2022.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: It is essential to quantify the accuracy and precision of bioelectrical impedance (BIA)-estimated percent body fat (%BF) to better interpret community-based research findings that utilize opportunistic measures. Methods: Study 1 measured the accuracy of a new dual-frequency foot-to-foot BIA device (Tanita DC-430U) compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) among healthy elementary school-aged children (N = 50). Study 2 examined the precision of BIA %BF estimates within and between days among children and adults (N = 38). Results: Regarding accuracy, Tanita DC-430U underestimated %BF by 8.0 percentage points compared with DXA (20.6% vs. 28.5%), but correctly ranked children in terms of %BF. Differences in %BF between BIA and DXA were driven by lower BIA-estimated fat mass (7.8 kg vs. 9.9 kg, p < 0.05) and higher BIA-estimated fat-free mass (25.3 kg vs. 24.1 kg, p < 0.05). The absolute agreement between BIA and DXA for estimated %BF was moderate (concordance correlation coefficients = 0.53). Regarding precision, measures taken at the same time, but on different days (root mean square standard deviation [RMSD] = 0.42-0.74) were more precise than the measures taken at different times within a single day (RMSD = 1.04-1.10). Conclusion: The Tanita DC-430U substantially underestimated %BF compared with DXA, highlighting the need to assess accuracy of new BIA devices when they are introduced to the market. Opportunistic measures of %BF estimates were most precise when taken at consistent times and in the morning, but may be utilized throughout the day with an understanding of within- and between-day variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Parker
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ethan T Hunt
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Austin Campus, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Alexis Jones
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Weaver RG, de Zambotti M, White J, Finnegan O, Nelakuditi S, Zhu X, Burkart S, Beets M, Brown D, Pate RR, Welk GJ, Ghosal R, Wang Y, Armstrong B, Adams EL, Reesor-Oyer L, Pfledderer C, Dugger R, Bastyr M, von Klinggraeff L, Parker H. Evaluation of a device-agnostic approach to predict sleep from raw accelerometry data collected by Apple Watch Series 7, Garmin Vivoactive 4, and ActiGraph GT9X Link in children with sleep disruptions. Sleep Health 2023; 9:417-429. [PMID: 37391280 PMCID: PMC10524868 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
GOAL AND AIMS Evaluate the performance of a sleep scoring algorithm applied to raw accelerometry data collected from research-grade and consumer wearable actigraphy devices against polysomnography. FOCUS METHOD/TECHNOLOGY Automatic sleep/wake classification using the Sadeh algorithm applied to raw accelerometry data from ActiGraph GT9X Link, Apple Watch Series 7, and Garmin Vivoactive 4. REFERENCE METHOD/TECHNOLOGY Standard manual PSG sleep scoring. SAMPLE Fifty children with disrupted sleep (M = 8.5 years, range = 5-12 years, 42% Black, 64% male). DESIGN Participants underwent to single night lab polysomnography while wearing ActiGraph, Apple, and Garmin devices. CORE ANALYTICS Discrepancy and epoch-by-epoch analyses for sleep/wake classification (devices vs. polysomnography). ADDITIONAL ANALYTICS AND EXPLORATORY ANALYSES Equivalence testing for sleep/wake classification (research-grade actigraphy vs. commercial devices). CORE OUTCOMES Compared to polysomnography, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 85.5, 87.4, and 76.8, respectively, for Actigraph; 83.7, 85.2, and 75.8, respectively, for Garmin; and 84.6, 86.2, and 77.2, respectively, for Apple. The magnitude and trend of bias for total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, and wake after sleep were similar between the research and consumer wearable devices. IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL OUTCOMES Equivalence testing indicated that total sleep time and sleep efficiency estimates from the research and consumer wearable devices were statistically significantly equivalent. CORE CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that raw acceleration data from consumer wearable devices has the potential to be harnessed to predict sleep in children. While further work is needed, this strategy could overcome current limitations related to proprietary algorithms for predicting sleep in consumer wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glenn Weaver
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
| | | | - James White
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Xuanxuan Zhu
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Burkart
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Beets
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - David Brown
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Russ R Pate
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Rahul Ghosal
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Meghan Bastyr
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Hannah Parker
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Dugger R, Reesor-Oyer L, Beets MW, Wilson DK, Weaver RG. Parental decision-making on summer program enrollment: A mixed methods Covid-19 impact study. Eval Program Plann 2023; 97:102200. [PMID: 36527887 PMCID: PMC9721268 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The closure of childcare organizations (e.g. schools, childcare centers, afterschool programs, summer camps) during the Covid-19 pandemic impacted the health and wellbeing of families. Despite their reopening, parents may be reluctant to enroll their children in summer programming. Knowledge of the beliefs that underlie parental concerns will inform best practices for organizations that serve children. METHODS Parents (n = 17) participated in qualitative interviews (October 2020) to discuss Covid-19 risk perceptions and summer program enrollment intentions. Based on interview responses to perceived Covid-19 risk, two groups emerged for analysis- "Elevated Risk (ER)" and "Conditional Risk (CR)". Themes were identified utilizing independent coding and constant-comparison analysis. Follow-up interviews (n = 12) in the Spring of 2021 evaluated the impact of vaccine availability on parent risk perceptions. Additionally, parents (n = 17) completed the Covid-19 Impact survey to assess perceived exposure (Range: 0-25) and household impact (Range: 2-60) of the pandemic. Scores were summed and averaged for the sample and by risk classification group. RESULTS Parents overwhelmingly supported the operation of summer programming during the pandemic due to perceived child benefits. Parent willingness to enroll their children in summer programming evolved with time and was contingent upon the successful implementation of safety precautions (e.g. outdoor activities, increased handwashing/sanitizing of surfaces). Interestingly, parents indicated low exposure (ER: Avg. 6.3 ± 3.1 Range [2-12], CR: Avg. 7.5 ± 3.6 Range [1-14]) and moderate family impact (ER: Avg. 27.1 ± 6.9 Range [20-36], CR: Avg. 33.7 ± 11.4 Range [9-48]) on the impact survey. CONCLUSION Childcare organizations should mandate and evaluate the implementation of desired Covid-19 safety precautions for their patrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roddrick Dugger
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, USA
| | - Layton Reesor-Oyer
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, USA
| | - Michael W Beets
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, USA
| | - Dawn K Wilson
- University of South Carolina, Department of Psychology, College of Art and Sciences, USA
| | - Robert Glenn Weaver
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, USA.
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Weaver RG, Dugger R, Burkart S, von Klinggraeff L, Hunt ET, Beets MW, Webster CA, Chen B, Armstrong B, Adams EL, Rehling J. Classroom teachers' "off-the-shelf" use of movement integration products and its impact on children's sedentary behavior and physical activity. Transl Behav Med 2022; 12:1116-1123. [PMID: 35998100 PMCID: PMC9802574 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement integration (MI) products are one of many MI strategies that aim to reduce students' sedentary behavior (SB) and increase physical activity (PA) during classroom time. This study examined elementary classroom teachers' off-the-shelf (i.e., no researcher support) use of MI products (GoNoodle Plus [GN], ABC for Fitness [ABC], Take10) and their impact on students' SB and PA. Teachers (N = 57) at five schools received one MI product and reported MI strategy uses/day while student (n = 1,098, 52% female, 66% Black) accelerometer-determined SB and PA was assessed. Mixed regression models estimated changes in MI uses/day and SB and PA during the school day prior to and after teachers received the MI product. GoNoodle was the only MI product where overall MI strategy uses/day increased (∆ = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.1, 1.4). Across products, students' SB increased (∆ = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.1) while light (∆ = -1.7, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.1) and MVPA (∆ = -0.5, 95% CI = -0.8, -0.2) decreased. For GN SB (∆ = -3.3, 95% CI = -7.8, 1.3), light (∆ = 2.5, 95% CI = -0.7, 5.7), and MVPA (∆ = 0.8, 95% CI = -0.9, 2.5), did not show statistically significant change. For Take10 SB (∆ = 1.0, 95% CI = -0.2, 2.2) and MVPA (∆ = 0.1, 95% CI = -0.3, 0.6) did not change while light PA decreased (∆ = -1.1, 95% CI = -2.0, -0.3). For ABC SB increased (∆ = 11.1, 95% CI = 8.4, 13.9) while light (∆ = -7.0, 95% CI = -8.9, -5.0) and MVPA (∆ = -4.2, 95% CI = -5.2, -3.1) decreased. GN shows promise for classroom teacher use. However, given limited uptake of the other products and the lack of change in children's SB and PA, this study suggests that off-the-shelf MI products cannot be integrated into classroom routines without additional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Lauren von Klinggraeff
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Ethan T Hunt
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health Austin, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Collin A Webster
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Dubai International Academic City, 341799, Dubai
| | - Brian Chen
- Department of Health Services and Policy Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Adams
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rehling
- Department of Marketing, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
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Parker H, Burkart S, Reesor-Oyer L, Smith MT, Dugger R, von Klinggraeff L, Weaver RG, Beets MW, Armstrong B. Feasibility of Measuring Screen Time, Activity, and Context Among Families With Preschoolers: Intensive Longitudinal Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e40572. [PMID: 36173677 PMCID: PMC9562053 DOI: 10.2196/40572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Digital media has made screen time more available across multiple contexts, but our understanding of the ways children and families use digital media has lagged behind the rapid adoption of this technology. Objective This study evaluated the feasibility of an intensive longitudinal data collection protocol to objectively measure digital media use, physical activity, sleep, sedentary behavior, and socioemotional context among caregiver-child dyads. This paper also describes preliminary convergent validity of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) measures and preliminary agreement between caregiver self-reported phone use and phone use collected from passive mobile sensing. Methods Caregivers and their preschool-aged child (3-5 years) were recruited to complete a 30-day assessment protocol. Within 30-days, caregivers completed 7 days of EMA to measure child behavior problems and caregiver stress. Caregivers and children wore an Axivity AX3 (Newcastle Upon Tyne) accelerometer to assess physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. Phone use was assessed via passive mobile sensing; we used Chronicle for Android users and screenshots of iOS screen time metrics for iOS users. Participants were invited to complete a second 14-day protocol approximately 3-12 months after their first assessment. We used Pearson correlations to examine preliminary convergent validity between validated questionnaire measures of caregiver psychological functioning, child behavior, and EMA items. Root mean square errors were computed to examine the preliminary agreement between caregiver self-reported phone use and objective phone use. Results Of 110 consenting participants, 105 completed all protocols (105/110, 95.5% retention rate). Compliance was defined a priori as completing ≥70%-75% of each protocol task. There were high compliance rates for passive mobile sensing for both Android (38/40, 95%) and iOS (64/65, 98%). EMA compliance was high (105/105, 100%), but fewer caregivers and children were compliant with accelerometry (62/99, 63% and 40/100, 40%, respectively). Average daily phone use was 383.4 (SD 157.0) minutes for Android users and 354.7 (SD 137.6) minutes for iOS users. There was poor agreement between objective and caregiver self-reported phone use; root mean square errors were 157.1 and 81.4 for Android and iOS users, respectively. Among families who completed the first assessment, 91 re-enrolled to complete the protocol a second time, approximately 7 months later (91/105, 86.7% retention rate). Conclusions It is feasible to collect intensive longitudinal data on objective digital media use simultaneously with accelerometry and EMA from an economically and racially diverse sample of families with preschool-aged children. The high compliance and retention of the study sample are encouraging signs that these methods of intensive longitudinal data collection can be completed in a longitudinal cohort study. The lack of agreement between self-reported and objectively measured mobile phone use highlights the need for additional research using objective methods to measure digital media use. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-36240
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Parker
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Layton Reesor-Oyer
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Michal T Smith
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Lauren von Klinggraeff
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Adams E, Bean M, Dugger R, Brickhouse T. Patterns of Food Security and Dietary Intake Among Children Across the U.S. Child Tax Credit Expansion. Curr Dev Nutr 2022. [PMCID: PMC9193740 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac048.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Families with lower economic resources are at higher risk for experiencing food insecurity and suboptimal diet quality. During COVID-19, the novel expansion to the U.S. Child Tax Credit (CTC) provided families from lower income backgrounds with unconditional cash assistance ($250–300 per child, each month) from July to December 2021. This additional income has potential to improve food security and diet quality, if spent towards food resources. This study aimed to examine patterns of food insecurity and children's dietary intake before and during monthly CTC payments. Methods Parents (N = 621) with a child ages 2–10 years who qualified for the full CTC benefit were enrolled. Three online surveys were completed baseline (T0: June 2021) and at two timepoints during (T1: September 2021; T2: December 2021) the CTC expansion. The validated 18-item USDA Food Security Module, NCI Dietary Screening Questionnaire, and Beverage Intake Questionnaire were administered at each timepoint. Repeated measures analysis of variance models will examine changes in dietary intake before and during the CTC expansion. Results To date, data from T0 and T1 have been analyzed. Late-breaking data that include T2 results will be presented at Nutrition 2022. At T1, after receiving 3 monthly payments, 45.9% of parents reported spending CTC funds on foods/beverages. This was the most commonly reported use of CTC funds, particularly for families with very low food security (63.0%). From T0 to T1, families with very low food security decreased (T0: 12.7% vs. T1: 5.6%), while food security increased (T0: 57.4% vs. T1: 66.4%). Children's consumption of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sweetened fruit juice decreased over time (qs < .05). No changes were observed in other dietary components (qs > .05). Conclusions Initial patterns indicate promise that CTC monthly payments are associated with reduced household food insecurity and lower sugar-sweetened beverage intake among children. This line of research can inform legislative decisions regarding the maintenance of this policy mandate, by enhancing understanding of the CTC expansion's impact on children's food security and nutritional intake. Funding Sources Child Health Research Institute at Virginia Commonwealth University and NIH (2T32CA093423) for ELA effort.
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von Klinggraeff L, Dugger R, Brazendale K, Hunt ET, Moore JB, Turner-McGrievy G, Vogler K, Beets MW, Armstrong B, Weaver RG. Healthy Summer Learners: An explanatory mixed methods study and process evaluation. Eval Program Plann 2022; 92:102070. [PMID: 35339766 PMCID: PMC9851796 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Healthy Summer Learners (HSL), a novel, 6-week summer program for 2-4th grade children from low-income families in the Southeastern United States, aimed to prevent accelerated summer BMI gain and academic learning loss by providing healthy meals and snacks, 15 min of nutrition education, 3 h of physical activity opportunities and 3.5 h of reading instruction daily. This three-armed pilot quasi-experimental study used a repeated measure within- and between-participant design to compare HSL, to an active comparator-21st Century Summer Learning Program (21 C), and no-treatment control. A mixed-methods process evaluation was employed to evaluate program implementation and provide insight for future program development. Though the program was well received, student attendance was lower than anticipated and full program fidelity was not achieved. During interviews, both parents and teachers noted that the bussing schedule was inconsistent, making attendance difficult for some families. These process evaluation findings may help explain why no statistically significant group-by-time interactions at 3- or 12-month follow up were found for the primary outcomes of zBMI or MAP reading score. Future iterations of HSL should seek to extend program hours, lengthen program duration, and explore ways to lower projected cost of attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren von Klinggraeff
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA.
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32816, USA
| | - Ethan T Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - Justin B Moore
- Department of Implementation Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem 27101, USA
| | - Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - Kenneth Vogler
- Department of Instruction and Teacher Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia 29208, USA
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Adams E, Brickhouse T, Dugger R, Bean M. Patterns Of Food Security And Dietary Intake During The First Half Of The Child Tax Credit Expansion. Health Aff (Millwood) 2022; 41:680-688. [PMID: 35500174 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Temporary expansion of the Child Tax Credit (CTC) during the COVID-19 pandemic provided additional monthly income for US families, with no restrictions on use, from July through December 2021. This study examined food security and children's dietary intake after three months of expanded CTC payments. Parents completed online surveys before and after three months of CTC payments. Among parents participating in the expansion, food and beverage purchases were the most common use of expanded CTC funds (45.9 percent), particularly in households with very low food security (63.0 percent). From before to midway through the CTC expansion, very low food security decreased from 12.7 percent to 5.6 percent, and simultaneously, food security increased from 57.4 percent to 66.4 percent. The CTC expansion was also associated with decreases in children's consumption of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sweetened fruit beverages. No changes were observed in children's intake of other dietary components. Our findings suggest that the expanded CTC payments may have helped lessen food insecurity and supported reductions in children's intake of added sugar in participating households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Adams
- Elizabeth Adams , University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Tegwyn Brickhouse
- Tegwyn Brickhouse, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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von Klinggraef L, Dugger R, Okely AD, Lubans D, Jago R, Burkart S, Weaver RG, Armstrong B, Pfedderer CD, Beets MW. Correction to: Early-stage studies to larger-scale trials: investigators' perspectives on scaling-up childhood obesity interventions. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:89. [PMID: 35459257 PMCID: PMC9034614 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L von Klinggraef
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Room 130, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA.
| | - R Dugger
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Room 130, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA
| | - A D Okely
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - D Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - R Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | - C D Pfedderer
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Room 130, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA
| | - M W Beets
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Room 130, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA
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von Klinggraeff L, Dugger R, Okely AD, Lubans D, Jago R, Burkart S, Weaver RG, Armstrong B, Pfledderer CD, Beets MW. Early-stage studies to larger-scale trials: investigators’ perspectives on scaling-up childhood obesity interventions. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:31. [PMID: 35130976 PMCID: PMC8819854 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-00991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pilot/feasibility studies play an important role in the development and refinement of behavioral interventions by providing information about feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy. Despite their importance and wide-spread use, the approaches taken by behavioral scientists to scale-up early-stage studies to larger-scale trials has received little attention. The aim of our study was to understand the role that pilot studies play in the development and execution of larger-scale trials. Methods We conducted interviews with childhood obesity researchers who had published pilot behavioral interventions and larger-scale trials of the same or similar interventions. Questions were asked about the role of pilot studies in developing larger-scale trials and the challenges encountered when scaling-up an intervention based upon pilot findings. Data were coded and analyzed using an inductive analytic approach to identify themes. Results Twenty-four interventionists (54% women, 37–70 years old, mean 20 years since terminal degree) completed a total of 148 pilot studies across their careers (mean 6.4, range 1–20), of which 59% were scaled-up. Scaling was described as resource intensive and pilot work was considered essential to successfully competing for funding by 63% of the sample (n = 15). When asked to define a high-quality pilot study, interventionists described studies that allowed them to evaluate two independent factors: components of their intervention (e.g., acceptability, feasibility) and study parameters (e.g., sample size, measures). Interventionists expressed that more process implementation measures, different study designs, and additional iterations could improve decisions to scale-up. Most agreed that pilot studies were likely to produce inflated estimates of potential efficacy though only nine interventionists provided potential solutions for decreasing inflated measures of efficacy. Suggested major causes of inflated effects included high levels of oversight in pilot studies (e.g., researcher support), reliance on subjective measures, and utilizing convenience or highly motivated samples. Potential solutions included designing pilots for real-world implementation, only conducting randomized controlled pilot studies, and pre-registering pilot studies. Conclusions Pilot studies purposes are multifaceted and deemed essential to obtaining funding for larger-scale trials. Clarifying the form and function of preliminary, early-stage research may enhance the productive utilization of early-stage studies and reduced drops in efficacy when transitioning to larger scale studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40814-022-00991-8.
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Reesor-Oyer L, Parker H, Burkart S, Smith MT, Dugger R, von Klinggraeff L, Weaver RG, Beets MW, Armstrong B. Measuring Micro Temporal Processes Underlying Preschoolers Screen Use and Behavioral Health: Protocol for the Tots & Tech Study (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e36240. [PMID: 36169993 PMCID: PMC9557980 DOI: 10.2196/36240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive screen time is associated with poor health and behavioral outcomes in children. However, research on screen time use has been hindered by methodological limitations, including retrospective reports of usual screen time and lack of momentary etiologic processes occurring within each day. Objective This study is designed to assess the feasibility and utility of a comprehensive multibehavior protocol to measure the digital media use and screen time context among a racially and economically diverse sample of preschoolers and their families. This paper describes the recruitment, data collection, and analytical protocols for the Tots and Tech study. Methods The Tots and Tech study is a longitudinal, observational study of 100 dyads: caregivers and their preschool-age children (aged 3-5 years). Both caregivers and children will wear an Axivity AX3 accelerometer (Axivity Ltd) for 30 days to assess their physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. Caregivers will complete ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) for 1 week to measure child behavioral problems, caregiver stress, and child screen time. Results The Tots and Tech study was funded in March 2020. This study maintains rolling recruitment, with each dyad on their own assessment schedule, depending on the time of enrollment. Enrollment was scheduled to take place between September 2020 and May 2022. We aim to enroll 100 caregiver-child dyads. The Tots and Tech outcome paper is expected to be published in 2022. Conclusions The Tots and Tech study attempts to overcome previous methodological limitations by using objective measures of screen time, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep behaviors with contextual factors measured by EMA. The results will be used to evaluate the feasibility and utility of a comprehensive multibehavior protocol using objective measures of mobile screen time and accelerometry in conjunction with EMA among caregiver-child dyads. Future observational and intervention studies will be able to use this study protocol to better measure screen time and its context. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/36240
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Affiliation(s)
- Layton Reesor-Oyer
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Hannah Parker
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Michal T Smith
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Lauren von Klinggraeff
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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16
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Weaver RG, Hunt E, Armstrong B, Beets MW, Brazendale K, Turner-McGrievy G, Pate RR, Maydeu-Olivares A, Saelens B, Youngstedt SD, Dugger R, Parker H, von Klinggraeff L, Jones A, Burkhart S, Ressor-Oyer L. Impact of a year-round school calendar on children's BMI and fitness: Final outcomes from a natural experiment. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12789. [PMID: 33763967 PMCID: PMC8440426 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structure may mitigate children's accelerated summer BMI gain and cardiorespiratory-fitness (CRF) loss. OBJECTIVES Examine BMI and CRF change during school and summer for year-round and traditional calendar school children. METHODS Three schools (N = 2279, 1 year-round) participated in this natural experiment. Children's BMI z-score (zBMI) and CRF (PACER laps) were measured from 2017 to 2019 each May/August. Mixed effects regression estimated monthly zBMI and CRF change during school/summer. Secondary analyses examined differences by weight status and race. Spline regression models estimated zBMI and CRF growth from kindergarten-sixth grade. RESULTS Compared to traditional school, children attending a year-round school gained more zBMI (difference = 0.015; 95CI = 0.002, 0.028) during school, and less zBMI (difference = -0.029; 95CI = -0.041, -0.018), and more CRF (difference = 0.834; 95CI = 0.575, 1.093) monthly during summer. Differences by weight status and race were observed during summer and school. Growth models demonstrated that the magnitude of overall zBMI and CRF change from kindergarten-sixth grade was similar for year-round or traditional school children. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to traditional school children zBMI increased during the traditional 9-month school calendar and zBMI decreased during the traditional summer vacation for year-round school children. Structured summer programming may mitigate accelerated summer BMI gain and CRF loss especially for overweight or obese, and/or Black children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ethan Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Michael W. Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Russell R. Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | - Brian Saelens
- Center for Child Health Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shawn D. Youngstedt
- Department of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Hannah Parker
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | - Alexis Jones
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Sarah Burkhart
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Layton Ressor-Oyer
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Weaver RG, Hunt ET, Armstrong B, Beets MW, Brazendale K, Turner-McGrievy G, Pate RR, Youngstedt SD, Dugger R, Parker H, von Klinggraeff L, Jones A, Burkart S, Ressor-Oyer L. COVID-19 Leads to Accelerated Increases in Children's BMI z-Score Gain: An Interrupted Time-Series Study. Am J Prev Med 2021; 61:e161-e169. [PMID: 34148734 PMCID: PMC8443301 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic may have negatively impacted children's weight status owing to the closure of schools, increased food insecurity and reliance on ultraprocessed foods, and reduced opportunities for outdoor activity. METHODS In this interrupted time-series study, height and weight were collected from children (n=1,770 children, mean age=8.7 years, 55.3% male, 64.6% Black) and were transformed into BMI z-score in each August/September from 2017 to 2020. Mixed-effects linear regression estimated yearly BMI z-score change before the COVID-19 pandemic year (i.e., 2017-2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic year (i.e., 2019-2020). Subgroup analyses by sex, race (i.e., Black, White, other race), weight status (overweight or obese and normal weight), and grade (i.e., lower=kindergarten-2nd grade and upper=3rd-6th grade) were conducted. RESULTS Before the COVID-19 pandemic, children's yearly BMI z-score change was +0.03 (95% CI= -0.10, 0.15). Change during the COVID-19 pandemic was +0.34 (95% CI=0.21, 0.47), an acceleration in BMI z-score change of +0.31 (95% CI=0.19, 0.44). For girls and boys, BMI z-score change accelerated by +0.33 (95% CI=0.16, 0.50) and +0.29 (95% CI=0.12, 0.46), respectively, during the pandemic year. Acceleration in BMI z-score change during the pandemic year was observed for children who were Black (+0.41, 95% CI=0.21, 0.61) and White (+0.22, 95% CI=0.06, 0.39). For children classified as normal weight, BMI z-score change accelerated by +0.58 (95% CI=0.40, 0.76). Yearly BMI z-score change accelerated for lower elementary/primary (+0.23, 95% CI=0.08, 0.37) and upper elementary/primary (+0.42, 95% CI=0.42, 0.63) children. CONCLUSIONS If similar BMI z-score accelerations occurred for children across the world, public health interventions to address this rapid unhealthy BMI gain will be urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
| | - Ethan T Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, UCF College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Shawn D Youngstedt
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Hannah Parker
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Lauren von Klinggraeff
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Alexis Jones
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Sarah Burkart
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Layton Ressor-Oyer
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Burkart S, Parker H, Von Klinggraeff L, Hunt E, Jones A, Dugger R, Reesor-Oyer L, Beets M, Weaver RG, Armstrong B. 239 Changes in Children’s Schoolyear and Summer Sleep during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sleep 2021. [PMCID: PMC8135536 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab072.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In spring 2020, elementary schools closed to minimize the spread of COVID-19. Questionnaire data suggest children’s sleep was impacted during the pandemic, yet device-based data (i.e. accelerometry) on this topic is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine children’s sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e. spring and summer 2020) compared to previous data collected from the same children during each of the two previous years (spring and summer 2018 and 2019). Methods 68 children (age = 9.9±1.2 years, 56% Black, 53% male) previously recruited for an observational cohort study wore a Fitbit Charge 2 on their wrist during the spring and summer from 2018-2020 (i.e. six 30-day measurement periods). We used multilevel mixed models to examine how children’s sleep patterns changed during the pandemic accounting for previous trajectory (i.e. 2018 to 2019). Models included age, sex, and race as covariates. Results Children had an average of 84 nights of sleep data across all six 30-day measurement periods. In the spring of the pandemic, children slept 24.6 minutes more (95%CI = 11.6, 37.5) compared to previous springs. During the pandemic summer, they slept 40.0 minutes more (95%CI = 24.6, 58.5) compared to previous summers. Sleep midpoint was 117.1 minutes later (95%CI = 103.6, 130.6) in the spring during the pandemic and 46.0 minutes later (95% CI = 26.9, 65.2) in the summer during the pandemic compared to previous years. Sleep efficiency improved slightly by 1.3% (95% CI = 0.7, 1.9) and 3.6% (95% CI = 2.7, 4.5) in spring and summer, respectively, during the pandemic compared to previous years. Conclusion During the COVID-19 pandemic, children slept longer after accounting for previous developmental trends. Notably, the shift in sleep timing during the pandemic was nearly two hours later in the spring compared to previous years, potentially due to the lack of structure usually provided by school. Later sleep timing is independently associated with poor health behaviors (e.g., nutrition, physical activity, screen time). Future studies should examine if these changes in sleep persist over time and have potential long-term effects on children’s health. Support (if any) R21HD095164 (PI Weaver) & UofSC COVID-19 Research Initiative Grant (PI Armstrong)
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Burkart S, Beets MW, Armstrong B, Hunt ET, Dugger R, von Klinggraeff L, Jones A, Brown DE, Weaver RG. Comparison of multichannel and single-channel wrist-based devices with polysomnography to measure sleep in children and adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:645-652. [PMID: 33174529 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To compare sleep parameters produced by the Fitbit Charge 3 (Fitbit) and Actigraph GT9X accelerometer (Actigraph) to polysomnography in children and adolescents. METHODS Participants (n = 56, ages 9.2 ± 3.3 years) wore a Fitbit and an Actigraph on their nondominant wrist concurrently with polysomnography during an overnight observation at a children's sleep laboratory. Total sleep time, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, sleep onset, and sleep offset were extracted from the Fitabase and Actilife software packages, respectively, with the Sadeh algorithm. Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between wearable devices and polysomnography. RESULTS Seventy-nine percent of participants were diagnosed with OSA. Compared with polysomnography, the Fitbit and the Actigraph underestimated total sleep time by 6.1 minutes (absolute mean bias [AMB] = 27.7 minutes) and 31.5 minutes (AMB = 38.2 minutes), respectively. The Fitbit overestimated sleep efficiency by 3.0% (AMB = 6.3%), and the Actigraph underestimated sleep efficiency by 12.9% (AMB = 13.2%). The Fitbit overestimated wake after sleep onset by 18.8 minutes (AMB = 23.9 minutes), and the Actigraph overestimated wake after sleep onset by 56.1 minutes (AMB = 54.7 minutes). In addition, the Fitbit and the Actigraph underestimated sleep onset by 1.2 minutes (AMB = 13.9 minutes) and 10.2 minutes (AMB = 18.1 minutes), respectively. Finally, the Fitbit and the Actigraph overestimated sleep offset by 6.0 minutes (AMB = 12.0 minutes) and 10.5 minutes (AMB = 12.6 minutes). Linear regression indicated significant trends, with the Fitbit underestimating wake after sleep onset and sleep efficiency at higher values. CONCLUSIONS The Fitbit provided comparable and in some instances better sleep estimates with polysomnography compared to the Actigraph. Findings support the use of multichannel devices to measure sleep in children and adolescents. Additional studies are needed in healthy children over several nights and in free-living settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burkart
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ethan T Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | - Alexis Jones
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - David E Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Weaver RG, Armstrong B, Hunt E, Beets MW, Brazendale K, Dugger R, Turner-McGrievy G, Pate RR, Maydeu-Olivares A, Saelens B, Youngstedt SD. The impact of summer vacation on children's obesogenic behaviors and body mass index: a natural experiment. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:153. [PMID: 33243252 PMCID: PMC7690133 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's BMI gain accelerates during summer. The Structured Days Hypothesis posits that the lack of the school day during summer vacation negatively impacts children's obesogenic behaviors (i.e., physical activity, screen time, diet, sleep). This natural experiment examined the impact of summer vacation on children's obesogenic behaviors and body mass index (BMI). METHODS Elementary-aged children (n = 285, 5-12 years, 48.7% male, 57.4% African American) attending a year-round (n = 97) and two match-paired traditional schools (n = 188) in the United States participated in this study. Rather than taking a long break from school during the summer like traditional schools, year-round schools take shorter and more frequent breaks from school. This difference in school calendars allowed for obesogenic behaviors to be collected during three conditions: Condition 1) all children attend school, Condition 2) year-round children attend school while traditional children were on summer vacation, and Condition 3) summer vacation for all children. Changes in BMI z-score were collected for the corresponding school years and summers. Multi-level mixed effects regressions estimated obesogenic behaviors and monthly zBMI changes. It was hypothesized that children would experience unhealthy changes in obesogenic behaviors when entering summer vacation because the absence of the school day (i.e., Condition 1 vs. 2 for traditional school children and 2 vs. 3 for year-round school children). RESULTS From Condition 1 to 2 traditional school children experienced greater unhealthy changes in daily minutes sedentary (∆ = 24.2, 95CI = 10.2, 38.2), screen time minutes (∆ = 33.7, 95CI = 17.2, 50.3), sleep midpoint time (∆ = 73:43, 95CI = 65:33, 81:53), and sleep efficiency percentage (-∆ = 0.7, 95CI = -1.1, - 0.3) when compared to year-round school children. Alternatively, from Condition 2 to 3 year-round school children experienced greater unhealthy changes in daily minutes sedentary (∆ = 54.5, 95CI = 38.0, 70.9), light physical activity minutes (∆ = - 42.2, 95CI = -56.2, - 28.3) MVPA minutes (∆ = - 11.4, 95CI = -3.7, - 19.1), screen time minutes (∆ = 46.5, 95CI = 30.0, 63.0), and sleep midpoint time (∆ = 95:54, 95CI = 85:26, 106:22) when compared to traditional school children. Monthly zBMI gain accelerated during summer for traditional (∆ = 0.033 95CI = 0.019, 0.047) but not year-round school children (∆ = 0.004, 95CI = -0.014, 0.023). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the lack of the school day during summer vacation negatively impacts sedentary behaviors, sleep timing, and screen time. Changes in sedentary behaviors, screen time, and sleep midpoint may contribute to accelerated summer BMI gain. Providing structured programming during summer vacation may positively impact these behaviors, and in turn, mitigate accelerated summer BMI gain. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03397940 . Registered January 12th 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA.
| | - Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Ethan Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - R Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | | | - Brian Saelens
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Center for Child Health Behavior and Development, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shawn D Youngstedt
- Arizona State University, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Dugger R, Rafferty A, Hunt E, Beets M, Webster C, Chen B, Rehling J, Weaver RG. Elementary Classroom Teachers' Self-Reported Use of Movement Integration Products and Perceived Facilitators and Barriers Related to Product Use. Children (Basel) 2020; 7:E143. [PMID: 32961961 PMCID: PMC7552680 DOI: 10.3390/children7090143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Movement integration (MI) products are designed to provide children with physical activity during general education classroom time. The purpose of this study was to examine elementary classroom teachers' self-reported use of MI products and subsequent perceptions of the facilitators of and barriers to MI product use. This study utilized a mixed-methods design. Elementary classroom teachers (n = 40) at four schools each tested four of six common MI products in their classroom for one week. Teachers completed a daily diary, documenting duration and frequency of product use. Following each product test, focus groups were conducted with teachers to assess facilitators and barriers. MI product use lasted for 11.2 (Standard Deviation (SD) = 7.5) min/occasion and MI products were used 4.1 (SD = 3.5) times/week on average. Activity Bursts in the Classroom for Fitness, GoNoodle, and Physical Activity Across the Curriculum were most frequently used. Facilitators of and barriers to MI product use were identified within three central areas-logistics, alignment with teaching goals, and student needs and interests. Teachers were receptive to MI products and used them frequently throughout the week. When considering the adoption of MI products, teachers, administrators, and policy makers should consider products that are readily usable, align with teaching goals, and are consistent with student needs and interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roddrick Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (R.D.); (A.R.); (E.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Aaron Rafferty
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (R.D.); (A.R.); (E.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Ethan Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (R.D.); (A.R.); (E.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (R.D.); (A.R.); (E.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Collin Webster
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Brian Chen
- Department of Health Services and Policy Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Jeff Rehling
- Department of Marketing, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Robert Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (R.D.); (A.R.); (E.H.); (M.B.)
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Dugger R, Brazendale K, Hunt ET, Moore JB, Turner-McGrievy G, Vogler K, Beets MW, Armstrong B, Weaver RG. The impact of summer programming on the obesogenic behaviors of children: behavioral outcomes from a quasi-experimental pilot trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2020; 6:78. [PMID: 32514369 PMCID: PMC7254707 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children from low-income families experience accelerated BMI gain and learning loss during summer. Healthy Summer Learners (HSL) addresses accelerated BMI gain and academic learning loss during summer by providing academic- and health-focused programming. This manuscript reports the effects of HSL on underlying obesogenic behaviors (i.e., physical activity, screen time, sleep, diet) that lead to accelerated summer BMI gain, a necessary first step to informing a future randomized controlled trial of HSL. METHODS In the summer of 2018 and 2019 using a quasi-experimental study design, 180 children (90 per summer, 7.9 years [SD = 1.0], 94% non-Hispanic Black, 40% male) at two schools (i.e., one per summer) who were struggling academically (25-75% on a standardized reading test) were provided a free, school-based 6-week health- and academic-focused summer program (i.e., HSL, n = 60), a 4- to 6-week academic-focused summer program (i.e., 21st Century Summer Learning program (21C), n = 60), or no summer program (n = 60). Children wore the Fitbit Charge 2™ over a 10-week period during the summers (June-Aug) of 2018-2019. Differences within (within child days attend vs. not attend) and between (differences between groups attend vs. not attend) were evaluated using mixed effects linear regression. RESULTS Regression estimates indicated that, on days attending, HSL children experienced a greater reduction in sedentary minutes (- 58.6 [95% CI = - 92.7, - 24.4]) and a greater increase in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (36.2 [95% CI = 25.1, 47.3]) and steps (2799.2 [95% CI = 2114.2, 3484.2]) compared to 21C children. However, both HSL and 21C children were more active (i.e., greater MVPA, total steps) and less sedentary (i.e., less sedentary minutes and total screen time) and displayed better sleeping patterns (i.e., earlier and less variability in sleep onset and offset) on days they attended than children in the control. CONCLUSIONS HSL produced greater changes in physical activity than 21C. However, attendance at either HSL or 21C leads to more healthy obesogenic behaviors. Based on the behavioral data in this pilot study, a larger trial may be warranted. These results must be considered along with the pending primary outcomes (i.e., academics and BMI z-score) of the HSL pilot to determine if a full-scale trial is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NIH-NCT03321071. Registered 25 October 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Dugger
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
| | - K. Brazendale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida USA
| | - E. T. Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
| | - J. B. Moore
- Department of Implementation Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina USA
| | - G. Turner-McGrievy
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
| | - K. Vogler
- Department of Instruction and Teacher Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
| | - M. W. Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
| | - B. Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
| | - R. G. Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
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Kane NE, Lehman ME, Dugger R, Hansen LE, Jackson D. Use of patient-controlled analgesia in surgical oncology patients. Oncol Nurs Forum 1988; 15:29-32. [PMID: 2894015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Eide I, Kolloch R, De Quattro V, Miano L, Dugger R, Van der Meulen J. Raised cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine in some patients with primary hypertension. Hypertension 1979; 1:255-60. [PMID: 399237 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.1.3.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To test whether central neurogenic factors participate in blood pressure elevation in primary hypertension, we studied the concentrations of: norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); and norepinephrine, epinephrine, DBH and plasma renin activity (PRA) in plasma of 22 subjects (seven with primary hypertension, 11 normotensive patients with non-systemic neurological disorders, and four with secondary hypertension). Plasma and CSF norepinephrine (NE) were increased in primary hypertensives compared to normotensives. Cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine was related to diastolic blood pressure, and systolic blood pressure when normotensive and primary hypertensives were taken together. The CSF norepinephrine of primary hypertensive patients was correlated with natural log PRA. The CSF norepinephrine was correlated inversely with age in primary hypertensive patients but not in the normotensive subjects. The low CSF norepinephrine and epinephrine, despite markedly increased plasma NE and epinephrine, in two patients with pheochromocytoma, indicate a blood-brain barrier for these neurohormones. The observations support the view that the central sympathetic nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension, particularly in younger patients.
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