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Walmsley R, Chong L, Hii MW, Brown RM, Sumithran P. The effect of bariatric surgery on the expression of gastrointestinal taste receptors: A systematic review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:421-446. [PMID: 38206483 PMCID: PMC10942945 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nutrient sensing via taste receptors may contribute to weight loss, metabolic improvements, and a reduced preference for sweet and fatty foods following bariatric surgery. This review aimed to investigate the effect of bariatric surgery on the expression of oral and post-oral gastrointestinal taste receptors and associations between taste receptor alterations and clinical outcomes of bariatric surgery. A systematic review was conducted to capture data from both human and animal studies on changes in the expression of taste receptors in oral or post-oral gastrointestinal tissue following any type of bariatric surgery. Databases searched included Medline, Embase, Emcare, APA PsychInfo, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. Two human and 21 animal studies were included. Bariatric surgery alters the quantity of many sweet, umami, and fatty acid taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. Changes to the expression of sweet and amino acid receptors occur most often in intestinal segments surgically repositioned more proximally, such as the alimentary limb after gastric bypass. Conversely, changes to fatty acid receptors were observed more frequently in the colon than in the small intestine. Significant heterogeneity in the methodology of included studies limited conclusions regarding the direction of change in taste receptor expression induced by bariatric surgeries. Few studies have investigated associations between taste receptor expression and clinical outcomes of bariatric surgery. As such, future studies should look to investigate the relationship between bariatric surgery-induced changes to gut taste receptor expression and function and the impact of surgery on taste preferences, food palatability, and eating behaviour.Registration code in PROSPERO: CRD42022313992.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Walmsley
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn Chong
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael W Hii
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn M Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Health, Victoria, Australia.
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Walmsley R, Sumithran P. Current and emerging medications for the management of obesity in adults. Med J Aust 2023; 219:188. [PMID: 37402483 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC
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Walmsley R, Sumithran P. Current and emerging medications for the management of obesity in adults. Med J Aust 2023; 218:276-283. [PMID: 36934408 PMCID: PMC10952877 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Sumithran
- University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- Austin HealthMelbourneVIC
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Potgieter H, Walmsley R. Inlet hydrogenation gas chromatography to predict mass % linear paraffin content. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1680:463441. [PMID: 36041249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The light condensate fraction obtained from the low temperature Fischer-Tropsch (LT-FT) process is very complex and it is processed further by hydrotreating to produce hydrocarbon products that can be sold as final products. The mass% linear paraffins in some of the final paraffin products is listed as a required specification. Usually gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) is used for the analysis of the condensate feeds to estimate the mass% linear paraffins that can be expected in the final products after commercial hydrogenation. This is an important parameter used in the blending of suitable condensate feeds. Due to the complexity of the condensate feeds, significant peak overlap occurs in the GC-FID analysis, making it difficult to accurately estimate the mass% linear paraffin content that will be obtained in the hydrogenated products. Inlet hydrogenation GC-FID analysis simplifies the prediction of the mass% linear content that can be expected in the paraffin product fractions from the analysis of a plant feed since the feed is hydrogenated in the GC inlet before GC-FID analysis. The results from this study showed that sufficient hydrogenation without significant peak tailing can be obtained in the GC inlet when using the appropriate mass and particle size Pd/Al2O3 catalyst with the optimum bed height. Inlet hydrogenation GC-FID analysis simplifies the prediction of the mass% linear content that can be expected in the paraffin product fractions. The method can be implemented on routine GC-FID instrumentation by simply installing an inlet liner containing an appropriate catalyst, that could be re-used at least 20 times, and avoids the purchasing of additional instrumentation and complex data processing and is suitable for commercial process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Potgieter
- Sasol Research and Technology, Sasolburg, 1947, South Africa.
| | - R Walmsley
- Sasol Research and Technology, Sasolburg, 1947, South Africa
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Walmsley R, Eccles T, Pountney A, Stonehouse W, Hardy G. PP151-MON: Improving Early Nutritional Intervention in Hospitalised Patients; Laboratory Testing (Prealbumin) Versus Routine Clinical Assessment. Clin Nutr 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(14)50485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gray GJ, Aouf N, Richardson MA, Butters B, Walmsley R, Nicholls E. Feature-based recognition approaches for infrared anti-ship missile seekers. The Imaging Science Journal 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/1743131x12y.0000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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7
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Walmsley R, Tate M. An in vitro pig-A mutation assay? Could it be any better or easier than MLA or HPRT mutation assays? Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Dryerre
- Department of Pathology, Edinburgh University
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luo
- North Shore Hospital, Waitemata Health, Auckland, New Zealand
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Munné S, Sadowy S, Walmsley R, Chen S, Cekleniak N, Hughes P, Garrisi M, Sable D. O-35. PGD of aneuploidy for good responder IVF patients. Reprod Biomed Online 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(12)60054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abul-Hassan K, Walmsley R, Tombran-Tink J, Boulton M. Regulation of tyrosinase expression and activity in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Pigment Cell Res 2000; 13:436-41. [PMID: 11153695 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation of tyrosinase gene expression and activity in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The tyrosinase promoter (Ty.prom) region (400 bp) was PCR amplified and cloned into a modified mammalian expression vector (pcDNA3.1) upstream of a firefly luciferase (Luc) cDNA and was designated 'pcDNA3.1-Ty.prom.Luc'. The plasmid was co-transfected into RPE cells with a second mammalian expression plasmid (pRL-TK) containing a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter region upstream of Renilla Luc in a protocol designated the 'dual luciferase assay' (DLA). After co-transfection, cells were treated with a range of potential melanogenic agents; basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), methyl methane sulphonate, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, verapamil, phorbol myristate acetate, cholera toxin (CT), pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF), and L-tyrosine. The expression of tyrosinase promoter and enzymatic activities were determined 48 hr post-transfection using the DLA and DOPA oxidase assays, respectively. Tyrosinase activity could not be detected in RPE cells with any of the treatments. Tyrosinase promoter activity was significantly up-regulated in RPE cells treated with bFGF, PEDF, verapamil, CT and tyrosine compared with control cells. In conclusion, the tyrosinase gene is not only expressed but can be regulated in response to different chemicals in cultured human RPE cells. However, it appears that RPE cells in culture lack a post-transcriptional and/or translational modification point(s), which are necessary for tyrosinase enzymic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Abul-Hassan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
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Abul-Hassan K, Walmsley R, Boulton M. Optimization of non-viral gene transfer to human primary retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 2000; 20:361-6. [PMID: 10855030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To optimise the high efficiency, non-viral transfer of DNA to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro. METHODS A mammalian expression vector (pcDNA3.1) containing a firefly luciferase (luc) cDNA was used to transfect RPE cells using different chemical methods; calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran and, liposomes-based transfection techniques. Transfection was optimised for both dose and time of exposure. The efficiency of gene transfer and cytotoxicity was measured 48 hours post-transfection using luciferase and MTT assays, respectively. The percentage of transfected cells (using optimal conditions) was determined with a construct expressing a jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) using flow cytometery. RESULTS Calcium phosphate and DEAE-dextran techniques failed to transfect the vector and led to high cytotoxicity. Liposomes-based methods successfully transferred the vector to RPE cells, but the efficiency varied for different liposomes; Tfx-50 > Lipofectin > Lipofectamine > Cellfectin > DMRIE-C. No significant cytotoxicity was observed with any of the liposome treatments. Optimal transfection was achieved with Tfx-50 at a 3:1 ratio of DNA:liposome; between 12-15% of cells being transfected. CONCLUSIONS Efficient and non-toxic transfer of functional genes into primary RPE cells in vitro can be successfuly achieved by liposomes-based techniques. Tfx-50 appears to be a promising non-viral vector for RPE gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Abul-Hassan
- University Department of Ophthalmology, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Afanassiev V, Sefton M, Anantachaiyong T, Barker G, Walmsley R, Wölfl S. Application of yeast cells transformed with GFP expression constructs containing the RAD54 or RNR2 promoter as a test for the genotoxic potential of chemical substances. Mutat Res 2000; 464:297-308. [PMID: 10648917 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Yeast strains transformed with high copy number plasmids carrying the gene encoding a green fluorescent protein optimised for yeast (yEGFP3) under the control of the RAD54 or RNR2 promoter were used to investigate the activity of potentially DNA-damaging substances. The assays were performed on 96-well microtitre plates in the presence of different concentrations of the test substances. The synthesis of GFP protein was measured through the fluorescence signal and cell growth was monitored by absorption. Here, we demonstrate that this system can be used as a biosensor to assess the genotoxic potential of drugs and other chemical substances. The use of microtitre plates will enable full automation of the system and allows the inclusion of internal reference standards in each assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Afanassiev
- Hans-Knöll-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung, Abteilung Zell- und Molekularbiologie, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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Cochrane C, Rippon MG, Rogers A, Walmsley R, Knottenbelt D, Bowler P. Application of an in vitro model to evaluate bioadhesion of fibroblasts and epithelial cells to two different dressings. Biomaterials 1999; 20:1237-44. [PMID: 10395393 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(99)00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The cellular component of a healing wound consists of many cell types and the environment in which these cells grow is important to the rate and quality of healing which can be influenced by the type of dressing used. The most commonly used dressings are traditional gauze-type dressings. In many cases these dressings may adhere to the wound surface, and subsequent removal is often traumatic, causing pain and tissue reinjury. Some modern gelling dressings have been developed to overcome this adherence problem. In order to evaluate in more detail cell-dressing interactions, an in vitro model has been developed utilising wound fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Quantitative evaluation of adherence of cells cultured with a traditional gauze or a new gelling dressing has been undertaken using radiolabel and manual counting techniques. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to visualise the cells adherent to dressings allowing evaluation of their adhesion-morphology. The results show differential attachment of cells to viscose and gelling fibres of the dressings; considerably reduced cell adhesion to the gelling fibre was evident, and it was apparent that cells adhered predominantly to the viscose component of the dressing. This model can be used to investigate and compare the adhesion of cells to different dressings and their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cochrane
- Leahurst Veterinary Field Centre, University of Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
The use of pigskin as a test substrate for evaluating topical antimicrobial activity has been developed. Simulated handwashing protocols with this in vitro model in parallel with in vivo studies have been evaluated, based on an ASTM method for the clinical evaluation of a healthcare personnel handwash. Using Serratia marcescens as the test organism, similar log reductions were observed using the in vitro model when compared to in vivo efficacy. Results suggest that this model can be used as a reliable indicator of antiseptic efficacy on the skin. The use of sterilized skin simplifies the use of this model for both efficacy and skin-pathogen interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G McDonnell
- STERIS Corporation, St. Louis Operations, St. Louis, MO 63166-0147, USA.
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Walmsley R, Cohen J, Ferrara-Congedo T, Reing A, Garrisi J. The first births and ongoing pregnancies associated with sperm cryopreservation within evacuated egg zonae. Hum Reprod 1998; 13 Suppl 4:61-70. [PMID: 10091058 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/13.suppl_4.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This new procedure principally aims to avoid a second or possibly multiple surgical procedures for sperm extraction from the male partner in cases of limited amounts of sperm cells, where normal freeze-thaw protocols would fail. Patients (n = 34) diagnosed as azoospermic, extreme oligozoospermic, or oligoasthenozoospermic underwent the process of sperm cryopreservation within evacuated egg zonae. Other samples were allocated to conventional sperm freezing. Sperm samples were acquired using testicular sperm extraction (TESE), microepididymal sperm aspiration (MESA), or fresh ejaculate. Subsequently, five of these 34 couples have undergone in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and achieved normal fertilization using post-thawed spermatozoa frozen under zonae pellucidae in conjunction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The average fertilization rate for the post-thaw injected spermatozoa was 65%. This is comparable with the regular fertilization rate of 65% for combined MESA and TESE using fresh spermatozoa. All patients underwent embryo transfer. The average implantation rate per embryo was 31%; nearly the same for regular MESA/TESE ICSI cycles (32%). The first pregnancy associated with this procedure concluded with the full term delivery of healthy twin girls on July 18, 1997. The remaining four thaw procedures resulted in another twin delivery, an ongoing singleton gestation, a negative pregnancy test and a biochemical pregnancy respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Walmsley
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Science of Saint Barnabas Medical Center, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA
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Rippon MG, Springett K, Walmsley R, Patrick K, Millson S. Ultrasound assessment of skin and wound tissue: comparison with histology. Skin Res Technol 1998; 4:147-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.1998.tb00101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fidler HM, Butler P, Burroughs AK, McIntyre N, Bunn C, McMorrow M, Walmsley R, Dooley J. Co-screening for primary biliary cirrhosis and coeliac disease. Primary biliary cirrhosis and coeliac disease: a study of relative prevalences. Gut 1998; 43:300. [PMID: 10189863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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20
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Oultram JD, Loughlin M, Walmsley R, Gunnery SM, Minton NP. The nucleotide sequence of genes involved in the leucine biosynthetic pathway of Clostridium pasteurianum. DNA Seq 1993; 4:105-11. [PMID: 8173074 DOI: 10.3109/10425179309020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A 2.2 kb SphI/ClaI fragment of the Clostridium pasteurianum chromosome has previously been cloned and shown to complement leuB401 and leuC171 mutations in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of this fragment has been determined (2327 bp) and carries three open reading frames. The products of translation of these reading frames display significant homologies with the alpha-isopropylmalate isomerase subunit (leuD) gene of Salmonella typhimurium, the beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (leuB) genes of several organisms, and the dihydroxyacid dehydrase (ilvD) gene of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Oultram
- Molecular Genetics Group, PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
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21
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Walmsley R, Monkhouse WS. The heart of the newborn child: an anatomical study based upon transverse serial sections. J Anat 1988; 159:93-111. [PMID: 3248975 PMCID: PMC1262012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study of the newborn child heart is based mainly on observations made on thin (0.2 mm) serial transverse sections of an entire thorax. Several features of the cardiovascular system associated with the fetal circulation are discussed. Despite considerable differences between the cardiac form in the newborn child and that in later postnatal life, the orientation of the heart in the newborn child has already attained many of its postnatal features. For example, it lies more nearly in the horizontal than the vertical plane and the atrial and ventricular septa are in line with each other at an angle of about 45 degrees to the median plane. This angulation of the septa determines that the right atrium and ventricle lie as much in front of the corresponding chambers of the left heart as they do to their right side. The cardiothoracic ratio and thoracic index are derived from a section through the thorax of the newborn child and these values are compared with those from a section through an adult man. A major purpose of this communication is to make a plea that the nomenclature given to all cardiac structures, even in the newborn child, should be consistent with the heart in situ in the anatomical position.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Walmsley
- Department of Anatomy and Experimental Pathology, The University, St Andrews
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Shepherd M, Peake M, Walmsley R. The authors reply. Clin Mol Pathol 1987. [DOI: 10.1136/jcp.40.4.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Walmsley R, Watson H, Hort W. Clinical anatomy of the heart. Clin Cardiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Walmsley R, Watson H. Observations on mitral stenosis. Br Heart J 1969; 31:795. [PMID: 5358174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Douglas DM, Walmsley R. Some aspects of the embryology and morphology of defects of the cardiac septa. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1967; 12:227-43. [PMID: 6062473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
The correct orientation of the heart in situ has been stressed and the anatomic relationships of the medial wall of the right atrium have been described and illustrated.
Each atrium lies behind and to the right of its corresponding ventricle and, as the plane of the septa is angled at approximately 45° to the median plane, the right atrium lies as much in front of the left atrium as alongside it.
The area of overlap between the atria is small in both the anteroposterior and lateral views and the interatrial septum, which constitutes
only
the posterior half of the medial wall of the right atrium, is most accessible in the right anterior oblique projection.
The anterior half of the medial wall of the right atrium is closely related from above downward to the first part of the aorta including the aortic valve, and to the left ventricular outflow tract through the membranous part of the interventricular septum. The right coronary artery and the right ventricular outflow tract are also important anterior relations.
Transverse sections of the thorax in all age groups have shown that only one aortic valve cusp is truly anterior and it is suggested that the terms
anterior,
and
right
and
left posterior
should be used to designate the cusps and sinuses of the aortic valve.
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Brash JC, Cooper ERA, Davies DV, Davies J, Duckworth WLH, Edwards DAW, Green JD, Green HLH, Green RB, Hill WCO, Harris GW, Harris HA, Inkster RG, Jamieson EB, Jamieson JK, Jones JT, Jones FW, Keith A, Lockhart RD, Low A, MacConaill MA, Millen JW, Morton WRM, Patterson EL, Romanes GF, Scott JH, Stewart D, Walmsley R, Walmsley T, Wood WH. Teaching of Human Anatomy. West J Med 1945. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4429.740-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Walmsley R. The development of the patella. J Anat 1940; 74:360-368.3. [PMID: 17104819 PMCID: PMC1252594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Walmsley
- Department of Anatomy, University of Edinburgh
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Walmsley R, Bruce J. The Early Stages of Replacement of the Semilunar Cartilages of the Knee Joint in Rabbits after Operative Excision. J Anat 1938; 72:260-3. [PMID: 17104689 PMCID: PMC1252417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Walmsley
- Department of Anatomy, the University of Edinburgh
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Walmsley R. The Sheath of the Rectus Abdominis. J Anat 1937; 71:404-14. [PMID: 17104649 PMCID: PMC1252326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Walmsley
- Department of Anatomy, University of Edinburgh
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