1
|
Nath U, Akbari AR, Alam B, Dahiya R, Pillai A. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown on Adult Foot and Ankle Fractures Presenting to the Largest Trust in the United Kingdom. Cureus 2023; 15:e48262. [PMID: 38054152 PMCID: PMC10695078 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic induced unprecedented changes in medical practices, prompting a reassessment of their impact on adult foot and ankle fractures within the National Health Service (NHS). This study employs a retrospective observational approach, leveraging the Pathpoint™ eTrauma platform for a comprehensive analysis of prospectively collected data. Methods Data encompassing weekly fracture incidence, weekly surgical procedures, patient demographics, and mean wait time from injury presentation to surgery were systematically evaluated. The study population included all adults (18+) admitted during five distinct periods: pre-pandemic, national lockdown 1, post-lockdown, national lockdown 2, and national lockdown 3. Results An analysis of 434 foot and ankle fractures revealed that national lockdown 1 exhibited the lowest fracture incidence (4.97 per week) and surgeries performed (4.77 per week), reflecting a notable reduction in trauma cases and elective procedures. Conversely, post-lockdown displayed the highest fracture incidence (7.46 per week) and surgeries performed (6.31 per week), suggesting a resurgence in both trauma and elective surgical activities. The pre-pandemic cohort, characterized by the highest mean age (51.98 years) and mean wait time (8.74 days), served as a temporal baseline. Conclusion While the incidence of fractures decreased during all three national lockdowns compared to pre-pandemic or post-lockdown periods, a gradual increase was observed in subsequent lockdowns. Notably, mean wait times showed a significant reduction, reaching the lowest point (5.79 days) during national lockdown 3. These findings underscore the complex interplay between pandemic-related disruptions, evolving guidelines, and adaptive measures within the healthcare system, influencing the dynamics of foot and ankle fracture management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upamanyu Nath
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, GBR
| | | | - Benyamin Alam
- Otolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, GBR
| | - Rohan Dahiya
- Internal Medicine, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, GBR
| | - Anand Pillai
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, GBR
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Theyvan Balakrishnan T, Bilal A, Fitzpatrick N, Dahiya R, Soelar SA, Khalid K, Pillai A. Enhancing Consistency in Posterior Malleolus Fracture Classification: A Comprehensive Interobserver Reliability Study With 20 Raters Using the Mason & Molloy Classification. Cureus 2023; 15:e48586. [PMID: 38024046 PMCID: PMC10655162 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in the identification and treatment of posterior malleolus fragments, driven by a better understanding of their significance. The Mason & Molloy (M&M) classification system has emerged as a valuable tool for systematically categorizing these fractures and assisting clinicians in formulating treatment. We aim to assess the interobserver reliability of the M&M classification for posterior malleolus fracture by using 20 raters. METHODOLOGY The study was conducted at a major foot and ankle referral center in Wythenshawe, Manchester, UK. Thirty-eight Computed Tomography (CT) scans were evaluated by 20 independent raters: 15 general orthopedic and trauma surgeons plus five foot and ankle surgeons. Each rater classified the posterior malleolus fracture according to M&M classification into type 1, 2A, 2B, 3, or not classifiable. Statistical analysis was done with the R software package and SPSS (v26; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Fleiss kappa (κ) coefficient with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied. RESULTS The interobserver agreement was moderate with a global κ value of 0.531 (95% CI: 0.518, 0.544). There were good agreements for identifying type 3 M&M (κ=0.785) and those that are not applicable for M&M classification (κ=0.785). There was a strong correlation between all raters in using M&M classification (Tb=0.53-0.59) except for Rater 12. CONCLUSION M&M classification remains a valuable tool to guide the management of patients with these subsets of ankle fractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Bilal
- Trauma and Orthopedics, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, GBR
| | - Niall Fitzpatrick
- Trauma and Orthopedics, Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, GBR
| | - Rohan Dahiya
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, GBR
| | | | - Karniza Khalid
- Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Kuala Lumpur, MYS
| | - Anand Pillai
- Trauma and Orthopedics, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, GBR
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hirata H, Hinoda Y, Shahryari V, Deng G, Tanaka Y, Tabatabai ZL, Dahiya R. Editorial Expression of Concern: Genistein downregulates onco-miR-1260b and upregulates sFRP1 and Smad4 via demethylation and histone modification in prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:735. [PMID: 37507546 PMCID: PMC10421853 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Hirata
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Y Hinoda
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - V Shahryari
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - G Deng
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Y Tanaka
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Z L Tabatabai
- Department of Pathology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Dahiya
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dahiya R, Sundarapandian R, Nair A, Pillai A. Arthroscopic management of large subchondral talar cyst: a novel treatment strategy. J Surg Case Rep 2023; 2023:rjad276. [PMID: 37274631 PMCID: PMC10234603 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjad276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Subchondroplasty is a novel and minimally invasive technique used to treat large subchondral talar cysts. It avoids soft tissue scarring, the need for osteotomies, bone grafting and its associated complications as seen with conventional approaches. Subchondroplasty involves arthroscopically approaching the cyst and injecting it with calcium phosphate paste injection, which undergoes an endothermic process and crystallizes in a manner that resembles cancellous bone to fill the defect. This case series presents two patients who underwent subchondroplasty: a 44-year-old female nurse with atraumatic right ankle pain of 2 years with a CT scan revealing a large subchondral cyst over the medial talar dome and a 55-year-old male chemical plant worker with left ankle pain following a biking accident 6 years ago whose CT scan too showed a large subchondral cyst in the medial talus. Both tolerated the surgery well, with significant reductions noted in MOXFQ scores at the 1-year follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Dahiya
- Correspondence address. Trauma and Orthopaedics, Wythenshawe Hospital (Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe M23 9LT, UK. E-mail: and
| | - Rajkumar Sundarapandian
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Wythenshawe Hospital (Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), Wythenshawe, UK
| | - Abhinav Nair
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Wythenshawe Hospital (Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), Wythenshawe, UK
| | - Anand Pillai
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Wythenshawe Hospital (Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), Wythenshawe, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kikuno N, Shiina H, Urakami S, Kawamoto K, Hirata H, Tanaka Y, Place RF, Pookot D, Majid S, Igawa M, Dahiya R. Retraction Note: Knockdown of astrocyte-elevated gene-1 inhibits prostate cancer progression through upregulation of FOXO3a activity. Oncogene 2022; 41:4981. [PMID: 36261628 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kikuno
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H Shiina
- Department of Urology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - S Urakami
- Department of Urology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - K Kawamoto
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H Hirata
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Y Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R F Place
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Pookot
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Majid
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Igawa
- Department of Urology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - R Dahiya
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hirata H, Hinoda Y, Shahryari V, Deng G, Tanaka Y, Tabatabai ZL, Dahiya R. Correction: Genistein downregulates onco-miR-1260b and upregulates sFRP1 and Smad4 via demethylation and histone modification in prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:388. [PMID: 29930252 PMCID: PMC6068093 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Hirata
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Y Hinoda
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - V Shahryari
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - G Deng
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Y Tanaka
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Z L Tabatabai
- Department of Pathology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Dahiya
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dahiya R, Yadav R, Yadav B, Yadav R. Quality characteristics of pearl millet malt as affected by steeping temperature and germination period. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.0930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Dahiya
- Department of Food Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001 Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - R.B. Yadav
- Department of Food Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001 Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - B.S. Yadav
- Department of Food Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001 Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - R. Yadav
- Department of Food Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001 Rohtak, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bucay N, Sekhon K, Yang T, Majid S, Shahryari V, Hsieh C, Mitsui Y, Deng G, Tabatabai ZL, Yamamura S, Calin GA, Dahiya R, Tanaka Y, Saini S. MicroRNA-383 located in frequently deleted chromosomal locus 8p22 regulates CD44 in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2016; 36:2667-2679. [PMID: 27893706 PMCID: PMC5426972 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A major genomic alteration in prostate cancer (PCa) is frequent loss of chromosome (chr) 8p with a common region of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chr8p22 locus. Genomic studies implicate this locus in the initiation of clinically significant PCa and with progression to metastatic disease. However, the genes within this region have not been fully characterized to date. Here we demonstrate for the first time that a microRNA component of this region –miR-383- is frequently downregulated in prostate cancer, plays a critical role in determining tumor initiating potential and is involved in prostate cancer metastasis via direct regulation of CD44, a ubiquitous marker of PCa tumor initiating cells (TICs)/ stem cells. Expression analyses of miR-383 in PCa clinical tissues established that low miR-383 expression is associated with poor prognosis. Functional data suggests that miR-383 regulates PCa tumor initiating/ stem-like cells via CD44 regulation. Ectopic expression of miR-383 inhibited tumor initiating capacity of CD44+ PCa cells. Also, ‘anti-metastatic’ effects of ectopic miR-383 expression were observed in a PCa experimental metastasis model. In view of our results, we propose that frequent loss of miR-383 at chr8p22 region leads to tumor initiation and prostate cancer metastasis. Thus, we have identified a novel finding that associates a long observed genomic alteration to PCa stemness and metastasis. Our data suggests that restoration of miR-383 expression may be an effective therapeutic modality against PCa. Importantly, we identified miR-383 as a novel PCa tissue diagnostic biomarker with a potential that outperforms that of serum PSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Bucay
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - K Sekhon
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - T Yang
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - S Majid
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - V Shahryari
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - C Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - Y Mitsui
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - G Deng
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - Z L Tabatabai
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - S Yamamura
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - G A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Non-Coding RNA Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Dahiya
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - Y Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | - S Saini
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yogeswaran N, Dang W, Navaraj W, Shakthivel D, Khan S, Polat E, Gupta S, Heidari H, Kaboli M, Lorenzelli L, Cheng G, Dahiya R. New materials and advances in making electronic skin for interactive robots. Adv Robot 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01691864.2015.1095653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
House CM, Nelson WB, Nickele GA, Ahmed I, Dahiya R. Mitral valve area by the pressure half-time method does not correlate with mean gradient in mitral valve repair patients. European Journal of Echocardiography 2010; 12:124-30. [DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
11
|
Zaman MS, Chen Y, Deng G, Shahryari V, Suh SO, Saini S, Majid S, Liu J, Khatri G, Tanaka Y, Dahiya R. The functional significance of microRNA-145 in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:256-64. [PMID: 20588276 PMCID: PMC2906737 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that have important roles in numerous cellular processes. Recent studies have shown aberrant expression of miRNAs in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines. On the basis of miRNA microarray data, we found that miR-145 is significantly downregulated in prostate cancer. Methods and results: We investigated the expression and functional significance of miR-145 in prostate cancer. The expression of miR-145 was low in all the prostate cell lines tested (PC3, LNCaP and DU145) compared with the normal cell line, PWR-1E, and in cancerous regions of human prostate tissue when compared with the matched adjacent normal. Overexpression of miR-145 in PC3-transfected cells resulted in increased apoptosis and an increase in cells in the G2/M phase, as detected by flow cytometry. Investigation of the mechanisms of inactivation of miR-145 through epigenetic pathways revealed significant DNA methylation of the miR-145 promoter region in prostate cancer cell lines. Microarray analyses of miR-145-overexpressing PC3 cells showed upregulation of the pro-apoptotic gene TNFSF10, which was confirmed by real-time PCR and western analysis. Conclusion: One of the genes significantly upregulated by miR-145 overexpression is the proapoptotic gene TNFSF10. Therefore, modulation of miR-145 may be an important therapeutic approach for the management of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Zaman
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ueno K, Hazama S, Mitomori S, Nishioka M, Suehiro Y, Hirata H, Oka M, Imai K, Dahiya R, Hinoda Y. Down-regulation of frizzled-7 expression decreases survival, invasion and metastatic capabilities of colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:1374-81. [PMID: 19773752 PMCID: PMC2768449 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The canonical Wnt signalling pathway is activated in most sporadic colorectal cancers (CRCs). We previously reported that FZD7 functions as a receptor for the canonical Wnt signalling pathway in colon cancer cells. Methods and results: In this study, we examined the function of FZD7 in survival, invasion and metastatic capabilities of colon cancer cells. FZD7_siRNA transfection decreased cell viability of HT-29 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Expression of c-Jun, phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun, and activation of RhoA were suppressed after FZD7_siRNA transfection into HCT-116 cells. In vitro invasion activity and Wnt target gene expression were also reduced in HCT-116 cells transfected with FZD7_siRNA. Liver metastasis of stable FZD7_siRNA HCT-116 cell transfectants in scid mice was decreased to 40–50% compared to controls. The mRNA levels of FZD7 in 135 primary CRC tissues were examined by real-time PCR. FZD7 mRNA levels were significantly higher in stage II, III or IV tumours than in non-tumour tissues (P<0.005), and overall survival was shorter in those patients with higher FZD7 expression (P<0.001). Conclusion: These data suggest that FZD7 may be involved in enhancement of survival, invasion and metastatic capabilities of colon cancer cells through non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways as well as the canonical pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ueno
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahmed I, Smalley SJ, Zhu DWX, Dahiya R, House CM, Nelson WB. Sudden cardiac arrest in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Case Reports 2009; 2009:bcr04.2009.1753. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr.04.2009.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
14
|
Briest A, Chang LH, Dahiya R, Kurhanewicz J, Rubinsky B. Überprüfung der biochemischen Reaktion des Prostata-Tumors DU-145 nach einem kryochirurgischen Eingriff mit Hilfe der Magnetresonanz-Spektroskopie. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2009. [DOI: 10.1515/bmte.1995.40.s1.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Kawakami T, Urakami S, Hirata H, Tanaka Y, Nakajima K, Enokida H, Shiina H, Ogishima T, Tokizane T, Kawamoto K, Miura K, Ishii N, Dahiya R. Superoxide dismutase analog (Tempol: 4-hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl) treatment restores erectile function in diabetes-induced impotence. Int J Impot Res 2009; 21:348-55. [PMID: 19554009 PMCID: PMC3940356 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2009.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that administration of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic Tempol (4-hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl) may reverse diabetes induced ED(erectile dysfunction). To test this hypothesis, ROS related genes (SOD1, SOD2, GPx1, CAT, NOS2, NOS3), erectile functional studies, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed in diabetic rats treated with or without Tempol. Thirty Sprague-Dawley (3–4 months old) rats were divided into 3 groups (n=10 each), 20 with diabetes (diabetic control and Tempol treatment) and 10 healthy controls. Twelve weeks after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin and Tempol treatment, all groups underwent in vivo cavernous nerve stimulation. Rat crura were harvested and expression of antioxidative defense enzymes examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. To confirm the RT-PCR results, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) for catalase (CAT) and iNOS (NOS2). Nitration of tyrosine groups in proteins was also examined by IHC. Mean intracavernous pressure in the diabetic group was significantly lower than in healthy controls (p<0.001) and was reversed by Tempol treatment (p<0.0108). NOS2 protein expression was significantly increased in diabetic animals compared to healthy controls and Tempol restored NOS2 protein level. Nitrotyrosine was also higher in diabetic animals and though Tempol treatment decreased its formation, it remained higher than that found in healthy controls. This study suggests that Tempol treatment increased erectile function through modulating oxidative stress related genes in diabetic rats. This is the first report about the relationship between diabetes induced erectile dysfunction and oxidative stress, and anti-oxidative therapy using the superoxide dismutase mimetic, Tempol to restore erectile function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kawakami
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Okino ST, Pookot D, Basak S, Dahiya R. Toxic and Chemopreventive Ligands Preferentially Activate Distinct Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathways: Implications for Cancer Prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:251-6. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
Kikuno N, Shiina H, Urakami S, Kawamoto K, Hirata H, Tanaka Y, Place RF, Pookot D, Majid S, Igawa M, Dahiya R. Knockdown of astrocyte-elevated gene-1 inhibits prostate cancer progression through upregulation of FOXO3a activity. Oncogene 2007; 26:7647-55. [PMID: 17563745 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte-elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) has been reported to be upregulated in several malignancies and play a critical role in Ha-ras-mediated oncogenesis through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway. However, the role of AEG-1 in prostate cancer (PC) has never been reported. We now show that AEG-1 is overexpressed in clinical PC tissue samples and cultured PC cells compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue samples and normal prostate epithelial cells. Interestingly, AEG-1 knockdown induced cell apoptosis through upregulation of forkhead box (FOXO) 3a activity. This alteration of FOXO3a activity was dependent on reduction of AKT activity in LNCaP and PC-3 cells with high constitutive AKT activity, but not in DU145 cells with low constitutive AKT activity, although AEG-1 knockdown had no impact on phosphatase and tensin homolog expression in these cells. AEG-1 knockdown also attenuated the constitutive activity of the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and the activator protein 1 (AP-1) with a corresponding depletion in the expression of NF-kappaB and AP-1-regulated genes (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-9) and significantly decreased cell invasion properties of PC-3 and DU145 cells. Overall, our findings suggest that aberrant AEG-1 expression plays a dominant role as a positive auto-feedback activator of AKT and as a suppressor of FOXO3a in PC cells. AEG-1 may therefore represent a novel genetic biomarker to serve as an attractive molecular target for new anticancer agents to prevent PC cell progression and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kikuno
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Breault J, Shiina H, Igawa M, Ribeiro-Filho L, Deguchi M, Enokida H, Urakami S, Terashima M, Nakagawa M, Kane C, Carroll P, Dahiya R. Methylation of the γ-Catenin Gene is Associated With Poor Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Urol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)00563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.E. Breault
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - H. Shiina
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - M. Igawa
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - L.A. Ribeiro-Filho
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - M. Deguchi
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - H. Enokida
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - S. Urakami
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - M. Terashima
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - M. Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - C.J. Kane
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - P.R. Carroll
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - R. Dahiya
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo and Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Matson DO, Azimi P, Staat MA, Bernstein DI, Ward RL, Dahiya R, Barnes-Eley M, Berke T. 203 BURDEN OF ROTAVIRUS HOSPITALIZATIONS IN CHILDREN AS ASSESSED BY ACTIVE CASE FINDING. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0008.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Juneman E, Castellano L, Do B, Dahiya R, Goldman S, Gaballa M, Thai H. 232 REGIONAL WALL STRESS IN THE NON-INFARCTED MYOCARDIUM IS INCREASED AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. J Investig Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-52-suppl1-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
23
|
Shirai M, Yamanaka M, Shiina H, Igawa M, Fujime M, Lue TF, Dahiya R. Downregulation of androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptor genes and protein is involved in aging-related erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2003; 15:391-6. [PMID: 14671656 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that downregulation of sex hormone receptors (androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptors) is involved in aging-related erectile dysfunction. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the expression of sex hormone receptors in penile crura of aging rats. A total of 40 rats were divided into four groups based on age (6, 12, 18 and 24 months), and the erectile function was analyzed by the measurement of intracavernous pressure. Gene and protein expressions of sex hormone receptors were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunostaining, respectively. The mean intracavernous pressures of 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month-old rats were 110.1, 89.6, 73.5 and 42.7 cm H(2)O, respectively. Gene and protein expressions for androgen receptor, estrogen receptor-beta and progesterone receptor were present in similar levels in 6-, 12- and 18-month-old rat crura, but significantly lower or absent in 24-month-old crura. This is the first study to demonstrate that downregulation of sex hormone receptors in aging rat crura is associated with erectile dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shirai
- VA Medical Center and UCSF, Urology, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wefer J, Schlote N, Sekido N, Sievert KD, Wefer AE, Nunes L, Bakircioglu ME, Dahiya R, Tanagho EA. Tunica albuginea acellular matrix graft for penile reconstruction in the rabbit: a model for treating Peyronie's disease. BJU Int 2002; 90:326-31. [PMID: 12133073 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of an acellular matrix graft of the tunica albuginea for functional penile reconstruction in severe cases of Peyronie's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 18 rabbits, an acellular matrix graft of the tunica albuginea was used to cover a 4 x 8 mm tunical defect, and six animals each were killed 1, 3 and 6 months later; four unoperated animals served as histological controls. Before death an erection was induced by papaverine, with the quality classified on a scale of 0-5, and cavernosography performed. After death the penis was prepared for histological study, and the cell number, collagen and elastic fibre content evaluated in the regenerated matrix, and in control specimens and four unimplanted matrices. RESULTS Of 18 experimental animals, 11 had normal erections before death, four had slight penile deviation and three developed no erection. Failure was caused by severe postoperative haematoma, resulting in scar tissue. There was no graft rejection. Histologically there was no difference between natural and regenerated tunica. The collagen content and cell number were not significantly different in regenerated and control samples. There were significantly fewer elastic fibres in the unimplanted grafts and the 1-month group, but in later samples this difference was no longer evident. CONCLUSION The homologous acellular matrix graft of the tunica albuginea warrants further evaluation as an alternative treatment in Peyronie's disease, despite some postoperative failures. The advantage of this orthotopic biomaterial is its rapid integration, with no rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wefer
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143-0738, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nojima D, Li LC, Dharia A, Perinchery G, Ribeiro-Filho L, Yen TS, Dahiya R. CpG hypermethylation of the promoter region inactivates the estrogen receptor-beta gene in patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2001; 92:2076-83. [PMID: 11596023 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20011015)92:8<2076::aid-cncr1548>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The down-regulation of the estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) gene is associated with several malignancies, including prostate carcinoma. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mechanisms of ERbeta inactivation through the analysis of CpG methylation of the promoter region of ERbeta gene. METHODS ERbeta protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 23 cases of human prostate carcinoma and 40 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). DNA was extracted from these tissues and processed for sodium bisulfite genomic sequencing. The percentage of methylation of CpG sites in the promoter region of ERbeta (-376 to -117), which contains 19 CpG sites, was determined from genomic sequencing data. The prostate carcinoma cell lines DU145 and ND1 were treated with the demethylating agent 5-AZAC and ERbeta mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In BPH tissues, ERbeta protein expression was found mainly in epithelial cells. ERbeta protein expression was lacking in 83% of prostate carcinoma samples (19 of 23 samples) whereas all cases of BPH (40 of 40) demonstrated expression of ERbeta protein. The mechanism of inactivation of the ERbeta gene in prostate carcinoma was CpG methylation because the degree of methylation at all CpG sites within the promoter region between -376 and -117 was higher in prostate carcinoma samples compared with BPH tissues. Nine of 19 CpG sites within the promoter region of ERbeta displayed significant differences in methylation between prostate carcinoma and BPH samples. The prostate carcinoma cell lines appeared to lack ERbeta expression. However, 5-AZAC treatment restored ERbeta expression in those cell lines, suggesting that methylation inactivates the ERbeta gene in prostate carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study demonstrate, for what we believe to be the first time, that the inactivation of the ERbeta gene in prostate carcinoma occurs through CpG methylation of the promoter region of this gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Nojima
- Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shiina H, Igawa M, Urakami S, Shigeno K, Yoneda T, Terashima M, Deguchi M, Ribeiro-Filho L, Dahiya R. Alterations of beta- and gamma-catenin in N-butyl-N-(-4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced murine bladder cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61:7101-9. [PMID: 11585741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal degradation of beta-catenin caused by alteration of the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) consensus motif is an important step for carcinogenesis. We hypothesize that beta- and gamma-catenin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. We tested this hypothesis through analysis of beta- and gamma-catenin in both murine and human bladder cancers. A murine bladder cancer model was prepared by use of N-butyl-N-(-4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in 6-week-old male B6D2F1 mice. After 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 weeks of BBN treatment, bladder specimens were harvested and analyzed for both protein and gene expression for beta- and gamma-catenin. Mutational analysis of the NH(2)-terminal regulatory domains of beta- and gamma-catenin was performed in each specimen by PCR-single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Mutations were further confirmed by direct DNA sequencing with a dye terminator method. Human bladder cancer specimens with normal tissues, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and carcinoma of grades, 1, 2, and 3 were also analyzed for beta- and gamma-catenin expression. beta- and gamma-catenin were analyzed for mutations by SSCP and direct DNA sequencing. Intracellular accumulation of beta- and gamma-catenin was observed in 6 of 20 invasive carcinoma specimens. There was no intracellular accumulation of beta- and gamma-catenin in mucosal dysplasia, papillary or nodular dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ specimens. On an SSCP analysis for beta-catenin, abnormal bandshifts were detected in two invasive carcinomas with intracellular beta-catenin accumulation. Further sequencing revealed two mutations [AGT(S) to ATT(I) and TCT(S) to CCT(P)] within the consensus motif for GSK-3beta phosphorylation. On the other hand, SSCP analysis for gamma-catenin followed by sequencing revealed three mutations in two invasive carcinomas with intracellular accumulation of gamma-catenin. These three alterations affected the 3' downstream region outside the GSK-3beta phosphorylation site [ACC(T) to GCC(A), CTC(L) to ATC(I), and CTC(L) to ATG(M)]. In human bladder cancer, beta- and gamma-catenin expression was significantly weaker than in normal bladder. On SSCP analysis one abnormal bandshift was observed in high-grade human bladder cancer with intracellular beta-catenin accumulation. DNA sequencing revealed mutation TCT(S) to TGT(C). In summary, alterations in beta- and gamma-catenin are late events favoring tumor progression in mouse BBN-induced bladder cancer. Changes affecting the GSK-3beta phosphorylation site appear to be associated with activation of beta-catenin, but not with activation of gamma-catenin. In human blabber cancer, beta- and gamma-catenin expression is similar to the expression in the mouse model. The present study demonstrates that beta- and gamma-catenin may play an important role in bladder cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Shiina
- Department of Urology, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, 693-0085 Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
CpG island hypermethylation and chromatin remodeling play important roles in repression of various genes during malignant transformation. We hypothesized that histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTase) are associated with prostate cancer and we examined the enzyme activity, gene, and protein expression of HDAC1 and DNMT1 in cell lines and tissues. We found that DNMTase and HDACs activities were two- to threefold higher in cell lines compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH-1) cell line. Treatment of cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine decreased the activity of HDAC and DNMTase. The mRNA expression of these genes in BPH-1 cells and BPH tissues was lower than that in prostate cancer cells and tissues. HDAC1 and DNMT1 protein expression was higher in prostate cancer compared to BPH. This is the first report to demonstrate that DNMT1 and HDAC1 levels are up-regulated in prostate cancer compared to BPH, suggesting their roles in inactivation of various genes, by DNA-methylation-induced chromatin-remodeling, in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Patra
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nojima D, Nakajima K, Li LC, Franks J, Ribeiro-Filho L, Ishii N, Dahiya R. CpG methylation of promoter region inactivates E-cadherin gene in renal cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2001; 32:19-27. [PMID: 11568972 DOI: 10.1002/mc.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CpG methylation in the promoter region has been shown to be important in the regulation of genes implicated in malignant transformation. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that CpG methylation of the promoter region of the E-cadherin gene may inactivate its expression in renal cell carcinoma. To test this hypothesis, five kidney cancer cell lines and 34 microdissected renal cell carcinoma samples were analyzed for gene and protein expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. CpG methylation in the promoter regions of the E-cadherin gene was analyzed by the sodium bisulfite genome sequencing technique. Our results show that all normal renal tissue expressed the E-cadherin gene and protein. Of the renal cancer tissues analyzed, 67% (23 of 34) lacked E-cadherin expression, with an associated increase in methylation, compared with normal tissue. E-cadherin gene promoter was methylated in all renal cancer cell lines and was accompanied by a loss of E-cadherin gene and protein expression. The treatment of renal cancer cell lines with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored E-cadherin mRNA expression in all renal cancer cell lines. This is the first report that shows inactivation of the E-cadherin gene and protein in renal cell carcinoma through CpG hypermethylation in the promoter region of this gene. The results of these experiments may contribute to an understanding of the role of E-cadherin inactivation in renal cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Nojima
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, 94121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Grady B, Goharderakhshan R, Chang J, Ribeiro-Filho LA, Perinchery G, Franks J, Presti J, Carroll P, Dahiya R. Frequently deleted loci on chromosome 9 may harbor several tumor suppressor genes in human renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2001; 166:1088-92. [PMID: 11490304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Loss of various loci on chromosome 9 has been reported in various cancers. To determine the frequency of deletions at different loci of chromosome 9 in renal cell carcinoma microdissected samples of normal renal epithelium and carcinoma from the same patients were analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA was isolated from microdissected sections of normal and tumor cells of 60 renal specimens, amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed for loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9 using the 16 microsatellite markers D9S178, D9S157, D9S274, D9S168, D9S285, D9S156, D9S1839, D9S162, IFNA, D9S736, D9S171, D9S1749, D9S273D9S270, D9S153 and D9S170. Loss of heterozygosity was analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction based technique developed at our laboratory. RESULTS This study showed a high incidence of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9 in renal cell carcinoma. Of 60 cases 44 (73%), 24 (40%) and 14 (23%) showed loss of heterozygosity at a minimum of 1, at a minimum of 3 and at 4 or more loci, respectively. The main deletion was found on the 9p21 region at loci DS171 in 38% of cases, D9S1749 in 42% and DS270 in 14%. Overall deletion on chromosome 9p21 was noted in 57% of renal cancer cases. Other deleted regions were on chromosome 9p'0022 to 23 at loci D9S157 in 37% of cases, D9S274 in 20%, D9S168 in 27%, D9S285 in 20%, D9S156 in 12%, D9S1839 in 17% and D9S162 in 24%. Overall deletion at chromosome 9q32 to 33 was noted in 46% of renal cell carcinoma cases. Chromosome 9q32 to 33 also showed deletion at locus D9S170 in 22% of renal cell carcinoma cases. When we compared the incidence of deletion at various loci on chromosome 9 according to renal cell carcinoma grade, we found a higher rate of deletion in advanced grades of renal cell carcinoma. A candidate target tumor suppressor gene, p16 (MTS-1/CDKN2), has been identified within the 9p21 deleted region in various cancers. In our study the expression of p16 protein was absent or low in renal cell cancer samples, suggesting that loss of the p16 gene may be involved in renal cell carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a high incidence of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9, mainly 9p21 and 9p22 to 23, in renal cell carcinoma, suggesting several putative tumor suppressor genes on these regions. The identification of other tumor suppressor genes on the 9p21 and 9p22 to 23 regions warrants further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Grady
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Y, Sudilovsky D, Zhang B, Haughney PC, Rosen MA, Wu DS, Cunha TJ, Dahiya R, Cunha GR, Hayward SW. A human prostatic epithelial model of hormonal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6064-72. [PMID: 11507055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of stromal and hormonal environment on the immortalized but nontumorigenic human prostatic epithelial cell line BPH-1 were investigated in an in vivo model. BPH-1 cells were recombined with rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM), and the tissue recombinants were grafted to the renal capsule of adult male athymic mouse hosts. BPH-1 + UGM recombinants formed solid branching epithelial cords with a well-defined basement membrane. The cords canalized to form ductal structures. The mesenchymal cells formed thick sheets of well-differentiated smooth muscle surrounding the epithelium, reinforcing the idea that the epithelium dictates the patterning of prostatic stromal cells. When hosts carrying BPH-1 + UGM tissue recombinants were exposed to testosterone propionate and 17-beta-estradiol (T + E2), the tissue recombinants responded by forming invasive carcinomas, demonstrating mixed, predominantly squamous as well as adenocarcinomatous (small acinar and mucinous) differentiation. When either untreated or T + E2-treated hosts were castrated, epithelial apoptosis was observed in the grafts. When tumors were removed and regrafted to fresh hosts they grew rapidly. Tumors were serially regrafted through six generations. Histologically these tumors consisted largely of focally keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma with high-grade malignant cytological features. BPH-1 cells grown in the absence of UGM survived at the graft site but did not form tumors or organized structures. This behavior was not influenced by the presence or absence of T + E2 stimulation. These data show that an immortalized, nontumorigenic human prostatic epithelial cell line can undergo hormonal carcinogenesis in response to T + E2 stimulation. In addition, the data demonstrate that the stromal environment plays an important role in mediating hormonal carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li LC, Zhao H, Nakajima K, Oh BR, Ribeiro Filho LA, Carroll P, Dahiya R. Methylation of the E-cadherin gene promoter correlates with progression of prostate cancer. J Urol 2001; 166:705-9. [PMID: 11458121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the methylation status of E-cadherin gene promoter in prostate cancer and its relationship with E-cadherin inactivation in prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven human prostate cell lines and 35 microdissected prostate cancer specimens were analyzed for E-cadherin promoter methylation using the bisulfite genome sequencing technique. E-cadherin messenger (m)RNA expression and protein expression were also studied in prostate cell lines by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in prostate cancer specimens by immunostaining, respectively. RESULTS The overall methylation of E-cadherin promoter was evident in 14 of 20 grades III to V (70%) and in 5 of 15 grades I to II (33%) prostate cancer samples. It correlated with absent or reduced E-cadherin immunostaining. Methylation in low grade tumors was present mainly in the exon region, whereas in high grade tumors methylation was also present in the promoter region. Methylation was noted in 2 of 6 prostate cancer cell lines (33%) and correlated well with decreased E-cadherin mRNA in these cell lines. Treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored E-cadherin mRNA levels in the E-cadherin negative prostate cancer cell lines TSUPr1 and DuPro. CONCLUSIONS Methylation of the E-cadherin gene is common in prostate cancer and the severity of E-cadherin methylation correlates with tumor progression. This study implies that the invasion and metastasis suppressor function of E-cadherin may often be compromised in human prostate cancer by epigenetic rather than by mutational events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Li
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) of short repetitive sequences in human chromosomal DNA can result from defective DNA mismatch repair function in tumor cells. We hypothesize that DNA mismatch repair (MMR) activity is down-regulated during prostatic carcinogenesis. To test this hypothesis, MMR activities and mismatch repair-related genes were analyzed in five different prostate cancer cell lines. Our results demonstrate that MMR activities were decreased as compared to MMR proficient HeLa cells. Interestingly, LNCaP, PC-3 and DU145 had much lower MMR activities as compared to DUPro and TSUPr1. The MMR-related genes (hMLH1, hPMS1, hPMS2, hMSH2, hMSH3, hMSH6) showed mRNA transcripts in all prostate cancer cell lines. However, Western blotting showed decreased or absent hMLH1 protein expression in PC-3, DU145, DUPro and TSUPr1 cells. Similarly, the hMSH2 protein expression was low or absent in DU145 and LNCaP cells. This is the first report that demonstrates decreased MMR activities is associated with low expression of hMLH1, hMSH2 and other MMR-related proteins in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Yeh
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yeh CC, Lee C, Huang MC, Dahiya R. Loss of mismatch repair activity in simian virus 40 large T antigen-immortalized BPH-1 human prostatic epithelial cell line. Mol Carcinog 2001; 31:145-51. [PMID: 11479923 DOI: 10.1002/mc.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Simian virus 40 large T antigen (SVLTAg) has been used to immortalize cells; however, the mechanism leading to immortalization is still unclear. We hypothesize that DNA mismatch repair (MMR) activity is important during SVLTAg-induced immortalization. To test this hypothesis, we used the SVLTAg-immortalized cell line BPH-1 derived from human benign prostate epithelial cells to analyze MMR activity and the expression of MMR genes (hMLH1, hPMS1, hPMS2, hMSH2, hMSH3, and hMSH6). The results demonstrated that BPH-1 cells were deficient in repairing G:T, A:C, and G:G mispairs in bacteriophage M13mp2. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments indicated MMR genes (hMSH3, hMSH6, and hPMS1) were expressed at a low level in BPH-1 cells. In contrast, all six MMR genes were expressed in human benign prostate hyperplasia tissues. Downregulation of hMSH3, hMSH6, and hPMS1 genes is not a result of the hypermethylation mechanism because demethylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine did not restore expression of these genes. Although the hMLH1 gene is expressed in BPH-1 cells, western blotting and exon analyses demonstrated that hMLH1 was mutated and/or deleted in BPH-1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Yeh
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sievert KD, Wefer J, Bakircioglu ME, Nunes L, Dahiya R, Tanagho EA. Heterologous acellular matrix graft for reconstruction of the rabbit urethra: histological and functional evaluation. J Urol 2001; 165:2096-102. [PMID: 11371935 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200106000-00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a rabbit model we evaluated urethral replacement by a free heterologous dog acellular matrix graft and compared these results with those of a homologous graft with the exclusion of antigenicity as a major goal. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 14 male New Zealand rabbits a 0.8 to 1.1 cm. segment of urethra was resected and replaced with a tubular acellular 1.0 to 1.5 cm. (mean 1.3) urethral matrix graft placed on an 8Fr feeding tube. Seven animals received a rabbit graft, 7 received a canine graft and 3 untreated rabbits served as controls. All animals underwent urethral pressure profile determination and retrograde urethrography before 8 and 6 were sacrificed at 6 and 8 months, respectively. Grafted and normal specimens were evaluated by histological testing. RESULTS In all animals the acellular matrix graft remained in its original position. Histological examination showed complete epithelialization and progressive vessel infiltration. At 6 months more than a third of the homologous grafts had smooth muscle bundles but the heterologous grafts had only poorly disseminated smooth muscle. Picrosirius red stain demonstrated a shift in the ratio of collagen types I-to-III with an increase in type III in the processed homologous and heterologous matrices that did not change significantly postoperatively. At 8 months the urethral pressure profile detected no difference in control and matrix grafted animals, and urethrography did not readily differentiate host from implant. CONCLUSIONS In the heterologous matrix all tissue components were present after 6 months with no signs of rejection and even gradual improvement with time. However, regenerated smooth muscle did not equal that in normal rabbit urethra and it was not well oriented. Even after 8 months only a few disseminated smooth muscle cells were evident. Most alpha-actin positive cells were surrounding the vessels. Although function was normal, the alteration in the collagen ratio effected by matrix production indicated that the matrix collagen appeared not to have been replaced by host collagen. The increase in collagen type III may explain the lack of stricture in the grafted animals on normal retrourethrography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Sievert
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143-0738, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wefer J, Sievert KD, Schlote N, Wefer AE, Nunes L, Dahiya R, Gleason CA, Tanagho EA. Time dependent smooth muscle regeneration and maturation in a bladder acellular matrix graft: histological studies and in vivo functional evaluation. J Urol 2001; 165:1755-9. [PMID: 11342970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the time dependence of smooth muscle regeneration and restoration of in vivo functional properties in bladder augmented with a bladder acellular matrix graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 45 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent augmentation cystoplasty with a bladder acellular matrix graft. Two rats each were sacrificed at various intervals within the first 21 days and 6 each were sacrificed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. This second group underwent preoperative and postoperative assessment of bladder function, including cystometry, electrostimulation and stimulation with ice water, potassium and carbachol, as well as labeling of the bladder wall by the injection of fluorescent microspheres. After sacrifice slides of the bladders prepared for hematoxylin and eosin, trichrome, KI67, vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle specific alpha-actin and fluorescent microspheres were evaluated. RESULTS Within 2 weeks the number of cells in the matrix as well as the proliferation index increased rapidly and then decreased gradually. Erythrocytes and inflammatory cells were found in the matrix within 2 to 4 days, followed by fibroblasts. A bladder host-to-matrix shift was evident by the appearance of microspheres in the matrix. Cell marker expression indicated the early appearance of vimentin and alpha-actin within the first 10 days. Distinct desmin expression was observed later, when the first smooth muscle cells were recognized. Functional evaluation revealed restored bladder function at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The time dependent increase of muscle cell markers during smooth muscle cell regeneration in a bladder acellular matrix graft is concordant with the progressive restoration of bladder function. These results may support the bladder acellular matrix graft concept for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wefer
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sasaki M, Kotcherguina L, Dharia A, Fujimoto S, Dahiya R. Cytosine-phosphoguanine methylation of estrogen receptors in endometrial cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61:3262-6. [PMID: 11309276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that estrogen receptors (ERs) are differentially expressed in endometrial cancer. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the expression profile of ERalpha (ERalpha-A, ERalpha-B, ERalpha-C) and ERbeta genes and CpG methylation status in endometrial cancer cell lines and tissues using reverse transcription-PCR and methylation-specific PCR and direct DNA sequencing. The results demonstrated that ERalpha-A, ERalpha-B, and ERbeta were normally expressed whereas ERalpha-C gene was inactivated in all endometrial cancer cell lines. We further investigated the mechanisms of ERalpha-C gene inactivation through CpG methylation pathways. The treatment with demethylating agent (5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) restored ERalpha-C gene expression in all endometrial cancer cell lines. We further confirmed these findings with methylation-specific PCR and direct DNA sequencing and found that only ERalpha-C was methylated on all five different CpG sites in all cell lines. We further analyzed 88 cancerous and 46 normal endometrial tissues. The results demonstrated that only ERalpha-C was inactivated and methylated in 94% of cancer tissues. In 32 pairs of cancerous and normal endometrial tissues from the same patient, ERalpha-C was methylated in 29 of 32 cancer tissues but unmethylated in all normal endometrial tissues. This is the first report that demonstrates selective ERalpha-C gene inactivation through CpG methylation pathway in uterine endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sasaki
- Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco, and VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dasari VK, Goharderakhshan RZ, Perinchery G, Li LC, Tanaka Y, Alonzo J, Dahiya R. Expression analysis of Y chromosome genes in human prostate cancer. J Urol 2001; 165:1335-41. [PMID: 11257712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that alterations in Y chromosome gene expression may be associated with prostate cancer. To test this hypothesis we analyzed the expression of 19 Y chromosome genes in benign and malignant prostate tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS To study the expression of Y chromosome genes RNA was extracted from prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue as well as from prostate cancer cell lines. RNA was reverse transcribed and polymerase chain reaction amplified using specific primers. These primers were designed for each gene sequence obtained from the gene data bank. We analyzed 19 Y chromosome genes using 6 cell lines, 7 BPH and 7 prostate cancer tissues. Normal testis RNA served as a positive control. RESULTS Of the 19 genes analyzed in cell lines BPH-1 cells expressed the RPS4Y, USP9Y, TMSB4Y and DBY genes; DUPro expressed RPS4Y, USP9Y, TMSB4Y, DBY and UTY; DU145 expressed DAZ, RPS4Y, USP9Y, TMSB4Y, DBY, EIAFIY, PRKY and SMCY; LNCaP expressed TSPY, SRY, BPY1, PRY, DAZ, RBMIH, RPS4Y, DBY, EIAFIY, PRKY and SMCY; ND1 expressed DAZ, RPS4Y, USP9Y, TMSB4Y, DBY, EIAFIY, PRKY and SMCY; and PC3 expressed RPS4Y, USP9Y and DBY. BPH tissue expressed the SRY, PRY, DBY, PRKY, RPS4Y, TMSB4Y, USP9Y and ZFY genes. Prostate cancer tissue expressed the PRY, TSPY, USP9Y, UTY, DBY, SMCY, ZFY, EIAFIY, TMSB4Y and RPS4Y genes. CONCLUSIONS The differential expression of Y chromosome genes in prostate cancer, BPH tissue and prostate cancer cell lines indicates that they may have a role in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V K Dasari
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Oh BR, Nakajima K, Ahn KY, Ryu SB, Park YI, Dahiya R. Nitric oxide synthase gene and protein expression are upregulated by Bacille Calmette-Guérin in the rat bladder. Eur Urol 2001; 39:349-56. [PMID: 11275732 DOI: 10.1159/000052466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) may act through the regulation of various isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) [inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and neuronal (nNOS)] genes and protein expression in rat bladder. METHODS Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were injected transurethrally with BCG (22 rats) and phosphate-buffered saline (22 control rats), and after 2, 4, 6, and 12 h, and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days, the bladders were harvested. Normal and BCG-treated rat bladders were analyzed for mRNA expression for iNOS, eNOS, and nNOS by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS mRNA expression for iNOS was induced after 2 h of BCG injection in the rat bladder. Gene expression for iNOS was highest at 6 h to 1 day followed by decreased expression, reaching its lowest level at 5 days. eNOS mRNA expression was detected in control bladders, but its level was higher in the BCG-treated animals. nNOS mRNA expression was present in all samples, but did not change after BCG treatment. Western blotting confirmed these findings. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that eNOS was present mainly in endothelium, while iNOS was detected in stroma and nNOS in epithelium and smooth muscle of the rat bladder. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that BCG treatment up-regulates gene and protein expression of iNOS and eNOS in normal rat bladders, suggesting that BCG action may be mediated through NOS pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Oh
- Department of Urology and Anatomy, Chonnam University Medical School, Kwangju, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kurita T, Wang YZ, Donjacour AA, Zhao C, Lydon JP, O'Malley BW, Isaacs JT, Dahiya R, Cunha GR. Paracrine regulation of apoptosis by steroid hormones in the male and female reproductive system. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:192-200. [PMID: 11313721 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2000] [Revised: 08/30/2000] [Accepted: 10/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In males, androgens are essential in maintaining the integrity of the prostate. Androgen-ablation induces apoptosis of the prostatic epithelium. In females, ovariectomy induces apoptosis in uterine epithelium while progesterone inhibits this process. The objective of this study was to determine whether androgen and progesterone inhibit apoptosis, respectively, in mouse prostatic and uterine epithelia via steroid receptors in the epithelium or in the stroma. To address this question, prostatic tissue recombinants were prepared with rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme plus bladder epithelium from wild-type or testicular feminization mutant (Tfm) mice. Thus, prostatic tissue was generated having androgen receptor (AR) in both epithelium and stroma or in the stroma only. Castration of hosts induced apoptosis in the AR-negative Tfm prostatic epithelium with an epithelial apoptotic index virtually identical to prostatic tissue recombinants containing wild-type epithelium. Moreover, this castration-induced prostatic epithelial apoptosis was blocked by testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in both wild-type and Tfm prostatic tissue recombinants. Likewise, uterine tissue recombinants were prepared in which epithelium and/or stroma was devoid of progesterone receptor (PR) by using uterine epithelium and stroma of wild-type and PR knockout mice. Progesterone inhibited uterine epithelial apoptosis only in tissue recombinants prepared with PR-positive stroma. The PR status of the epithelium did not affect epithelial apoptotic index. Therefore, the apoptosis in prostatic and uterine epithelia is regulated by androgen and progesterone via stromal AR and PR, respectively. In both cases, epithelial AR or PR is not required for hormonal regulation of epithelial apoptosis in prostatic and uterine epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kurita
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that genotype changes in the promoter region of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and exon 1 are associated with renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed genotypic changes at the 3 polymorphic loci of tumor necrosis factor-alpha -238, -308 and 488 using tumor and normal tissues from 81 Japanese patients with renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS Of the 81 patients 14 (17%) had point mutations from G to A, including 8 (57%) with point mutations at multiple loci. Six of the 8 patients (75%) with point mutations at multiple loci were classified with stage 4 renal cell carcinoma. Of the 81 patients 14 were classified with stage 4 carcinoma, including 9 (64%) with point mutation from G to A. Normal tissue from cancer patients showed an increased frequency of the GA genotype at loci -238 and 488 compared to healthy controls (37% versus 9% and 30% versus 12%, respectively). The relative risk of renal cell carcinoma was 6.5-fold higher in patients with the GA genotype at locus -238 (p <0.001) and 2.9-fold higher in those with the GA genotype at locus 488 (0.01 < p <0.025) when comparing normal tissue from renal cell carcinoma patients with that of healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Point mutation from G to A, and the GA genotype at loci -238 and 488 of the TNF-alpha gene were common in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. The genotype change at loci -238 and 488 of the TNF-alpha gene are associated with renal cancer pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nakajima
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sasaki M, Dharia A, Oh BR, Tanaka Y, Fujimoto S, Dahiya R. Progesterone receptor B gene inactivation and CpG hypermethylation in human uterine endometrial cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61:97-102. [PMID: 11196205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The expressions of two isoforms of human progesterone receptor (PR) are under the control of the two different promoters. Recent studies revealed differences between these isoforms, PRA and PRB, in their expression and function in endometrial cells. Aberrant methylation of normally unmethylated CpG islands has been associated with inactivation of several genes in human cancers. In this study, we investigated the methylation status and the expression of the two different PR isoforms, PRA and PRB, in uterine endometrial carcinoma (UEC) using methylation-specific PCR (MSP), reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), the 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends method (5'RACE), and immunohistochemical staining. The results of RT-PCR and 5'RACE suggest that only PRB is inactivated, although PRA is activated in all UEC cell lines. Treatment with a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, restored PRB expression in all cell lines, suggesting that inactivation of this gene is through methylation. By MSP and direct DNA sequencing, PRB was methylated, whereas PRA was unmethylated in all of the cell lines. To determine the methylation status of PRB in UEC patients, we investigated 83 cancerous and 33 normal samples. Sixty-two of 83 cancer samples had only methylated alleles of PRB, although all cancer samples had only unmethylated PRA alleles. Seventy-one of 83 cancer samples were negative for PRB expression. All 62 cancer samples that had only methylated PRB alleles were negative for PRB expression. No significant changes were observed in PRA methylation status or immunohistochemistry positivity in normal and cancer samples. To determine whether de novo methylation of PRB occurred in UEC patients, we studied 32 pairs of cancer and normal samples from the same patient. Twenty of 32 cancer samples had only methylated PRB alleles, although all 32 normal samples had only unmethylated PRB alleles. The loss of unmethylated alleles was well correlated with negativity in immunohistochemical staining for PRB. This is the first report of the selective methylation and the subsequent silencing of PRB in uterine endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sasaki
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 94121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kurita T, Lee K, Saunders PT, Cooke PS, Taylor JA, Lubahn DB, Zhao C, Mäkelä S, Gustafsson JA, Dahiya R, Cunha GR. Regulation of progesterone receptors and decidualization in uterine stroma of the estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mouse. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:272-83. [PMID: 11133684 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.1.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of progesterone receptor (PR) in uterine stroma (endometrial stroma plus myometrium) by estrogen was investigated in estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) knockout (alphaERKO) mice. 17 beta-Estradiol (E(2)) increased PR levels in uterine stroma of ovariectomized alphaERKO mice, and ICI 182 780 (ICI) inhibited this E(2)-induced PR expression. Estrogen receptor-beta(ER beta) was detected in both uterine epithelium and stroma of wild-type and alphaERKO mice by immunohistochemistry. In organ cultures of alphaERKO uterus, both E(2) and diethylstilbestrol induced stromal PR, and ICI inhibited this induction. These findings suggest that estrogen induces stromal PR via ERbeta in alphaERKO uterus. However, this process is not mediated exclusively by ERbeta+, because in ERbeta knockout mice, which express ERalpha, PR was up-regulated by E(2) in uterine stroma. In both wild-type and alphaERKO mice, progesterone and mechanical traumatization were essential and sufficient to induce decidual cells, even though E(2) and ERalpha were also required for increase in uterine weight. Progesterone receptor was strongly expressed in decidual cells in alphaERKO mice, and ICI did not inhibit decidualization or PR expression. This study suggests that up-regulation of PR in endometrial stroma is mediated through at least three mechanisms: 1) classical estrogen signaling through ERalpha, 2) estrogen signaling through ERbeta, and 3) as a result of mechanical stimulation plus progesterone, which induces stromal cells to differentiate into decidual cells. Each of these pathways can function independently of the others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kurita
- Departments of Anatomy and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang Y, Hayward SW, Donjacour AA, Young P, Jacks T, Sage J, Dahiya R, Cardiff RD, Day ML, Cunha GR. Sex hormone-induced carcinogenesis in Rb-deficient prostate tissue. Cancer Res 2000; 60:6008-17. [PMID: 11085521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (Rb) gene product is a prototypic tumor suppressor. Mice lacking the Rb gene are not viable and die in utero at approximately 13 days of gestation. In this study, we have rescued Rb-/- prostates by grafting pelvic organ rudiments from Rb-/- mouse embryos under the renal capsule of adult male nude mouse hosts. Grafts of embryonic pelvic organs developed into functional prostatic tissue. Some of the prostatic tissue generated was further used to construct chimeric prostatic tissue recombinants by combining wild-type rat urogenital mesenchyme (rUGM) with Rb-/- and Rb+/+ prostatic epithelium (PRE). The tissue recombinants were grown as subcapsular renal grafts and treated from the time of grafting with Silastic capsules containing 25 mg of testosterone plus 2.5 mg of estradiol. During 5-8 weeks of hormone treatment, rUGM+Rb+/+PRE tissue recombinants developed prostatic hyperplasia, whereas PRE in rUGM+Rb-/-PRE tissue recombinants developed hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, and carcinoma. During carcinogenesis in rUGM+Rb-/-PRE tissue recombinants, prostatic epithelial cells of the basal lineage disappeared, whereas the luminal cells underwent carcinogenesis. Epithelial E-cadherin almost totally disappeared. In all cases, epithelial PCNA labeling was elevated in tissue recombinants containing Rb-/- versus Rb+/+ epithelium. These epithelial changes were associated with almost total loss of smooth muscle cells in the stroma. In contrast, in untreated hosts rUGM+Rb+/+PRE tissue recombinants developed normally, and rUGM+Rb-/-PRE tissue recombinants developed mild epithelial hyperplasia. The results of this study demonstrate that Rb-/- prostatic tissue can be rescued from embryonic lethal mice and used to test its susceptibility to hormonal carcinogenesis. Deletion of the Rb gene predisposes prostatic epithelium to hyperplasia and increases proliferative activity Susceptibility to hormonal carcinogenesis in response to exogenous testosterone + estradiol is manifested in the progression from atypica hyperplasia to carcinoma. Thus, these findings demonstrate that the absence of the Rb tumor suppressor gene may predispose prostatic epithelial cells to carcinogenesis. Rescue of organs from Rb-/- embryos not only provides an opportunity to analyze the Rb gene pathway in the development and progression of prostate cancer but also provides an opportunity for specifically evaluating the role of the Rb pathway in development and carcinogenesis in other organs, such as the mammary gland and colon. Because rUGM greatly stimulates prostatic epithelial proliferation, the tissue recombinant model is a particularly useful tool for assessing the functional role of other genes in prostatic carcinogenesis through use of the appropriate transgenic or gene knockout mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
In the present study we have analyzed the genotypes at the DYS389-I, DYS389-II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS393 and DYS19 loci on the Y chromosome in Japanese and German populations. The genotypes were determined in the white blood cell DNA of 200 Japanese and 111 German males. The 8-locus haplotype combination of these six loci with our previous data on DYS388 and DYS392 revealed much lower maximum matching probability (0.0053 in Japanese and 0.0092 in Germans), much higher minimum diversity (dw(min)) (0.9947 in Japanese and 0.9908 in Germans) and more haplotypes (194 in Japanese and 110 in Germans). These very high abilities for discrimination could provide ideal tools for forensic analysis and population studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sasaki
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Androgens mediate their effects through the androgen receptor (AR) and have antiproliferative effects on uterine endometrial cells. In this report, we investigated methylation status and the expression of the AR gene in normal endometrium and uterine endometrial cancer (UEC) tissues using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and immunohistochemical staining. Seventy of 89 cancer samples were AR negative, although 39 of 46 normal samples were AR positive by immunohistochemistry. By MSP, 64 of 89 cancer samples showed only methylated AR alleles, although all normal tissues showed both unmethylated and methylated AR alleles. To determine whether similar changes occurred in methylation status in the UEC carcinogenesis, we studied AR methylation using pairs of cancerous and normal samples from 28 patients. Twenty-three of 28 cancer samples showed only methylated AR alleles, although all normal samples showed both unmethylated and methylated alleles. All of the 23 cancer samples that lost unmethylated alleles were negative for AR by immunohistochemical analysis. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed by using UEC cell lines with and without treatment by the demethylating reagent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. No AR expression was found in any of the UEC cell lines, except for MFE-296 without 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored AR expression in all of the UEC cell lines that showed no AR expression before treatment. This study is the first to report that the possible mechanism of AR inactivation in endometrial cancer is through hypermethylation of the AR gene CpG islands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sasaki
- Department of Urology, University of California, and VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that microsatellite alterations (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) are associated with Peyronie's disease. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed samples from patients with Peyronie's for MSI and LOH on chromosomes 3, 8 and 9 using 20 different genetic markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA was isolated from the penile fibrotic plaque, amplified using PCR, and analyzed for MSI and LOH on chromosomes 3, 8 and 9 using 20 different polymorphic markers (D3S1228, D3S1298, D3S1560, D3S1745, D3S2396, D3S647, D8S133, D8S255, D8S259, D8S260, D8S262, D8S285, D8S298, D8S507, D8S528, D9S162, D9S171, D9S1747, D9S1748, and D9S273). Only 10 primers (D3S1560, D3S647, D3S1298, D8S262, D8S260, D8S528, D9S171, D9S1747, D9S273 and D9S1748) showed MSI and LOH in Peyronie's samples. Microsatellite alterations and LOH were analyzed by a PCR-based technique developed in our laboratory. RESULTS This study demonstrates a high frequency of MSI and LOH in Peyronie's disease. Fourteen of 35 cases (40%) showed MSI at a minimum of one locus, 6 of 35 cases (17%) at a minimum of 2 loci and three of 35 (8.5%) cases at three or more loci. D9S273 locus showed highest MSI when compared with other loci examined in this study. For LOH, 14 of 35 cases (40%) were observed at a minimum of one locus, 5 of 35 cases (14%) at minimum of two loci and one out of 35 cases (2.8%) showed LOH at three or more loci. The D3S1560 and D9S171 loci showed highest LOH when compared with all other loci examined in this study. CONCLUSION This is the first report demonstrating that a high frequency of MSI and LOH is associated with Peyronie's disease, suggesting their role in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Perinchery
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and University of California at San Francisco, 94121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Estrogen receptors beta (ERbeta) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that play critical roles in regulating genes involved in a wide array of biological processes. To investigate regulation of tissue-specific expression of ERbeta, we cloned and characterized a 2.1-kilobase 5'-flanking region of the human ERbeta gene. Two major transcription start sites were identified by primer extension and rapid amplification of 5'-cDNA end. The human ERbeta proximal promoter contains both TATA box and initiator element (Inr) and is GC-rich with a GC content of 65%. An Alu repeat sequence containing an ER-dependent transcription enhancer exists between -1416 and -1703. The full-length 5'-flanking sequence of ERbeta fused to a luciferase reporter exhibited functional promoter activity in ERbeta-positive TSUPr1 cell, but not in ERbeta-negative DU145 cells. In addition, DNase I protection assays of the proximal promoter showed unique protection patterns with nuclear extracts from TSUPr1 cells and ERbeta negative HeLa cells, suggesting presence of cell-specific trans-acting factors that mediate tissue/cell-specific ERbeta expression. Serial deletion analysis revealed that a 293-bp region encompassing the TATA box and Inr element possesses basal promoter activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Li
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dahms SE, Piechota HJ, Dahiya R, Gleason CA, Hohenfellner M, Tanagho EA. Bladder acellular matrix graft in rats: its neurophysiologic properties and mRNA expression of growth factors TGF-alpha and TGF-beta. Neurourol Urodyn 2000; 17:37-54. [PMID: 9453691 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6777(1998)17:1<37::aid-nau7>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To assess the neurophysiologic properties and molecular mechanisms of the bladder acellular matrix graft (BAMG), we performed cystometric and neurophysiologic studies in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 46) at varying intervals. The animals were assigned to 3 groups: 1) normal, 2) partial cystectomy (>50%), and 3) partial cystectomy (>50%) and grafting with a BAMG of equal size. Additionally, matrix-grafted and host bladders were processed for analysis of mRNA expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Matrix-grafted bladders showed a significantly higher bladder capacity at 3 and 6 weeks and 4 months than those with partial cystectomy alone, and a significantly higher bladder capacity at 4 months than in normal controls (P < or = 0.01). Residual urine volume was significantly increased at 4 months. Electrostimulation of the pelvic nerve provoked generalized bladder contractions, a response that was reduced by atropine and hexamethonium. Variable induction of TGF-alpha, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3 gene transcription was evident in the BAMG, with prominent mRNA expression of TGF-alpha and TGF-beta1 6 months after surgery. These cystometric results and detrusor responses to stimulation provide further evidence that graft components do not interfere with host components. Matrix-grafted rat bladders generate, although not increased over time, adequate intravesical pressure responses to produce sustained voiding. Gene expression of different growth factors may be significant in understanding their role in the development and differentiation of the BAMG for partial bladder replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Dahms
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Perinchery G, Nojima D, Goharderakhshan R, Tanaka Y, Alonzo J, Dahiya R. Microsatellite instability of dinucleotide tandem repeat sequences is higher than trinucleotide, tetranucleotide and pentanucleotide repeat sequences in prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 2000; 16:1203-9. [PMID: 10811996 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.16.6.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate whether the change in length of simple repetitive genomic sequences (microsatellite instability) is associated with prostate cancer, we analyzed 40 prostate cancer samples with 44 microsatellite loci markers on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17 and X. DNA was extracted from normal and tumor cells of 40 microdissected cancer samples, amplified by PCR and analyzed for microsatellite instability using 44 primers for dinucleotide, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide and pentanucleotide repeat sequences. The results of this study demonstrate that 45% of the prostate cancer specimens (18 out of 40) showed microsatellite instability (MSI) at a minimum of one locus using dinucleotide repeat sequences. Two out of 40 samples (5%) showed MSI at a minimum of one locus using three different trinucleotide repeat primers (AR, SR and TBP). Ten out of 40 (25%) samples showed MSI at a minimum of one locus using five different tetranucleotide repeat primers (HPRT1, HPRTII, MYCL1, RB, REN). There were no MSI observed in samples using pentanucleotide repeat sequences. There were no MSI in benign prostatic hyperplasia samples (25 samples). These experiments suggest that the microsatellite instability of dinucleotide tandem repeat sequences is much higher than trinucleotide, tetranucleotide and pentanucleotide repeat sequences in prostate cancer. The MSI with different lengths of nucleotide repeat sequences did not correlate with the stage and grades of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Perinchery
- Departments of Urology, Laboratory Medicine and Anatomic Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sievert KD, Bakircioglu ME, Nunes L, Tu R, Dahiya R, Tanagho EA. Homologous acellular matrix graft for urethral reconstruction in the rabbit: histological and functional evaluation. J Urol 2000; 163:1958-65. [PMID: 10799239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate urethral replacement by a free homologous graft of acellular urethral matrix in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 30 male New Zealand rabbits, a 0.8 to 1.1 cm. segment of the urethra was resected, replaced with an acellular matrix graft of 1.0 to 1.5 cm. (mean 1.3 cm.), and placed on an 8F feeding tube. Additionally 4 animals underwent sham operation. At varying intervals before sacrifice (from 10 days to 8 months), the animals underwent urodynamic evaluation and retrograde urethrography (for which 4 untreated rabbits served as control). The grafted specimens were prepared for evaluation histologically and by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS In all animals, the acellular matrix graft remained in its original position. Histological examination showed complete epithelialization and progressive vessel infiltration. At 3 months, smooth muscle bundles were first observed infiltrating the matrix at the end-to-end anastomosis; after 6 months, the smooth muscle bundles had grown into one-third of the matrix. Urodynamics did not detect any difference between the control and matrix-grafted animals in bladder volume, leak-point pressure and residual volume. RT-PCR detected an increase in IGF mRNA in the graft between week 3 and month 6 and in HB-EGF mRNA after day 10 through month 3. TGF-alpha mRNA was not detected; TGF-beta mRNA was unchanged from normal urethral tissue. By 8 months, the host and implant could not be differentiated by urethrography. CONCLUSION The acellular urethral matrix allows single-stage urethral reconstruction. All tissue components were seen in the grafted matrix after 3 months, with further improvement over time; however, the smooth muscle in the matrix was less than in normal rabbit urethra and was not well oriented. RT-PCR revealed the importance of time-dependent growth factor influences during regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Sievert
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|