1
|
Kenamond MC, Pokhrel D, Kudrimoti MR, Bernard ME, McGarry RC. Clinical Outcomes of Synchronous Lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Lesions via Single-Isocenter/Multi-Lesion Treatments. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:e677. [PMID: 37785994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Lung cancer patients with synchronous primary or oligometastatic (< 5 lesions) with associated co-morbidities may not retain their treatment position for the extended stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) treatment times with individual isocenter plans for each lesion due to discomfort or shortness of breath. SBRT using a single-isocenter/multi-lesion (SIML) volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) plan with flattening filter free (FFF) beam could significantly shorten overall treatment time, improve patient comfort and compliance and clinic efficiency. We report clinical results of treating multiple lung metastases or synchronous primary lung cancers with SIML lung SBRT. MATERIALS/METHODS Eighty patients with synchronous primary lung cancers or oligometastatic lung tumors (two, n = 61; three, n = 10; four, n = 4; five n = 5; total treated lesions, n = 193) were simulated with abdominal compression and/or 4D-CT MIP images and treated with a highly-conformal SIML VMAT lung SBRT plans via 3-4 non-coplanar arcs. Common prescriptions were 50-55 Gy/5 fractions and 54 Gy/3 fractions prescribed 70-80% isodose line to the each PTV. Acuros dose calculation for 6MV-FFF beam was used for tissue heterogeneity corrections. RTOG-0618/0813 criteria were used to dose constraints to organs at risk (OAR) and target conformality. Treatment was delivered every other day or twice weekly with CBCT-guidance, adjustments made with 6DOF couch corrections on a medical linear accelerator, and treatment delivery time within 15 minutes. Local control rates and toxicity profile was evaluated using CTCAE v. 5.0 grading for pneumonitis, rib fracture and chest wall pain. RESULTS All plans met RTOG-0618/0813 requirements for each tumor coverage, dose to OAR including normal lung and ribs. Mean follow up after last fraction of treatment was 16.9 months (range, 1.0-54.2 months). PTV volume ranged from 2.17 to 167.8 cc with mean volume of 16.1 cc. Of the 80 patients treated, 71 had adequate post-treatment thoracic CT imaging to assess local control. Local control was achieved in 167/175 (95.4%) of treated and followed lesions. CTCAE grade 1 asymptomatic pneumonitis was noted on thoracic CT scans in 42/71 (59.2%) of patients and occurred, on average 4.8 months after SBRT. Symptomatic pneumonitis and rib fracture did not occur in any patient. CTCAE grade 2 chest wall pain occurred in 4/80 (5.0%) treated patients and was managed conservatively with over-the-counter NSAIDS or acetaminophen. CONCLUSION SIML lung SBRT for synchronous primary lung cancers or multiple lung metastases can be used as a variant to traditional multiple isocenter SBRT or chronologically separate treatment courses, and has excellent local control rates and low toxicity profile in our patient population. It can help improve comfort and compliance of the patients who have difficulty lying still for an extended treatment course, and significantly reduces treatment time via isocenter shifts/repeated CBCTs for image guidance, thus improving clinic efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - D Pokhrel
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Knight Ii JA, Pokhrel D, McGarry RC. Escalating SBRT Dose to Hypoxic Centers of Large Pulmonary Tumors via Simultaneous Integrated Boost Confers Effective Local Control with Minimal Toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:e118. [PMID: 37784663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Hypoxia confers radio-resistance to tumor cells and drives malignant disease progression. SBRT treatment of large (>5.0 cm) pulmonary tumors pose significant dosimetric challenges in minimizing dose to adjacent organs at risk (OARs). Here, we detail the use of SBRT with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to the hypoxic centers of large pulmonary masses with effective local control and minimal normal tissue toxicity. MATERIALS/METHODS Highly conformal treatment plans utilized 3-4 non-coplanar VMAT arcs with 6MV-FFF (1400 MU/min) and 4D-CT on TrueBeam to deliver 50 Gy in 5 fractions to the planning target volume (PTV). SIB dose of 60 Gy was delivered to a 1-cm internal margin from the gross tumor volume (GTV). Dose was calculated using Acuros-based engine. Pre-treatment Conebeam CT imaging was used for patient setup and verification. Treatments were delivered in < 15 minutes. Patients underwent post-treatment clinical evaluation and CT imaging in 3-month intervals to assess changes in tumor size and post-radiation sequelae. Clinical outcomes reported include treatment response and toxicity. RESULTS Twenty-six patients with large, centrally (n = 13) or peripherally (n = 13) located tumors were evaluated; this included 16 NSCLC patients with T2-T3N0 disease and 5 with pulmonary metastases from distant sites. One patient had declined surgery, while 25/26 (96.1%) were deemed medically inoperable. All plans met RTOG-0813 requirements for target coverage and dose to OARs. Median follow-up interval was 11 months (0 to 23 months). Twenty-one of 26 (80.7%) patients received post-treatment CT imaging within 6 months of SBRT. Local control was achieved in 20/21 (95.2%) patients; one patient with a peripherally located tumor progressed outside the treatment field. Acute toxicity profile amongst the 25 patients assessed included grade 1 fatigue (n = 2), grade 1 rib pain (n = 1), and grade 2 pulmonary fibrosis (n = 1). Otherwise, 22/25 (88%) patients reported no radiation induced toxicities. Subgroup analysis was performed on patients with centrally located tumors, defined as located <2 cm from the hilum, heart, or bronchial trees. One of 13 (7.6%) patients with central tumors reported grade 1 rib pain; otherwise, no radiation induced adverse effects were observed. All patients with centrally located lung tumors experienced local control on surveillance imaging. CONCLUSION SBRT with SIB to the hypoxic centers of large pulmonary masses is a safe, efficacious treatment that confers improved local control while maintaining dose to adjacent OARs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of delivering doses up to 60 Gy to the hypoxic centers of large lung tumors, while decreasing local tumor burden, minimizing treatment mobility, and improving clinic workflow. SBRT with SIB shortens treatment course to 5 fractions (in contrast to the traditional daily 30 fractions), thus improving patient comfort and compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Knight Ii
- University of Kentucky, Radiation Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - D Pokhrel
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
McGarry RC, Ayre BG. Cotton architecture: examining the roles of SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS and SELF-PRUNING in regulating growth habits of a woody perennial crop. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2021; 59:101968. [PMID: 33418402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
By specifying patterns of determinate and indeterminate growth, FLOWERING LOCUS T/SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1/SELF-PRUNING (SP) regulate plant architecture. Though well characterized in Arabidopsis, the impacts of these genes on the architectures of diverse crops cultivated in different environments, and their potential to enhance crop productivity and management, are less well addressed. Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is naturally a short-day photoperiodic perennial that is now grown primarily as a day-neutral, annual row crop. Different environments and cultivation practices favor specific growth habits to optimize yield, and in cotton, especially in regions that rely heavily on mechanized harvest, the trend has been to more determinate varieties. Identifying and functionally characterizing SFT and SP homologs in cotton uncovered new aspects of how ratios of indeterminate and determinate growth are balanced, and unraveling their genetic networks emphasized how broadly these gene products affect cotton growth habits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McGarry RC, Rao X, Li Q, van der Knaap E, Ayre BG. SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS and SELF-PRUNING signal developmental and metabolic networks to guide cotton architectures. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:5911-5923. [PMID: 32744621 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of indeterminate and determinate growth specify plant architecture and influence crop productivity. In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) stimulates the transition to flowering and determinate growth, while its closely related antagonist SELF-PRUNING (SP) maintains meristems in indeterminate states to favor vegetative growth. Overexpressing GhSFT while simultaneously silencing GhSP produces highly determinate cotton with reduced foliage and synchronous fruiting. These findings suggest that GhSFT, GhSP, and genes in these signaling networks hold promise for enhancing 'annualized' growth patterns and improving cotton productivity and management. To identify the molecular programs underlying cotton growth habits, we used comparative co-expression networks, differential gene expression, and phenotypic analyses in cotton varieties expressing altered levels of GhSFT or GhSP. Using multiple cotton and tomato datasets, we identified diverse genetic modules highly correlated with SFT or SP orthologs which shared related Gene Ontologies in different crop species. Notably, altering GhSFT or GhSP levels in cotton affected the expression of genes regulating meristem fate and metabolic pathways. Further phenotypic analyses of gene products involved in photosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and cell wall biosynthesis showed that early changes in GhSFT and GhSP levels profoundly impacted later development in distal tissues. Identifying the molecular underpinnings of GhSFT and GhSP activities emphasizes their broad actions in regulating cotton architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Esther van der Knaap
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
This article comments on:
Yuan C, Li H, Qin C, Zhang X, Chen Q, Zhang P, Xu X, He M, Zhang X, Tör M, Xue Dawei, Wang H, Jackson S, He Y, Liu Y, Shi N, Hong Y. 2020. Foxtail mosaic virus-induced flowering assays in monocot crops. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 3012–3023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Fathy E El-Gebaly
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Roisin C McGarry
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prewitt SF, Ayre BG, McGarry RC. Cotton CENTRORADIALIS/TERMINAL FLOWER 1/SELF-PRUNING genes functionally diverged to differentially impact plant architecture. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:5403-5417. [PMID: 30202979 PMCID: PMC6255698 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Genes of the CENTRORADIALIS/TERMINAL FLOWER 1/SELF-PRUNING (CETS) family influence meristem identity by controlling the balance between indeterminate and determinate growth, thereby profoundly impacting plant architecture. Artificial selection during cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) domestication converted photoperiodic trees to the day-neutral shrubs widely cultivated today. To understand the regulation of cotton architecture and exploit these principles to enhance crop productivity, we characterized the CETS gene family from tetraploid cotton. We demonstrate that genes of the TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)-like clade show different roles in regulating growth patterns. Cotton has five TFL1-like genes: SELF-PRUNING (GhSP) is a single gene whereas there are two TFL1-like and BROTHER OF FT (BFT)-like genes, and these duplications are specific to the cotton lineage. All genes of the cotton TFL1-like clade delay flowering when ectopically expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis, with the strongest phenotypes failing to produce functional flowers. GhSP, GhTFL1-L2, and GhBFT-L2 rescue the early flowering Attfl1-14 mutant phenotype, and the encoded polypeptides interact with a cotton FD protein. Heterologous promoter::GUS fusions illustrate differences in the regulation of these genes, suggesting that genes of the GhTFL1-like clade may not act redundantly. Characterizations of the GhCETS family provide strategies for nuanced control of plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Prewitt
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Union Circle, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Union Circle, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Roisin C McGarry
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Union Circle, Denton, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McGarry RC, Klocko AL, Pang M, Strauss SH, Ayre BG. Virus-Induced Flowering: An Application of Reproductive Biology to Benefit Plant Research and Breeding. Plant Physiol 2017; 173:47-55. [PMID: 27856915 PMCID: PMC5210732 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced flowering combines fundamental research in reproductive biology with efficient tools for manipulating gene expression in nonmodel systems to accelerate discovery and breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017 (R.C.M., M.P., B.G.A.); and
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5704 (A.L.K., S.H.S.)
| | - Amy L Klocko
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017 (R.C.M., M.P., B.G.A.); and
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5704 (A.L.K., S.H.S.)
| | - Mingxiong Pang
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017 (R.C.M., M.P., B.G.A.); and
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5704 (A.L.K., S.H.S.)
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017 (R.C.M., M.P., B.G.A.); and
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5704 (A.L.K., S.H.S.)
| | - Brian G Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017 (R.C.M., M.P., B.G.A.); and
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5704 (A.L.K., S.H.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McGarry RC, Prewitt SF, Culpepper S, Eshed Y, Lifschitz E, Ayre BG. Monopodial and sympodial branching architecture in cotton is differentially regulated by the Gossypium hirsutum SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS and SELF-PRUNING orthologs. New Phytol 2016; 212:244-58. [PMID: 27292411 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Domestication of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) converted it from a lanky photoperiodic perennial to a day-neutral annual row-crop. Residual perennial traits, however, complicate irrigation and crop management, and more determinate architectures are desired. Cotton simultaneously maintains robust monopodial indeterminate shoots and sympodial determinate shoots. We questioned if and how the FLOWERING LOCUS T/SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT)-like and TERMINAL FLOWER1/SELF-PRUNING (SP)-like genes control the balance of monopodial and sympodial growth in a woody perennial with complex growth habit. Virus-based manipulation of GhSP and GhSFT expression enabled unprecedented functional analysis of cotton development. GhSP maintains growth in all apices; in its absence, both monopodial and sympodial branch systems terminate precociously. GhSFT encodes a florigenic signal stimulating rapid onset of sympodial branching and flowering in side shoots of wild photoperiodic and modern day-neutral accessions. High florigen concentrations did not alter monopodial apices, implying that once a cotton apex is SP-determined, it cannot be reset by florigen. GhSP is also essential to establish and maintain cambial activity. Dynamic changes in GhSFT and GhSP levels navigate meristems between monopodial and sympodial programs in a single plant. SFT and SP influenced cotton domestication and are ideal targets for further agricultural optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Sarah F Prewitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Samantha Culpepper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Yuval Eshed
- Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Eliezer Lifschitz
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Brian G Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tinnel B, Mendonca MS, Henderson M, Cummings O, Chin-Sinex H, Timmerman R, McGarry RC. Pulmonary Hilar Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in the Rat. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 6:425-31. [PMID: 17877431 DOI: 10.1177/153303460700600508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotactic Body Radiation therapy (SBRT) is an emerging modality of treatment for early stage non-small cell lung carcinoma. Concerns have arisen related to increased toxicities for medial tumors. We have developed a model of high dose, hypofractionated radiotherapy to the pulmonary hilum using the Leksell Gamma-Knife™. Sprague-Dawley rats received hypofractionated SBRT to the unilateral lung hilum using a custom immobilization device on the Gamma Knife. Each animal was individually scanned, treatment planned, and treated with either two 4 mm or one 8 mm collimated shots at escalating doses of 20, 40, and 80 Gy to the 50% isodose volume, encompassing the right mainstem bronchus. All animals were carefully followed post-treatment and imaged by plain film and CT. In addition, histopathological analysis of all rats was performed at selected time points. Animals treated with 4 mm collimated shots demonstrated no appreciable changes on plain films or sequential, follow-up CT scans, or histopathologically. Animals irradiated with the 8 mm collimator were less active, gained weight at a reduced rate, and demonstrated histopathological changes in 7/34 animals six months post-irradiation. Cellular atypia and interstitial pneumonitis were found, three of the seven of the animals showed clear bronchial damage and two showed vascular damage. Significant volume and time effects were found. Utilizing a novel Gamma Knife based animal model to study SBRT toxicity, it was found that the bronchus will tolerate small volumes of very high dose radiotherapy. It was postulated that radiation of the surrounding support stroma and normal tissue are important in the etiology of bronchial or hilar damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Tinnel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Flowering marks the change from indeterminate to determinate plant growth, and this developmental transition involves the activity of the Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene product and its orthologs. We demonstrated that when FT is ectopically expressed from a viral vector in cotton, a process referred to as virus induced flowering (VIF), it uncouples flowering from photoperiodic regulation and promotes determinate growth in aerial organs. The accelerated switch to determinate growth affected cotton floral buds and sympodial growth, but did not disrupt floral organogenesis. These results can be interpreted in the context of the balance model, which argues that the balance of indeterminate and determinate growth is influenced by the relative abundance of indeterminate and determinate factors in the growing apices. These results emphasize the expanding role of FT in affecting general determinate growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton, TX USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
McGarry RC, Kragler F. Phloem-mobile signals affecting flowers: applications for crop breeding. Trends Plant Sci 2013; 18:198-206. [PMID: 23395308 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transport of endogenous macromolecules within and between tissues serves as a signaling pathway to regulate numerous aspects of plant growth. The florigenic FT gene product moves via the phloem from leaves to apical tissues and induces the flowering program in meristems. Similarly, short interfering RNA (siRNA) signals produced in source or sink tissues move cell-to-cell and long distance via the phloem to apical tissues. Recent advances in identifying these mobile signals regulating flowering or the epigenetic status of targeted tissues can be applicable to crop-breeding programs. In this review, we address the identity of florigen, the mechanism of allocation, and how virus-induced flowering and grafting of transgenes producing siRNA signals affecting meiosis can produce transgene-free progenies useful for agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
McGarry RC, Ayre BG. Manipulating plant architecture with members of the CETS gene family. Plant Sci 2012; 188-189:71-81. [PMID: 22525246 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The shape or architecture of a plant is specified through the activities of indeterminate and determinate meristems, and the sum of these events sharply impacts plant growth habit, productivity, and crop management. The CENTRORADIALIS/TERMINAL FLOWER 1/SELF-PRUNING (CETS) gene family shares homology to phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein (PEBP) genes and is prominent in controlling the timing and location of the developmental transition from indeterminate to determinate growth, with different family members balancing the activities of others through antagonistic functions. The CETS members FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) of Arabidopsis and related genes (e.g. SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS, SFT, in tomato) are important in promoting the transition to determinate growth while TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and its homologs (e.g. tomato SELF PRUNING, SP) oppose this activity by maintaining meristems in an indeterminate state. FT orthologs, and perhaps other CETS family members, act as mobile proteinaceous hormones, and can amplify their impact by accumulating in recipient organs. A universal model is emerging for the timing and placement of determinate and indeterminate growth through a balance of FT-like and TFL1-like gene activities, and it is now clear that the domestication of many wild exotics into crops with desired growth habits resulted from selection of altered FT/TFL1 balances. Manipulating this ratio further, through transgenic or viral-based technologies, holds promise for improved agricultural sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
McGarry RC, Ayre BG. Geminivirus-mediated delivery of florigen promotes determinate growth in aerial organs and uncouples flowering from photoperiod in cotton. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36746. [PMID: 22615805 PMCID: PMC3352926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plant architecture and the timing and distribution of reproductive structures are fundamental agronomic traits shaped by patterns of determinate and indeterminate growth. Florigen, encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis and SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) in tomato, acts as a general growth hormone, advancing determinate growth. Domestication of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) converted it from a lanky photoperiodic perennial to a highly inbred, compact day-neutral plant that is managed as an annual row-crop. This dramatic change in plant architecture provides a unique opportunity to analyze the transition from perennial to annual growth. Methodology/Principal Findings To explore these architectural changes, we addressed the role of day-length upon flowering in an ancestral, perennial accession and in a domesticated variety of cotton. Using a disarmed Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV) as a transient expression system, we delivered FT to both cotton accessions. Ectopic expression of FT in ancestral cotton mimicked the effects of day-length, promoting photoperiod-independent flowering, precocious determinate architecture, and lanceolate leaf shape. Domesticated cotton infected with FT demonstrated more synchronized fruiting and enhanced “annualization”. Transient expression of FT also facilitated simple crosses between wild photoperiodic and domesticated day-neutral accessions, effectively demonstrating a mechanism to increase genetic diversity among cultivated lines of cotton. Virus was not detected in the F1 progeny, indicating that crosses made by this approach do not harbor recombinant DNA molecules. Conclusions These findings extend our understanding of FT as a general growth hormone that regulates shoot architecture by advancing organ-specific and age-related determinate growth. Judicious manipulation of FT could benefit cotton architecture to improve crop management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C. McGarry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Srivastava AC, Dasgupta K, Ajieren E, Costilla G, McGarry RC, Ayre BG. Arabidopsis plants harbouring a mutation in AtSUC2, encoding the predominant sucrose/proton symporter necessary for efficient phloem transport, are able to complete their life cycle and produce viable seed. Ann Bot 2009; 104:1121-8. [PMID: 19789176 PMCID: PMC2766205 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS AtSUC2 encodes a sucrose/proton symporter that localizes throughout the collection and transport phloem and is necessary for efficient transport of sucrose from source to sink tissues in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants harbouring homozygous AtSUC2 null alleles accumulate sugar, starch, and anthocyanin in mature leaves, have severely delayed development and stunted growth and, in previous studies, failed to complete their life cycle by producing viable seed. METHODS An AtSUC2 allele with a T-DNA insertion in the second intron was analysed. Full-length transcript from this allele is not produced, and a truncated protein translated from sequences upstream of the insertion site did not catalyse sucrose uptake into yeast, supporting the contention that this is a null allele. Mutant plants were grown in a growth chamber with a diurnal light/dark cycle, and growth patterns recorded. KEY RESULTS This allele (SALK_038124, designated AtSUC2-4) has the hallmarks of previously described null alleles but, despite compromised carbon partitioning and growth, produces viable seeds. The onset of flowering was chronologically delayed but occurred at the same point in the plastochron index as wild type. CONCLUSIONS AtSUC2 is important for phloem loading and is therefore fundamental to phloem transport and plant productivity, but plants can complete their life cycle and produce viable seed in its absence. Arabidopsis appears to have mechanisms for mobilizing reduced carbon from the phloem into developing seeds independent of AtSUC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian G. Ayre
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton TX 76203-5017, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McGarry RC, Ayre BG. A DNA element between At4g28630 and At4g28640 confers companion-cell specific expression following the sink-to-source transition in mature minor vein phloem. Planta 2008; 228:839-49. [PMID: 18682980 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The collection phloem in minor veins is distinct from other vein classes in that the minor veins mature during the sink to source transition and are the primary sites of phloem loading. After maturation, minor vein phloem maintains its character in part through minor-vein specific regulatory cascades; however despite its physiological significance, little of these developmental programs is understood. From an Arabidopsis enhancer trap screen, we identified MATURE MINOR VEIN ELEMENT1 (MMVE1) in the intergenic region between two oppositely oriented genes, the ABC transporter ATM1 (At4g28630) and IAA11 (At4g28640). MMVE1 promotes reporter gene activity in minor vein phloem in a pattern resembling the sink to source transition. Promoter truncation experiments and phylogenetic footprinting demonstrate sequences proximal to ATM1 promote minor vein expression whereas sequences closer to IAA11 repress it. Both orientations of the promoter were used to drive expression of CONSTANS to generate a phloem mobile signal conferring early flowering under non-inductive conditions. Tandem copies of MMVE1 increase minor vein expression strength and specificity. MMVE1 is the first minor vein enhancer characterized from a species that loads from the apoplast, and supports the presence of unique regulatory cascades operating in minor vein phloem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1504 W. Mulberry, SRB Rm 120, P.O. Box 305220, Denton, TX 76203 5220, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lazarowitz SG, McGarry RC, Barron YD, Carvalho MF. Nuclear shuttling in plant cells. Symp Soc Exp Biol 2004:157-76. [PMID: 15565880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
|
17
|
McGarry RC, Barron YD, Carvalho MF, Hill JE, Gold D, Cheung E, Kraus WL, Lazarowitz SG. A novel Arabidopsis acetyltransferase interacts with the geminivirus movement protein NSP. Plant Cell 2003; 15:1605-18. [PMID: 12837950 PMCID: PMC165404 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2003] [Accepted: 04/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein acetylation is important in regulating DNA-templated processes specifically and protein-protein interactions more generally in eukaryotes. The geminivirus movement protein NSP is essential for virus movement, shuttling the viral DNA genome between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We have identified a novel Arabidopsis protein, AtNSI, that interacts with NSP. AtNSI is highly conserved among widely divergent plants. Biochemical studies show that its interaction with NSP is direct and that AtNSI acetylates histones, but not NSP, in vitro. Rather, AtNSI specifically acetylates the viral coat protein. AtNSI is a nuclear protein but does not act as a transcriptional coactivator in vitro, which distinguishes it from known eukaryotic histone acetyltransferases. Its overexpression enhances the efficiency of infection by Cabbage leaf curl virus. These findings suggest a role for protein acetylation in coordinating replication of the viral DNA genome with its export from the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- R C McGarry
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-1050, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) is considered an oncologic emergency commonly associated with lung carcinoma. The case presented here is that of a 48-year-old man presenting with SVCO, which was diagnosed as metastatic prostate carcinoma localized to the chest. He was treated with goserelin and aggressive radiotherapy with a drop in his prostate-specific antigen levels and symptomatic relief that lasted approximately 12 months. SVCO recurred locally in the chest and the patient died 24 months after diagnosis. This represents a rare presentation of prostate carcinoma and underlines the necessity for tissue diagnosis before local radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C McGarry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McGarry RC, McGarry P. Please pass the strychnine: the art of Victorian pharmacy. CMAJ 1999; 161:1556-8. [PMID: 10624415 PMCID: PMC1230877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R C McGarry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis 46202-5289, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the cervix is an uncommon malignancy with a poor prognosis. Treatment of localized disease has an approximate 40% 5-year survival with multimodality therapies. CASE REPORT We describe the case of a 24-year-old woman with small cell carcinoma of the cervix that recurred locally despite intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Hysterectomy was performed and the patient is now 18 months disease free. Following treatment, the pathological appearance of the tumor had changed from a typical small cell neuroendocrine malignancy to a more intermediate neuroendocrine cell type. CONCLUSION Small cell carcinoma of the cervix is a rare aggressive malignancy that may require cytostatic multimodality therapy including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, even in early stage disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C McGarry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1050, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to determine the most physically effective radiation energy for K-edge absorption of x- or gamma-rays by iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Brachytherapy sources (Sm-145, I-125, Yb-169 and Am-241) and x-ray beams (30 kVp, 100 kVp and 100 kVp with gold, gadolinium, lead or tungsten filtration) were investigated for their preferential absorption qualities by IUdR sensitized DNA. The 30 kVp, 100 kVp and 100 kVp with tungsten filtration were then used to irradiate CHO cells, with or without IUdR incorporation (i.e. 10(-5) M of IUdR for 3 days). Radiation absorption calculations were performed to determine the increase in energy absorption in DNA with and without IUdR incorporated. In order to measure the in vitro biological effects of K-edge absorption, cell survival experiments were performed. The radiation physics calculations yielded an iodine dose enhancement ratio (DER) of 1.4+/-0.15. 1.8+/-0.15 and 2.7+/-0.15 for the 30 kVp, 100 kVp and tungsten filtered 100 kVp respectively, for 18% IUdR replacement of thymidine in DNA. The corresponding cell sensitization enhancement ratios (SER), determined from the cell survival assay, were determined to be 1.24+/-0.2, 1.8+/-0.2 and 2.3+/-0.3 for the 30 kVp, 100 kVp and tungsten filtered 100 kVp respectively, for cells with 18+/-2% IUdR incorporation. These SER values are in reasonable agreement with the DER values of 1.4, 1.8 and 2.7. From these radiation calculations and radiobiology experiments we confirm that using x-radiation energies above the K-edge of iodine (33.2 keV) can have a significant effect on cell survival. This effect is due mainly to the increase in the local dose to the DNA for IUdR-sensitized cells compared with the normal DNA which lacks the iodine contrast agent. Our results support the clinical application of IUdR and low-energy brachytherapy, perhaps using new technologies such as the x-ray needle or new isotopes such as Yb-169.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Karnas
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Human neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines have been suggested to represent a model of neural crest differentiation. The expression of several Schwann-cell-associated antigens was examined by flow cytometry and Northern blot analysis. Variable reactivity of the human NB cell lines was found in both the level and pattern of reactivity. Retinoic acid treatment of cell line SMS-KAN resulted in a neuron-like morphological differentiation and a decrease in several of the glial markers under study. Similarly, Northern blot analysis illustrated myelin-associated glycoprotein expression, and decreased expression of this message with retinoic acid treatment was consistent with the neuron-like morphological changes. Overall, human NB in vitro was found to be multipotential, but we have shown that it is capable of expressing several Schwann cell markers which are modulated during induced differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Chapman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Alta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Several theories suggest that lung carcinomas are not totally separate entities, but are derived from a common precursor, probably of endodermal origin. The histological classification of lung cancers is complex, with much overlap between groups broadly designated as small cell (SCLC), squamous cell, adenocarcinoma and all others simply termed non-small cell. It is shown here that in vitro exposure of classic, non-adherent SCLC lines to 10 microM 5' bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) results in a rapid cell-line dependent change to a morphology consistent with an adherent, non-small cell phenotype. Accompanying this morphological shift is a decreased expression of the amplified N-myc protooncogene. These induced changes underline the morphological relatedness of lung carcinoma cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C McGarry
- Oncology Research Group, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Feyles V, Dixon WT, Sikora LK, McGarry RC, Jerry LM. Human melanoma-associated antigen expression on human neuroblastoma cells: effects of differentiation inducers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1991; 32:261-72. [PMID: 1847843 PMCID: PMC11038694 DOI: 10.1007/bf01789043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/1990] [Accepted: 08/30/1990] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have described two human melanoma-associated antigens (HMAA), recognized by the murine monoclonal antibodies LS62 and LS109. LS62 recognizes the neuroglandular antigen (NGA), which is overexpressed in neoplastic melanocytes as well as in several tissues of neuroectodermal origin. These antibodies were used to screen six neuroblastoma cell lines and one neuroepithelioma cell line. A melanoma cell line, G361, known to express the two antigens, was used as the positive control. Variable expression of the two antigens was detected in neuroblastoma cells. The surface expression of NGA and of the LS109 antigen was modulated in parallel with the morphological differentiation induced by retinoic acid, 5-bromodeoxyuridine, or cyclic AMP analog/activators. The modulation of the expression of the two HMAA was detected in G361 melanoma cells and in one of the neuroblastoma cell lines, SK-N-SH. These results suggest altered expression of both antigens during melanoma and neuroblastoma cell differentiation in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Feyles
- Oncology Research Group, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Feyles V, Sikora LK, McGarry RC, Jerry LM. Effects of retinoic acid and bromodeoxyuridine on human melanoma-associated antigen expression in small cell lung carcinoma cells. Oncology 1991; 48:58-64. [PMID: 1846233 DOI: 10.1159/000226896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The dispersed neuroendocrine system includes cells with different embryological derivations, sharing a common neuroendocrine (NE) program, as indicated by the expression of NE markers, some of which are shared antigenic determinants. We report here that the small cell lung carcinoma cells NCI-H69 express the two human melanoma-associated antigens (HMAA) NGA/LS62 an LS109. Incubation of NCI-H69 cells with maturational inducers, such as retinoic acid and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), upregulated the expression of both HMAA. Exposure to BrdU for 4 weeks induced the appearance of a different phenotype in subpopulations of NCI-H69 cells, which became epithelioid, substrate-adherent, grew in monolayer and continued to express NE-associated antigens in variable amount. The shift in phenotype was not reversible after BrdU withdrawal and was maintained for at least 6 months in continuous culture. The substrate adhesion of NCI-H69 cells was paralleled by a change in NGA glycosylation pattern, thus suggesting a possible functional role for NGA in cell substrate adhesion/recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Feyles
- Oncology Research Group, University of Calgary, Alta., Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Maeda K, Feyles V, McGarry RC, Jerry LM. Melanocytic differentiation of human neuroblastoma: expression of a human melanosome-associated antigen. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95:665-70. [PMID: 2123495 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12514336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Five human neuroblastoma cell lines were examined for expression of a human melanosome-associated antigen (HMSA). Only cell line SK-N-SH reacted with a monoclonal antibody, HMSA-2, shown to recognize melanosomal glycoproteins. To further characterize the melanocytic lineages of SK-N-SH, three morphologically distinct clones designated SK-N-SH-N (neuroblast type), SK-N-SH-F (fibroblast type), and SK-N-SH-EP (epithelial type) were established by colony formation cloning. By fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and tyrosinase assay, we found that only SK-N-SH-EP and SK-N-SH-F reacted with HMSA-2 and had tyrosinase activity. These results suggest that epithelial-type and fibroblast-type cells appear to possess the melanocytic potential, but not neuroblast-type cells. Furthermore, SK-N-SH-EP was found to spontaneously convert to neuroblast-type or fibroblast-type cells, whereas SK-N-SH-N and SK-N-SH-F clones have remained morphologically stable. Our results suggest that at least one neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH, may be an excellent model for investigating clonal maturation and the melanocytic differentiation of neuroblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Maeda
- Oncology Research Group, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Benjamin LA, McGarry RC, Hart DA. Alterations in plasminogen activator and inhibitor activity during the differentiation of a human neuroblastoma cell line, SMS-KAN. Cancer Lett 1989; 44:101-8. [PMID: 2537681 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(89)90004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The fibrinolytic enzyme profile of SMS-KAN human neuroblastoma cells was found to vary dramatically during the differentiation process. Five maturational agents--retinoic acid, dibutyryl cAMP, 5-bromodeoxyuridine, sodium butyrate and phorbol myristate acetate were tested for their effects on cellular morphology, DNA synthesis, plasminogen activator (PA) and PA inhibitor (PAI) activity. SMS-KAN cells secrete urokinase (UK) and tissue PA (tPA) as well as a possibly unique PAI. Treatment of cells with 1 microM RA resulted in an inhibition of proliferation, extension of neurite-like processes indicative of differentiation, as well as a switch from secretion of UK to tPA and a reduction in PAI secretion. Other agents which caused neural process formation and decreased cell proliferation also induced alterations in PA/PAI while agents which had no detectable effect on cell growth induced little change in the fibrinolytic enzyme profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Benjamin LA, McGarry RC, Hart DA. Effect of retinoic acid on human neuroblastoma: correlation between morphological differentiation and changes in plasminogen activator and inhibitor activity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1989; 25:25-31. [PMID: 2590998 DOI: 10.1007/bf00694334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between plasminogen activator (PA)/plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity and morphological differentiation was investigated in human neuroblastoma (NB) cells treated with retinoic acid (RA). Conditioned medium from nine NB cell lines and one closely related neuroepithelioma line was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and zymography. All NB cell lines were shown to secrete urokinase (UK)-type PA (mol. wt., 52 kDa), and all except two produced tissue PA (mol. wt., 65 kDa). Identification of the PAs was made based on molecular weight and sensitivity to inhibition by anti-UK and anti-tPA antibodies. Several cell lines expressed PA inhibitory molecules; two molecular-weight forms were observed (35 and 40 kDa) in different cell lines. Complex formation with [125]I-labelled proteases revealed specific binding with UK and trypsin but not thrombin, plasmin, or kallikrein. After treatment for 6 days with 1 microM RA, six of the cell lines exhibited an increase in cell-associated and/or secreted tPA activity, corresponding to morphological differentiation of the cells as manifested by extensive neurite outgrowth. A decrease in UK and UK-complex secretion was observed in several of these cell lines. Three cell lines exhibiting no detectable morphological alterations with RA treatment also showed no dramatic changes in PA/PAI activity. These results suggest that morphological differentiation of NB cells may be associated with alterations in the regulation of PA activity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cell Line/analysis
- Cell Line/drug effects
- Cell Line/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/analysis
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- DNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Molecular Weight
- Neuroblastoma/analysis
- Neuroblastoma/drug therapy
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Plasminogen Activators/analysis
- Plasminogen Activators/metabolism
- Plasminogen Inactivators/analysis
- Plasminogen Inactivators/metabolism
- Tretinoin/therapeutic use
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/analysis
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Benjamin
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
McGarry RC, Bowen T, Hayes A, Hammersley-Straw D. Recognition of an in vivo immune response to human neuroblastoma modulation of antigen expression by retinoic acid. Med Pediatr Oncol 1989; 17:459-65. [PMID: 2685527 DOI: 10.1002/mpo.2950170522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common solid tumors of childhood and is notable for its ability to spontaneously regress and, in some instances, to differentiate to less malignant ganglioneuromas. Since immune mechanisms may account for these phenomena, identification of in vivo immune responses to tumor cell surface antigens may be important to the progression of the disease. As determined by analysis on the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, sera from 10 of 18 neuroblastomas patients were found to contain antibodies to a cell surface antigen present on subpopulations of cells from human neuroblastoma cell lines maintained in vitro. Eight human neuroblastoma cell lines were examined and found to vary in reactivity with sera. Induction of differentiation of cell lines with retinoic acid (RA) in vitro resulted in most cell lines bearing higher percentages of positive cells but with a decreased mean cell fluorescence. Preliminary Western blot analysis of lysates of the human cell lines NMB/N7, SMS-KAN, and SK-N-MC showed two principal antigen bands on reducing gels. Comparison of sera from different individuals on lysates of cell lines showed reactivity principally with bands of 105-110 kD and 65-70 kD and an additional minor band of slightly lower molecular weight with the higher titer sera. The ability of different sera to recognize a common antigen pattern suggests that this represents an immunodominant cell surface antigen. Examination of reactivity of other cell lines in this system showed that positive sera reacted with all neuroblastoma lines examined, one neuroepithelioma (SK-N-MC), two melanoma lines (MeWo, G361), and one adrenal-derived adenocarcinoma (SW-13).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C McGarry
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
McGarry RC, Pinto A, Hammersley-Straw DR, Trevenen CL. Expression of markers shared between human natural killer cells and neuroblastoma lines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1988; 27:47-52. [PMID: 2456146 PMCID: PMC11038465 DOI: 10.1007/bf00205757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1987] [Accepted: 01/26/1988] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a tumor of neuroectodermal origin arising most commonly from the adrenal medulla. We have examined the ability of several monoclonal antibodies which recognize markers predominantly expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells to react with neuroblastoma cell lines in vivo derived sections of tumor. HNK-1 (Leu 7) is a monoclonal IgM antibody which recognizes a carbohydrate epitope on NK cells and a wide range of tumor cell types. We have shown that HNK-1 recognizes the human neuroblastoma lines SMS-KCNR, SMS-KAN, NMB/N7, and IMR/5. Expression of this antigen on cell lines can be slightly increased by retinoic acid-induced differentiation of the cells. N901 (NKH1), a monoclonal antibody raised against interleukin 2-dependent human NK cell lines also recognizes all human neuroblastoma cell lines examined. This expression is independent of differentiation induction and levels remain unaltered following retinoic acid treatment of the cell lines. Lastly, with monoclonal antibody 49H.8, it has been found that reactivity of the lines is weak until induction of differentiation, after which highly significant increases of reactivity are seen. 49H.8 recognizes several cryptic carbohydrate antigens with varying affinities, shown to identify mouse and rat NK cells. In contrast to other NK markers, human neuroblastoma cell lines did not express significant reactivity with B73.1, Leu 11b, or Leu 18. Immunohistochemical staining of sections of human neuroblastoma tumors correlated with the in vitro findings; however, staining with N901 and 49H.8 was only seen on frozen sections, not paraffin-embedded. The significance of shared NK cell-neuroblastoma/neuron antigens is currently under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C McGarry
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McGarry RC, Riopelle RJ, Frail DE, Edwards AM, Braun PE, Roder JC. The characterization and cellular distribution of a family of antigens related to myelin associated glycoprotein in the developing nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 1985; 10:101-14. [PMID: 2415552 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(85)90001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic epitope detected on myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) by the monoclonal antibody HNK-1 (Leu 7) was sensitive to degradation by trifluoromethane-sulfonic acid (TFMS) and is therefore probably carbohydrate in nature. This antigen was found to be widely distributed within the rat and chicken embryonic nervous system and was present on cultured central and peripheral neurons (100%), oligodendrocytes (100%) and astrocytes (70-80%) as detected by double marker immunofluorescence. The antigen could be removed from cultured neurons by trypsinization and its resynthesis was blocked by cycloheximide, suggesting that the carbohydrate epitope detected by HNK-1 was attached to a de novo synthesized protein. Several molecular species were detected on Western blots of detergent extracts from 13-15d rat embryonic brain and neuron-enriched cultures from chick spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Protein components with molecular weights in the ranges of 90-100 kd to 280 kd were observed and comprise a family of glycoproteins containing the HNK-1 reactive carbohydrate epitope present on MAG. These glycoproteins could play a role in intercellular interactions within the developing nervous system.
Collapse
|
33
|
Cole SP, Mirski S, McGarry RC, Cheng R, Campling BG, Roder JC. Differential expression of the Leu-7 antigen on human lung tumor cells. Cancer Res 1985; 45:4285-90. [PMID: 3928154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The HNK-1 monoclonal antibody detects an antigen (Leu-7) on a subpopulation of large granular lymphocytes which have natural killer cell function. Recently this antigen has been found on nonhemopoietic tissues. In the present study human lung tumor cells were examined for the presence of Leu-7 antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoperoxidase staining, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. All small cell lung tumor cells tested were Leu-7 positive. In contrast only two of seven biopsy specimens from small cell lung cancer patients were Leu-7 positive. Several large cell lung tumor lines were Leu-7 positive while an adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were negative. These results indicate that expression of Leu-7 antigen on lung tumor cells is heterogeneous both in vitro and in vivo. Small cell lung tumor lines have been reported to undergo histological conversion in vitro accompanied by the loss of a number of biochemical markers. In our study histologically converted cells exhibited much less reactivity with HNK-1 than did the parent cells. These results indicate that the degree of expression of Leu-7 antigen may be under the control of differentiation-related events. Thus monoclonal antibody HNK-1 has been very useful in studying heterogeneity within and among lung tumor cells.
Collapse
|
34
|
McGarry RC, Riopelle RJ, Roder JC. Accelerated regenerative neurite formation by a neuronal surface epitope reactive with the monoclonal antibody, Leu 7. Neurosci Lett 1985; 56:95-100. [PMID: 2409487 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A family of glycoproteins sharing an epitope with myelin associated glycoprotein as recognized by the monoclonal antibody Leu 7 (HNK-1) has been found to be present on neurons grown in culture from embryonic chicks and rats. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrates that, in vitro, 100% of the neurons from dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord from 7-8 day chick embryos react with Leu 7. Analysis of in vitro regenerative neurite formation by neurons on substrates enriched with Leu 7 showed accelerated regenerative process formation under limiting conditions. These results indicate that the Leu 7 epitope on neurons is appropriate for substrate adhesion and promotes rapid process extension.
Collapse
|
35
|
McGarry RC, Walker R, Roder JC. The cooperative effect of the satin and beige mutations in the suppression of NK and CTL activities in mice. Immunogenetics 1984; 20:527-34. [PMID: 6334024 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The functional activity of natural killer (NK) cells has been found to be modulated by several point mutations associated with coat color. The most commonly studied gene, beige (Bg), has been found to block a postrecognition event in the lytic cycle. Four other coat color mutations in the mouse (satin, leaden, fuzzy, pale ears) were studied for their effect on NK cell function, and only one, satin (Sa), was found to be suppressive. When both the Sa and Bg mutations were present in the same animal, their effects were synergistic in the suppression of NK levels. Normal numbers of NK cells were present in these double mutants, as determined by the frequency of IgG2b binding cells and by antiasialo GM1 staining. The ability of Sa/Bg NK cells to recognize and bind targets suggests that the defect is localized in the postbinding cytolytic pathway. These genes were not specific for NK cells and also suppressed alloimmune cytolytic T lymphocyte function. Since Sa/Bg mice are much more suppressed in NK function than Bg mice, we suggest that this double mutant may be a better model for NK deficiency in vivo.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a quantitatively minor component in both peripheral and central myelin sheaths that is thought to have a role in cell-cell interactions within the nervous system. We show here that a mouse monoclonal antibody, HNK-1, which is directed against human natural killer cells also recognizes an antigenic determinant of human central and peripheral nervous system white matter by immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections. Immunoblot analysis of myelin proteins and purified extracted MAG indicates that the antigen recognized is MAG.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
|
39
|
McGarry RC, Singhal SK. The immunoregulatory role of bone marrow. III. Further characterization of the suppressor cell and its mode of action. Immunology 1982; 46:387-94. [PMID: 6211408 PMCID: PMC1555371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro primary antibody responses of spleen cells can be suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of bond marrow cells (BMC). This suppression was not abrogated by treatment of BMC with anti-Thy 1, anti-Lyt nor with anti-I-J antisera and complement. Furthermore, preculture of BMC with the synthetic thymic pentapeptide (TP5) or Soluble Thymic Factor (STF) before anti-Thy-1 treatment was similarly ineffective in removing the suppressor cell activity. Similarly, treatment of BMC with polyvalent anti-immunoglobulin serum or anti-Ia antiserum and complement failed to remove the suppressor activity. However, preparations of anti-H-2 and anti-stem-cell antisera were capable of significantly decreasing the suppressive ability of BMC. BMC were also shown to be capable of suppressing antibody responses induced by the polyclonal activators dextran sulphate (DxS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and purified protein derivative from tubercle bacilli (PPD). The non-specificity of this suppressor coupled with the absence of well-defined antigen on its surface may suggest that this cell represents a basic level of immune regulation.
Collapse
|