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Ardichvili AN, Loeuille N, Lata JC, Barot S. Nitrification Control by Plants and Preference for Ammonium versus Nitrate: Positive Feedbacks Increase Productivity but Undermine Resilience. Am Nat 2024; 203:E128-E141. [PMID: 38489776 DOI: 10.1086/729090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
AbstractSome plants, via their action on microorganisms, control soil nitrification (i.e., the transformation of ammonium into nitrate). We model how the covariation between plant control of nitrification and preference for ammonium versus nitrate impacts ecosystem properties such as productivity, nitrogen (N) losses, and overall resilience. We show that the control of nitrification can maximize productivity by minimizing total inorganic N losses. We initially predicted that plants with an ammonium preference should achieve the highest biomass when inhibiting nitrification, and conversely that plants preferring nitrate should achieve the highest biomass by stimulating nitrification. With a parametrization derived from the Lamto savanna (Ivory Coast), we find that productivity is maximal for plants that slightly prefer ammonium and inhibit nitrification. Such situations, however, lead to strong positive feedbacks that can cause abrupt shifts from a highly to a lowly productive ecosystem. The comparison with other parameter sets (Pawnee short-grass prairie [United States], intensively cultivated field, and a hypothetical parameter set in which ammonium is highly volatilized and nitrate inputs are high) shows that strategies yielding the highest biomass may be counterintuitive (i.e., preferring nitrate but inhibiting nitrification). We argue that the level of control yielding the highest productivity depends on ecosystem properties (quantity of N deposition, leaching rates, and baseline nitrification rates), not only preference. Finally, while contrasting N preferences offer, as expected, the possibility of coexistence through niche partitioning, we stress how control of nitrification can be framed as a niche construction process that adds an additional dimension to coexistence conditions.
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Fontaine S, Abbadie L, Aubert M, Barot S, Bloor JMG, Derrien D, Duchene O, Gross N, Henneron L, Le Roux X, Loeuille N, Michel J, Recous S, Wipf D, Alvarez G. Plant-soil synchrony in nutrient cycles: Learning from ecosystems to design sustainable agrosystems. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17034. [PMID: 38273527 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Redesigning agrosystems to include more ecological regulations can help feed a growing human population, preserve soils for future productivity, limit dependency on synthetic fertilizers, and reduce agriculture contribution to global changes such as eutrophication and warming. However, guidelines for redesigning cropping systems from natural systems to make them more sustainable remain limited. Synthetizing the knowledge on biogeochemical cycles in natural ecosystems, we outline four ecological systems that synchronize the supply of soluble nutrients by soil biota with the fluctuating nutrient demand of plants. This synchrony limits deficiencies and excesses of soluble nutrients, which usually penalize both production and regulating services of agrosystems such as nutrient retention and soil carbon storage. In the ecological systems outlined, synchrony emerges from plant-soil and plant-plant interactions, eco-physiological processes, soil physicochemical processes, and the dynamics of various nutrient reservoirs, including soil organic matter, soil minerals, atmosphere, and a common market. We discuss the relative importance of these ecological systems in regulating nutrient cycles depending on the pedoclimatic context and on the functional diversity of plants and microbes. We offer ideas about how these systems could be stimulated within agrosystems to improve their sustainability. A review of the latest advances in agronomy shows that some of the practices suggested to promote synchrony (e.g., reduced tillage, rotation with perennial plant cover, crop diversification) have already been tested and shown to be effective in reducing nutrient losses, fertilizer use, and N2 O emissions and/or improving biomass production and soil carbon storage. Our framework also highlights new management strategies and defines the conditions for the success of these nature-based practices allowing for site-specific modifications. This new synthetized knowledge should help practitioners to improve the long-term productivity of agrosystems while reducing the negative impact of agriculture on the environment and the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fontaine
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Luc Abbadie
- UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement, IEES, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Michaël Aubert
- UNIROUEN, INRAE, ECODIV-Rouen, Normandie Univ, Rouen, France
| | - Sébastien Barot
- UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement, IEES, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Juliette M G Bloor
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Olivier Duchene
- ISARA, Research Unit Agroecology and Environment, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Gross
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Xavier Le Roux
- INRAE UMR 1418, CNRS UMR 5557, VetAgroSup, Microbial Ecology Centre LEM, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement, IEES, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Michel
- Plant Sciences, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Recous
- INRAE, FARE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gaël Alvarez
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Hahn E, Barot S, O'Sullivan B, Huang S, Gupta A, Hosni A, Razak A, Waldron J, Irish J, Gullane P, Brown D, Gilbert R, de Almeida J, Laperriere N, Hodgson D, Shultz D. Adult Head and Neck Rhabdomyosarcoma: Management, Outcomes, and the Impact of IMRT on Locoregional Control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Srikanthasamy T, Barot S, Koffi FK, Tambosco K, Marcangeli Y, Carmignac D, N'Dri AB, Gervaix J, Le Roux X, Lata J. Short-term impact of fire on the total soil microbial and nitrifier communities in a wet savanna. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9958-9969. [PMID: 34367552 PMCID: PMC8328428 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Savannas are characterized by the coexistence of grasses and trees. Fires are critical for their coexistence, because they decrease the survival of tree seedlings and saplings and their recruitment to the adult stage. In some humid savannas, perennial grasses inhibit nitrification and trees stimulate nitrification, which likely favors coexistence between trees and grasses. However, fires may influence plant capacity to control nitrogen cycling, which could subsequently influence tree-grass coexistence and savanna nitrogen budget. Therefore, we sampled soil in a humid savanna of Ivory Coast under the dominant nitrification-inhibiting grass species and the dominant nitrification-stimulating tree species and under bare soil before and after (i.e., 5 days) fire during the long dry season. We quantified the total microbial and nitrifier abundances and transcriptional activities and the nitrification enzyme activity. Fire decreased soil water content, probably by increasing evaporation and, maybe, by triggering the growth of grasses, and increased soil ammonium availability likely due to ash deposition and increased mineralization. Fire did not impact the total archaeal, bacterial, or fungal abundances, or that of the nitrifiers. Fire did not impact archaeal transcriptional activity and increased bacterial and fungal total transcriptional activities. In contrast, fire decreased the archaeal nitrifier transcriptional activities and the nitrification enzymatic activity, likely due to the often reported resumption of the growth of nitrification-inhibiting grasses quickly after the fire (and the subsequent increase in root exudation). These results pave the way for a better understanding of the short-term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling and tree-grass competition for nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharaniya Srikanthasamy
- Sorbonne Université, Université de ParisUPECCNRSINRAEIRDUMR 7618Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences – Paris, iEES ParisParisFrance
| | - Sébastien Barot
- IRDSorbonne UniversitéCNRSINRAEUniversité de ParisUPECUMR 7618Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences – Paris, iEES‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Fulgence K. Koffi
- UFR‐SN / Research Station of Lamto (CRE)Research Pole Environment and Sustainable Development, Nangui Abrogoua University (ex University of Abobo‐Adjamé), Abidjan, Côte d'IvoireAbidjanIvory Coast
| | - Kevin Tambosco
- Sorbonne Université, Université de ParisUPECCNRSINRAEIRDUMR 7618Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences – Paris, iEES ParisParisFrance
| | - Yoan Marcangeli
- Sorbonne Université, Université de ParisUPECCNRSINRAEIRDUMR 7618Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences – Paris, iEES ParisParisFrance
| | - David Carmignac
- Sorbonne Université, Université de ParisUPECCNRSINRAEIRDUMR 7618Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences – Paris, iEES ParisParisFrance
| | - Aya Brigitte N'Dri
- UFR‐SN / Research Station of Lamto (CRE)Research Pole Environment and Sustainable Development, Nangui Abrogoua University (ex University of Abobo‐Adjamé), Abidjan, Côte d'IvoireAbidjanIvory Coast
| | - Jonathan Gervaix
- INRACNRSUniversité de LyonUniversité Lyon 1Laboratoire d'Ecologie MicrobienneUMR INRA 1418UMR CNRS 5557VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Xavier Le Roux
- INRACNRSUniversité de LyonUniversité Lyon 1Laboratoire d'Ecologie MicrobienneUMR INRA 1418UMR CNRS 5557VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Jean‐Christophe Lata
- Sorbonne Université, Université de ParisUPECCNRSINRAEIRDUMR 7618Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences – Paris, iEES ParisParisFrance
- Department of Geoecology and GeochemistryInstitute of Natural ResourcesTomsk Polytechnic UniversityTomskRussia
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Cantarel AAM, Allard V, Andrieu B, Barot S, Enjalbert J, Gervaix J, Goldringer I, Pommier T, Saint-Jean S, Le Roux X. Plant functional trait variability and trait syndromes among wheat varieties: the footprint of artificial selection. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:1166-1180. [PMID: 33080022 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although widely used in ecology, trait-based approaches are seldom used to study agroecosystems. In particular, there is a need to evaluate how functional trait variability among varieties of a crop species compares to the variability among wild plant species and how variety selection can modify trait syndromes. Here, we quantified 18 above- and below-ground functional traits for 57 varieties of common wheat representative of different modern selection histories. We compared trait variability among varieties and among Pooideae species, and analyzed the effect of selection histories on trait values and trait syndromes. For traits under strong selection, trait variability among varieties was less than 10% of the variability observed among Pooideae species. However, for traits not directly selected, such as root N uptake capacity, the variability was up to 75% of the variability among Pooideae species. Ammonium absorption capacity by roots was counter-selected for conventional varieties compared with organic varieties and landraces. Artificial selection also altered some trait syndromes classically reported for Pooideae. Identifying traits that have high or low variability among varieties and characterizing the hidden effects of selection on trait values and syndromes will benefit the selection of varieties to be used especially for lower N input agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie A M Cantarel
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Allard
- UMR Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- UMR ECOSYS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thieverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sébastien Barot
- IEES-Paris (CNRS, IRD, UPMC, INRA, UPEC, UP7), UPMC, 4 place Jussieu, cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- UMR Génétique Quantitative et Evolution Le Moulon INRAE, CNRS, UPS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jonathan Gervaix
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Goldringer
- UMR Génétique Quantitative et Evolution Le Moulon INRAE, CNRS, UPS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Pommier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Saint-Jean
- UMR ECOSYS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thieverval-Grignon, France
| | - Xavier Le Roux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
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Konaré S, Boudsocq S, Gignoux J, Lata J, Raynaud X, Barot S. Spatial heterogeneity in nitrification and soil exploration by trees favour source–sink dynamics in a humid savanna: A modelling approach. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Konaré
- Sorbonne UniversitéUniversité de ParisUPEC, IRDCNRSINRAInstitute of Ecology and Environmental SciencesiEES Paris Paris France
| | - Simon Boudsocq
- Eco&SolsINRACIRADIRDMontpellier SupAgroUniv Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Jacques Gignoux
- Sorbonne UniversitéUniversité de ParisUPEC, IRDCNRSINRAInstitute of Ecology and Environmental SciencesiEES Paris Paris France
| | - Jean‐Christophe Lata
- Sorbonne UniversitéUniversité de ParisUPEC, IRDCNRSINRAInstitute of Ecology and Environmental SciencesiEES Paris Paris France
- Department of Geoecology and Geochemistry Institute of Natural Resources Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk Russia
| | - Xavier Raynaud
- Sorbonne UniversitéUniversité de ParisUPEC, IRDCNRSINRAInstitute of Ecology and Environmental SciencesiEES Paris Paris France
| | - Sébastien Barot
- Sorbonne UniversitéUniversité de ParisUPEC, IRDCNRSINRAInstitute of Ecology and Environmental SciencesiEES Paris Paris France
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Quévreux
- Sorbonne Univ., Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot Univ. Paris 07, CNRS, INRA, IRD, UPEC, Inst. d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement – Paris, iEES‐Paris Paris France
| | - Sébastien Barot
- Sorbonne Univ., Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot Univ. Paris 07, CNRS, INRA, IRD, UPEC, Inst. d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement – Paris, iEES‐Paris Paris France
| | - Élisa Thébault
- Sorbonne Univ., Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot Univ. Paris 07, CNRS, INRA, IRD, UPEC, Inst. d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement – Paris, iEES‐Paris Paris France
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Deckmyn G, Flores O, Mayer M, Domene X, Schnepf A, Kuka K, Van Looy K, Rasse DP, Briones MJ, Barot S, Berg M, Vanguelova E, Ostonen I, Vereecken H, Suz LM, Frey B, Frossard A, Tiunov A, Frouz J, Grebenc T, Öpik M, Javaux M, Uvarov A, Vindušková O, Henning Krogh P, Franklin O, Jiménez J, Curiel Yuste J. KEYLINK: towards a more integrative soil representation for inclusion in ecosystem scale models. I. review and model concept. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9750. [PMID: 32974092 PMCID: PMC7486829 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively poor simulation of the below-ground processes is a severe drawback for many ecosystem models, especially when predicting responses to climate change and management. For a meaningful estimation of ecosystem production and the cycling of water, energy, nutrients and carbon, the integration of soil processes and the exchanges at the surface is crucial. It is increasingly recognized that soil biota play an important role in soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling, shaping soil structure and hydrological properties through their activity, and in water and nutrient uptake by plants through mycorrhizal processes. In this article, we review the main soil biological actors (microbiota, fauna and roots) and their effects on soil functioning. We review to what extent they have been included in soil models and propose which of them could be included in ecosystem models. We show that the model representation of the soil food web, the impact of soil ecosystem engineers on soil structure and the related effects on hydrology and soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization are key issues in improving ecosystem-scale soil representation in models. Finally, we describe a new core model concept (KEYLINK) that integrates insights from SOM models, structural models and food web models to simulate the living soil at an ecosystem scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Deckmyn
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Omar Flores
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences-Spanish National Research Council (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathias Mayer
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
- Biogeochemistry Group, Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Domene
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Andrea Schnepf
- Agrosphere Institute, IBG, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Kuka
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Braunschwei, Germany
| | - Kris Van Looy
- OVAM, Flemish Institute for Materials and Soils, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Daniel P. Rasse
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Soil Quality, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Aas, Norway
| | - Maria J.I. Briones
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sébastien Barot
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, IRD, UPEC, CNRS, INRA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Matty Berg
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ivika Ostonen
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Harry Vereecken
- Agrosphere Institute, IBG, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura M. Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
| | - Beat Frey
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Aline Frossard
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexei Tiunov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jan Frouz
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mathieu Javaux
- Agrosphere Institute, IBG, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexei Uvarov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Vindušková
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Oskar Franklin
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Juan Jiménez
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration, ARAID/IPE-CSIC, Jaca, Spain
| | - Jorge Curiel Yuste
- BC3-Basque Centre for Climate Change, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Dusza Y, Kraepiel Y, Abbadie L, Barot S, Carmignac D, Dajoz I, Gendreau E, Lata JC, Meriguet J, Motard E, Raynaud X. Plant-pollinator interactions on green roofs are mediated by substrate characteristics and plant community composition. Acta Oecologica 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Perveen N, Ayub M, Shahzad T, Siddiq MR, Memon MS, Barot S, Saeed H, Xu M. Soil carbon mineralization in response to nitrogen enrichment in surface and subsurface layers in two land use types. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7130. [PMID: 31328029 PMCID: PMC6622155 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition increases N availability in soils, with consequences affecting the decomposition of soil carbon (C). The impacts of increasing N availability on surface soil C dynamics are well studied. However, subsurface soils have been paid less attention although more than 50% soil C stock is present below this depth (below 20 cm). This study was designed to investigate the response of surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm and 40–60 cm) C dynamics to 0 (0 kg N ha−1), low (70 kg N ha−1) and high (120 kg N ha−1) levels of N enrichment. The soils were sampled from a cropland and a grass lawn and incubated at 25 °C and 60% water holding capacity for 45 days. Results showed that N enrichment significantly decreased soil C mineralization (Rs) in all the three soil layers in the two studied sites (p < 0.05). The mineralization per unit soil organic carbon (SOC) increased with profile depth in both soils, indicating the higher decomposability of soil C down the soil profile. Moreover, high N level exhibited stronger suppression effect on Rs than low N level. Rs was significantly and positively correlated with microbial biomass carbon explaining 80% of variation in Rs. Overall; these results suggest that N enrichment may increase C sequestration both in surface and subsurface layers, by reducing C loss through mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Perveen
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Ayub
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tanvir Shahzad
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rashid Siddiq
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sohail Memon
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Sébastien Barot
- IEES-Paris (IRD, CNRS, UPMC, INRA, UPEC), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Hamid Saeed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Jagadeesh D, Tsai D, Wei W, Wagner-Johnston N, Xie E, Berg S, Smith S, Koff J, Barot S, Hwang D, Kim S, Venugopal P, Fenske T, Sriram D, David K, Santapuram P, Reddy N, Dharnidharka V, Evens A. POST-TRANSPLANT LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER (PTLD) AFTER SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT (SOT): SURVIVAL AND PROGNOSTICATION AMONG 570 PATIENTS (PTS) TREATED IN THE MODERN ERA. Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.116_2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Jagadeesh
- Hematology and Medical Oncology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland United States
| | - D. Tsai
- Hematology/Oncology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia United States
| | - W. Wei
- Hematology and Medical Oncology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland United States
| | - N. Wagner-Johnston
- Hematology and Oncology; Johns Hopkins Medical Institution; Baltimore United States
| | - E. Xie
- Hematology and Oncology; Johns Hopkins Medical Institution; Baltimore United States
| | - S. Berg
- Hematology and Oncology; Loyola University Medical Center; Melrose Park United States
| | - S.E. Smith
- Hematology and Oncology; Loyola University Medical Center; Melrose Park United States
| | - J.L. Koff
- Hematology and Medical Oncology; Emory University; Atlanta United States
| | - S. Barot
- Hematology and Medical Oncology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland United States
| | - D. Hwang
- Hematology and Oncology; Loyola University Medical Center; Melrose Park United States
| | - S. Kim
- Hematology and Oncology; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago United States
| | - P. Venugopal
- Hematology and Oncology; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago United States
| | - T. Fenske
- Hematology and Oncology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee United States
| | - D. Sriram
- Hematology and Oncology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee United States
| | - K. David
- Hematology and Oncology; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey; New Brunswick United States
| | - P. Santapuram
- Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville United States
| | - N. Reddy
- Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville United States
| | - V. Dharnidharka
- Pediatric Nephrology; Hypertension and Pheresis, Washington University School of Medicine & St. Louis Children's Hospital; St. Louis United States
| | - A.M. Evens
- Hematology and Oncology; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey; New Brunswick United States
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Barot S, Abbadie L, Auclerc A, Barthélémy C, Bérille E, Billet P, Clergeau P, Consales JN, Deschamp-Cottin M, David A, Devigne C, Dham V, Dusza Y, Gaillard A, Gonzalez E, Hédont M, Labarraque D, Le Bastard AM, Morel JL, Petit-Berghem Y, Rémy E, Rochelle-Newall E, Veyrières M. Urban ecology, stakeholders and the future of ecology. Sci Total Environ 2019; 667:475-484. [PMID: 30833246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The world human population is more and more urban and cities have a strong impact on the biosphere. This explains the development of urban ecology. In this context, the goal of our work is fourfold: to describe the diversity of scientific questions in urban ecology, show how these questions are organized, to assess how these questions can be built in close interactions with stakeholders, to better understand the role urban ecology can play within ecological sciences. A workshop with scientists from all relevant fields (from ecology to sociology) and stakeholders was organized by the Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB). Three types of scientific issues were outlined about (1) the biodiversity of organisms living in urban areas, (2) the functioning of urban organisms and ecosystems, (3) interactions between human societies and urban ecological systems. For all types of issues we outlined it was possible to distinguish both fundamental and applied scientific questions. This allowed building a unique research agenda encompassing all possible types of scientific issues in urban ecology. As all types of ecological and evolutionary questions can be asked in urban areas, urban ecology will likely be more and more influential in the development of ecology. Taken together, the future of towns, their biodiversity and the life of city dwellers is at stake. Increasing the space for ecosystems and biodiversity within towns is more and more viewed as crucial for the well-being of town dwellers. Depending on research and the way its results are taken into account, very different towns could emerge. Urban areas can be viewed as a test and a laboratory for the future of the interactions between human and ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Barot
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris (IRD, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRA, UPEC), 75252 Paris, France.
| | - Luc Abbadie
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris (IRD, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRA, UPEC), 75252 Paris, France
| | - Apolline Auclerc
- Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INRA, ensaia) F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Etienne Bérille
- Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation pour le Climat et l'Écologie, 13290 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Philippe Billet
- Institut de Droit de l'Environnement (Université Lyon 3), 69362 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Ambre David
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris (IRD, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRA, UPEC), 75252 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Devigne
- Laboratoire Ecologie & Biodiversité (Université Catholique de Lille), 59 016 Lille, France
| | | | - Yann Dusza
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris (IRD, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRA, UPEC), 75252 Paris, France
| | - Anne Gaillard
- Fédération Française du Paysage, 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Morel
- Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INRA, ensaia) F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Emma Rochelle-Newall
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris (IRD, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRA, UPEC), 75252 Paris, France
| | - Marion Veyrières
- Direction de l'environnement, Conseil Régional Hauts-de-France, 59019 Lille, France
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15
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Quénéa K, Andrianjara I, Rankovic A, Gan E, Aubry E, Lata JC, Barot S, Castrec-Rouelle M. Influence of the residence time of street trees and their soils on trace element contamination in Paris (France). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:9785-9795. [PMID: 30734253 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
With the actual increasing interest for urban soils, the evaluation of soil contamination by trace elements and the dynamics of this contamination appear mandatory to preserve plant and thereby human health. Street trees and the associated soil placed in pits located nearby roads could represent convenient indicators of urban and vehicle traffic influences on soils and plants. However, data on these soils remain scarce, many studies investigating park soils rather than street tree soils. Furthermore, trace elements could be one of the main factors causing the observed urban tree decline, while practitioners more and more question the possible reuse of these soils after the death of trees as well as tree litter collected in the streets. We evaluated the contamination in anthropogenic trace elements (TE), namely Zn, Pb, and Cd, of street trees (Tilia tomentosa) and their soils distributed all over Paris (France). Street tree soils are imported from rural areas at the plantation of each new tree so that tree age corresponds to the time of residence of the soil within an urban environment allowing the evaluation of temporal trends on TE concentration in soils and trees. The TE concentration revealed an important soil pollution, especially for the older soils (mean age of 80 years old). The consideration of the residence time of trees and soils in an urban environment evidenced an accumulation of Zn and Pb (ca. 4.5 mg kg-1 year-1 and 4 mg kg-1 year-1 for Zn and Pb, respectively). However, leaf concentrations in TE were low and indicate that soil-root transfer was not significant compared to the contamination by atmospheric deposition. These results underlined the necessity to deepen the evaluation of the recycling of urban soils or plants submitted to urban contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katell Quénéa
- CNRS, EPHE, UMR Environment, Transfers and Interactions in Soils and Water Bodies (METIS), UMR 7619, Sorbonne Université, Tour 56-66, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, France.
| | - Iry Andrianjara
- CNRS, EPHE, UMR Environment, Transfers and Interactions in Soils and Water Bodies (METIS), UMR 7619, Sorbonne Université, Tour 56-66, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, France
- IRD, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 07, UPEC, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Sorbonne Université, IRD, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 07, UPEC, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, F-75252, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Agronomy of the Paris City, Paris Green Space and Environmental Division (DEVE), Parc Floral - Pavillon 5 - Rond Point de la Pyramide, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandar Rankovic
- IRD, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 07, UPEC, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Sorbonne Université, IRD, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 07, UPEC, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, F-75252, Paris, France
- IDDRI, Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, 41, rue du Four, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Erika Gan
- Laboratory of Agronomy of the Paris City, Paris Green Space and Environmental Division (DEVE), Parc Floral - Pavillon 5 - Rond Point de la Pyramide, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Aubry
- CNRS, EPHE, UMR Environment, Transfers and Interactions in Soils and Water Bodies (METIS), UMR 7619, Sorbonne Université, Tour 56-66, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lata
- IRD, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 07, UPEC, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Sorbonne Université, IRD, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 07, UPEC, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, F-75252, Paris, France
- Department of Geoecology and Geochemistry, Institute of Natural Resources, Institute of Natural Resources, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Street, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Sébastien Barot
- IRD, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 07, UPEC, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Sorbonne Université, IRD, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 07, UPEC, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, F-75252, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Castrec-Rouelle
- CNRS, EPHE, UMR Environment, Transfers and Interactions in Soils and Water Bodies (METIS), UMR 7619, Sorbonne Université, Tour 56-66, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, France
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Dubs F, Vergnes A, Mirlicourtois E, Le Viol I, Kerbiriou C, Goulnik J, Belghali S, Bentze L, Barot S, Porcher E. Positive effects of wheat variety mixtures on aboveground arthropods are weak and variable. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Barot S. Can we predict the long‐term impact of earthworms on plant successions? Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gaba S, Alignier A, Aviron S, Barot S, Blouin M, Hedde M, Jabot F, Vergnes A, Bonis A, Bonthoux S, Bourgeois B, Bretagnolle V, Catarino R, Coux C, Gardarin A, Giffard B, Le Gal A, Lecomte J, Miguet P, Piutti S, Rusch A, Zwicke M, Couvet D. Ecology for Sustainable and Multifunctional Agriculture. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 28 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90309-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Foti L, Dubs F, Gignoux J, Lata JC, Lerch TZ, Mathieu J, Nold F, Nunan N, Raynaud X, Abbadie L, Barot S. Trace element concentrations along a gradient of urban pressure in forest and lawn soils of the Paris region (France). Sci Total Environ 2017; 598:938-948. [PMID: 28468120 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, degree of contamination and pollution of 7 trace elements (TEs) along an urban pressure gradient were measured in 180 lawn and wood soils of the Paris region (France). Iron (Fe), a major element, was used as reference element. Copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were of anthropogenic origin, while arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) were of natural origin. Road traffic was identified as the main source of anthropogenic TEs. In addition, the industrial activity of the Paris region, especially cement plants, was identified as secondary source of Cd. Soil characteristics (such as texture, organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (tot N) contents) tell the story of the soil origins and legacies along the urban pressure gradient and often can explain TE concentrations. The history of the land-use types was identified as a factor that allowed understanding the contamination and pollution by TEs. Urban wood soils were found to be more contaminated and polluted than urban lawns, probably because woods are much older than lawns and because of the legacy of the historical management of soils in the Paris region (Haussmann period). Lawn soils are similar to the fertile agricultural soils and relatively recently (mostly from the 1950s onwards) imported from the surrounding of Paris, so that they may be less influenced by urban conditions in terms of TE concentrations. Urban wood soils are heavily polluted by Cd, posing a high risk to the biological communities. The concentration of anthropogenic TEs increased from the rural to the urban areas, and the concentrations of most anthropogenic TEs in urban areas were equivalent to or above the regulatory reference values, raising the question of longer-term monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Foti
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; NatureParif, 90-92B avenue du Général Leclerc, 93500 Pantin, France.
| | - Florence Dubs
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Gignoux
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lata
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Geoecology and Geochemistry, Institute of Natural Resources, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Street, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Thomas Z Lerch
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Mathieu
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Nold
- Laboratory of Agronomy of the Paris City, Paris Green Space and Environmental Division (DEVE), Parc Floral - Pavillon 5 - Rond Point de la Pyramide, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Naoise Nunan
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Raynaud
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Luc Abbadie
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Barot
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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David AAJ, Boura A, Lata JC, Rankovic A, Kraepiel Y, Charlot C, Barot S, Abbadie L, Ngao J. Street trees in Paris are sensitive to spring and autumn precipitation and recent climate changes. Urban Ecosyst 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-017-0704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dusza Y, Barot S, Kraepiel Y, Lata JC, Abbadie L, Raynaud X. Multifunctionality is affected by interactions between green roof plant species, substrate depth, and substrate type. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2357-2369. [PMID: 28405299 PMCID: PMC5383477 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Green roofs provide ecosystem services through evapotranspiration and nutrient cycling that depend, among others, on plant species, substrate type, and substrate depth. However, no study has assessed thoroughly how interactions between these factors alter ecosystem functions and multifunctionality of green roofs. We simulated some green roof conditions in a pot experiment. We planted 20 plant species from 10 genera and five families (Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae) on two substrate types (natural vs. artificial) and two substrate depths (10 cm vs. 30 cm). As indicators of major ecosystem functions, we measured aboveground and belowground biomasses, foliar nitrogen and carbon content, foliar transpiration, substrate water retention, and dissolved organic carbon and nitrates in leachates. Interactions between substrate type and depth strongly affected ecosystem functions. Biomass production was increased in the artificial substrate and deeper substrates, as was water retention in most cases. In contrast, dissolved organic carbon leaching was higher in the artificial substrates. Except for the Fabaceae species, nitrate leaching was reduced in deep, natural soils. The highest transpiration rates were associated with natural soils. All functions were modulated by plant families or species. Plant effects differed according to the observed function and the type and depth of the substrate. Fabaceae species grown on natural soils had the most noticeable patterns, allowing high biomass production and high water retention but also high nitrate leaching from deep pots. No single combination of factors enhanced simultaneously all studied ecosystem functions, highlighting that soil–plant interactions induce trade‐offs between ecosystem functions. Substrate type and depth interactions are major drivers for green roof multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Dusza
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06 IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC Univ. Paris Diderot Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris iEESParis Paris France
| | - Sébastien Barot
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06 IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC Univ. Paris Diderot Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris iEESParis Paris France
| | - Yvan Kraepiel
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06 IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC Univ. Paris Diderot Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris iEESParis Paris France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lata
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC Univ. Paris Diderot Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris iEESParis Paris France; Department of Geoecology and Geochemistry Institute of Natural Resources Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk Russia
| | - Luc Abbadie
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06 IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC Univ. Paris Diderot Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris iEESParis Paris France
| | - Xavier Raynaud
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06 IRD, CNRS, INRA, UPEC Univ. Paris Diderot Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris iEESParis Paris France
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Liu Y, Barot S, El‐Kassaby YA, Loeuille N. Impact of temperature shifts on the joint evolution of seed dormancy and size. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:26-37. [PMID: 28070272 PMCID: PMC5216621 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed dormancy and size are two important life-history traits that interplay as adaptation to varying environmental settings. As evolution of both traits involves correlated selective pressures, it is of interest to comparatively investigate the evolution of the two traits jointly as well as independently. We explore evolutionary trajectories of seed dormancy and size using adaptive dynamics in scenarios of deterministic or stochastic temperature variations. Ecological dynamics usually result in unbalanced population structures, and temperature shifts or fluctuations of high magnitude give rise to more balanced ecological structures. When only seed dormancy evolves, it is counter-selected and temperature shifts hasten this evolution. Evolution of seed size results in the fixation of a given strategy and evolved seed size decreases when seed dormancy is lowered. When coevolution is allowed, evolutionary variations are reduced while the speed of evolution becomes faster given temperature shifts. Such coevolution scenarios systematically result in reduced seed dormancy and size and similar unbalanced population structures. We discuss how this may be linked to the system stability. Dormancy is counter-selected because population dynamics lead to stable equilibrium, while small seeds are selected as the outcome of size-number trade-offs. Our results suggest that unlike random temperature variation between generations, temperature shifts with high magnitude can considerably alter population structures and accelerate life-history evolution. This study increases our understanding of plant evolution and persistence in the context of climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Sébastien Barot
- Sorbonne UniversitésInstitute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (UMR 7618, UPMC, CNRS, INRA, IRD)ParisFrance
| | - Yousry A. El‐Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- Sorbonne UniversitésInstitute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (UMR 7618, UPMC, CNRS, INRA, IRD)ParisFrance
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Loeuille N, Le Mao T, Barot S. Effects of plant evolution on nutrient cycling couple aboveground and belowground processes. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-016-0315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejun Zou
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06 CNRS, INRA, IRD Paris Diderot Univ Paris 07, UPEC Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement – Paris (iEES‐Paris) 7 quai St Bernard F‐75252 Paris France
| | - Elisa Thébault
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06 INRA, IRD Paris Diderot Univ Paris 07, UPEC Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement – Paris (iEES‐Paris) 7 quai St Bernard F‐75252 Paris France
| | - Gérard Lacroix
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06 INRA, IRD Paris Diderot Univ Paris 07, UPEC Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement – Paris (iEES‐Paris) 7 quai St Bernard F‐75252 Paris France
- CNRS, UMS 3194 (ENS, CNRS) CEREEP – Ecotron IleDeFrance, Ecole Normale Supérieure 78 rue du Château 77140 St‐Pierre‐lès‐Nemours France
| | - Sébastien Barot
- IRD, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INRA Paris Diderot Univ Paris 07, UPEC Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement – Paris (iEES‐Paris) 7 quai St Bernard F‐75252 Paris France
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de Parseval H, Abbadie L, Barot S, Gignoux J, Lata JC, Raynaud X. Explore less to control more: why and when should plants limit the horizontal exploration of soil by their roots? OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henri de Parseval
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 7, UPEC, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris; UMR 7618, Bât F, 7, quai Saint-Bernard FR-75252 Paris CEDEX 5 France
| | - Luc Abbadie
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 7, UPEC, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris; UMR 7618, Bât F, 7, quai Saint-Bernard FR-75252 Paris CEDEX 5 France
| | - Sébastien Barot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 7, UPEC, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris; UMR 7618, Bât F, 7, quai Saint-Bernard FR-75252 Paris CEDEX 5 France
| | - Jacques Gignoux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 7, UPEC, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris; UMR 7618, Bât F, 7, quai Saint-Bernard FR-75252 Paris CEDEX 5 France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lata
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 7, UPEC, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris; UMR 7618, Bât F, 7, quai Saint-Bernard FR-75252 Paris CEDEX 5 France
- Dept of Geoecology and Geochemistry; Inst. of Natural Resources, Tomsk Polytechnic University; Lenin Avenue 30 RU-634050 Tomsk Russia
| | - Xavier Raynaud
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 7, UPEC, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris; UMR 7618, Bât F, 7, quai Saint-Bernard FR-75252 Paris CEDEX 5 France
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Shah I, Barot S, Madvariya M. Eosinophilic meningitis: a case series and review of literature of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Gnathostoma spinigerum. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33:154-8. [PMID: 25560024 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.148430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic meningitis is defined as the presence of >10 eosinophils/μL in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or at least 10% eosinophils in the total CSF leukocyte count. Eosinophilic meningitis has been reported in two case series and two case reports in India till date and has not been reported in children below 15 years of age. We present two children with eosinophilic meningitis with peripheral eosinophilia and the proposed etiologic agents based on the clinical setting and their response to antihelminthic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Consultant, Nanavati Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Barot
- IEES‐P, UMR 7618 (CNRS, INRA, UPMC, IRD) IRD 46 Rue d'Ulm F‐75230 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Stefan Bornhofen
- Ecole Internationale des Sciences du Traitement de l'Information (EISTI) avenue du Parc 95011 Cergy‐Pontoise Cedex France
| | - Simon Boudsocq
- Eco & Sols, UMR 1222 Centre INRA de Montpellier INRA 2 place Pierre Viala 34060 Montpellier Cedex 01 France
| | - Xavier Raynaud
- IEES‐P, UMR 7618 UPMC 46 Rue d'Ulm F‐75230 Paris Cedex 05 France
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Boonstra H, Barot S, Lusti-Narasimhan M. Making the case for multipurpose prevention technologies: the socio-epidemiological rationale. BJOG 2014; 121 Suppl 5:23-6. [PMID: 25335837 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarises the public health rationale for multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) by examining recent epidemiological data and trends in sexual and reproductive health indicators. MPTs are products that combine protection against unintended pregnancy, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. The successful introduction of new woman-controlled MPTs provides a compelling response to the multiple sexual and reproductive health risks that women face worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boonstra
- Guttmacher Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Faucheron JL, Barot S, Collomb D, Hohn N, Anglade D, Dubreuil A. Dynamic cystocolpoproctography is superior to functional pelvic MRI in the diagnosis of posterior pelvic floor disorders: results of a prospective study. Colorectal Dis 2014; 16:O240-7. [PMID: 24506228 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The accuracy of dynamic cystocolpoproctography (DCP) and dynamic MRI were compared in diagnosing posterior pelvic floor disorders. METHOD Fifty consecutive female patients (mean age 51 years) complaining of posterior compartment pelvic floor disorder and referred to a tertiary centre entered the prospective study. The Institutional Review Board stated that informed consent from the patients was not necessary for this study. Patients underwent a DCP and a supine functional MRI by two different radiologists. Assessment of radiological examinations was prospective and blind. All patients underwent surgery that led to the final diagnosis. Agreement between the operative diagnosis and the diagnoses following DCP and MRI was assessed using the weighted kappa statistic. A matched-pairs McNemar's test was applied to demonstrate whether or not one radiological method was superior to the other. RESULTS Full-thickness rectal prolapse was best diagnosed by clinical examination. Internal rectal prolapse and peritoneocele were best diagnosed by DCP. A better agreement with the operative diagnosis, which is not true superiority, was observed for DCP compared with functional pelvic MRI for full-thickness rectal prolapse, internal rectal prolapse and peritoneocele. There was no significant difference between DCP and functional pelvic MRI in the diagnosis of internal rectal prolapse (P = 0.125) or peritoneocele (P = 0.10). CONCLUSION As full-thickness rectal prolapse, internal rectal prolapse and peritoneocele might be missed by functional pelvic MRI, there should still be a place for DCP in particular cases where the clinical diagnosis is not clear in women with symptomatic posterior pelvic floor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Faucheron
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
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Perveen N, Barot S, Alvarez G, Klumpp K, Martin R, Rapaport A, Herfurth D, Louault F, Fontaine S. Priming effect and microbial diversity in ecosystem functioning and response to global change: a modeling approach using the SYMPHONY model. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:1174-90. [PMID: 24339186 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Integration of the priming effect (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, PE has not yet been incorporated into any ecosystem models. Here, we build plant/soil models to explore how PE and microbial diversity influence soil/plant interactions and ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in response to global change (elevated CO2 and atmospheric N depositions). Our results show that plant persistence, soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation, and low N leaching in undisturbed ecosystems relies on a fine adjustment of microbial N mineralization to plant N uptake. This adjustment can be modeled in the SYMPHONY model by considering the destruction of SOM through PE, and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM decomposers and SOM builders. After estimation of parameters, SYMPHONY provided realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. Consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY predicted a CO2 -induced modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock. SYMPHONY also indicated that atmospheric N deposition may promote SOM accumulation via changes in the structure and metabolic activities of microbial communities. Collectively, these results suggest that the PE and functional role of microbial diversity may be incorporated in ecosystem models with a few additional parameters, improving accuracy of predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Perveen
- INRA, UR874 (Unité Recherche d'Ecosystème prairial), 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Grellier S, Ward D, Janeau JL, Podwojewski P, Lorentz S, Abbadie L, Valentin C, Barot S. Positive versus negative environmental impacts of tree encroachment in South Africa. Acta Oecologica 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Puga-Freitas R, Barot S, Taconnat L, Renou JP, Blouin M. Signal molecules mediate the impact of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa on growth, development and defence of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49504. [PMID: 23226498 PMCID: PMC3513312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms have generally a positive impact on plant growth, which is often attributed to a trophic mechanism: namely, earthworms increase the release of mineral nutrients from soil litter and organic matter. An alternative hypothesis has been proposed since the discovery of a signal molecule (Indole Acetic Acid) in earthworm faeces. In this study, we used methodologies developed in plant science to gain information on ecological mechanisms involved in plant-earthworm interaction, by looking at plant response to earthworm presence at a molecular level. First, we looked at plant overall response to earthworm faeces in an in vitro device where only signal molecules could have an effect on plant growth; we observed that earthworms were inducing positive or negative effects on different plant species. Then, using an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with an impaired auxin transport, we demonstrated the potential of earthworms to stimulate root growth and to revert the dwarf mutant phenotype. Finally, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana in the presence and absence of earthworms; we found that genes modulated in the presence of earthworms are known to respond to biotic and abiotic stresses, or to the application of exogenous hormones. A comparison of our results with other studies found in databases revealed strong analogies with systemic resistance, induced by signal molecules emitted by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and/or elicitors emitted by non-virulent pathogens. Signal molecules such as auxin and ethylene, which are considered as major in plant-microorganisms interactions, can also be of prior importance to explain plant-macroinvertebrates interactions. This could imply revisiting ecological theories which generally stress on the role of trophic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Puga-Freitas
- UMR Biogéochimie et Ecologie des Milieux Continentaux, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Sébastien Barot
- UMR Biogéochimie et Ecologie des Milieux Continentaux, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Manuel Blouin
- UMR Biogéochimie et Ecologie des Milieux Continentaux, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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Boudsocq S, Niboyet A, Lata JC, Raynaud X, Loeuille N, Mathieu J, Blouin M, Abbadie L, Barot S. Plant preference for ammonium versus nitrate: a neglected determinant of ecosystem functioning? Am Nat 2012; 180:60-9. [PMID: 22673651 DOI: 10.1086/665997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although nitrogen (N) availability is a major determinant of ecosystem properties, little is known about the ecological importance of plants' preference for ammonium versus nitrate (β) for ecosystem functioning and the structure of communities. We modeled this preference for two contrasting ecosystems and showed that β significantly affects ecosystem properties such as biomass, productivity, and N losses. A particular intermediate value of β maximizes the primary productivity and minimizes mineral N losses. In addition, contrasting β values between two plant types allow their coexistence, and the ability of one type to control nitrification modifies the patterns of coexistence with the other. We also show that species replacement dynamics do not lead to the minimization of the total mineral N pool nor the maximization of plant productivity, and consequently do not respect Tilman's R* rule. Our results strongly suggest in the two contrasted ecosystems that β has important consequences for ecosystem functioning and plant community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boudsocq
- Biogéochimie et Écologie des Milieux Continentaux (BioEMCo), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7618, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), 46 Rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Forey E, Barot S, Decaëns T, Langlois E, Laossi KR, Margerie P, Scheu S, Eisenhauer N. Importance of earthworm–seed interactions for the composition and structure of plant communities: A review. Acta Oecologica 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Noguera D, Laossi KR, Lavelle P, De Carvalho MHC, Asakawa N, Botero C, Barot S. Amplifying the benefits of agroecology by using the right cultivars. Ecol Appl 2011; 21:2349-56. [PMID: 22073627 DOI: 10.1890/10-2204.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tropical soils are particularly vulnerable to fertility losses due to their low capacity to retain organic matter and mineral nutrients. This urges the development of new agricultural practices to manage mineral nutrients and organic matter in a more sustainable way while relying less on fertilizer inputs. Two methods pertaining to ecological engineering and agroecology have been tested with some success: (1) the addition of biochar to the soil, and (2) the maintenance of higher earthworm densities. However, modern crop varieties have been selected to be adapted to agricultural practices and to the soil conditions they lead to and common cultivars might not be adapted to new practices. Using rice as a model plant, we compared the responsiveness to biochar and earthworms of five rice cultivars with contrasted selection histories. These cultivars had contrasted responsivenesses to earthworms, biochar, and the combination of both. The mean relative increase in grain biomass, among all treatments and cultivars, was 94% and 32%, respectively, with and without fertilization. Choosing the best combination of cultivar and treatment led to a more than fourfold increase in this mean benefit (a 437% and a 353% relative increase in grain biomass, respectively, with and without fertilization). Besides, the more rustic cultivar, a local landrace adapted to diverse and difficult conditions, responded the best to earthworms in terms of total biomass, while a modern common cultivar responded the best in term of grain biomass. This suggests that cultivars could be selected to amplify the benefit of biochar- and earthworm-based practices. Overall, selecting new cultivars interacting more closely with soil organisms and soil heterogeneity could increase agriculture sustainability, fostering the positive feedback loop between soils and plants that has evolved in natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Noguera
- UPMC, Bioemco (UMR 7618) - IBIOS, Centre IRD, 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France
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Boudsocq S, Barot S, Loeuille N. Evolution of nutrient acquisition: when adaptation fills the gap between contrasting ecological theories. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:449-57. [PMID: 20798113 PMCID: PMC3013406 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plant strategies for acquiring nutrients have been widely studied from a functional point of view, their evolution is still not well understood. In this study, we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of these strategies and determine how they influence ecosystem properties. To do so, we use a simple nutrient-limited ecosystem model in which plant ability to take up nutrients is subject to adaptive dynamics. We postulate the existence of a trade-off between this ability and mortality. We show that contrasting strategies are possible as evolutionary outcomes, depending on the shape of the trade-off and, when nitrogen is considered as the limiting nutrient, on the intensity of symbiotic fixation. Our model enables us to bridge these evolutionary outcomes to classical ecological theories such as Hardin's tragedy of the commons and Tilman's rule of R*. Evolution does not systematically maximize plant biomass or primary productivity. On the other hand, each evolutionary outcome leads to a decrease in the availability of the limiting mineral nutrient, supporting the work of Tilman on competition between plants for a single resource. Our model shows that evolution can be used to link different classical ecological results and that adaptation may influence ecosystem properties in contrasted ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boudsocq
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, UMR 7618, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 Rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Boudsocq S, Lata JC, Mathieu J, Abbadie L, Barot S. Modelling approach to analyse the effects of nitrification inhibition on primary production. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fontaine S, Barot S, Barré P, Bdioui N, Mary B, Rumpel C. Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply. Nature 2008; 450:277-80. [PMID: 17994095 DOI: 10.1038/nature06275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The world's soils store more carbon than is present in biomass and in the atmosphere. Little is known, however, about the factors controlling the stability of soil organic carbon stocks and the response of the soil carbon pool to climate change remains uncertain. We investigated the stability of carbon in deep soil layers in one soil profile by combining physical and chemical characterization of organic carbon, soil incubations and radiocarbon dating. Here we show that the supply of fresh plant-derived carbon to the subsoil (0.6-0.8 m depth) stimulated the microbial mineralization of 2,567 +/- 226-year-old carbon. Our results support the previously suggested idea that in the absence of fresh organic carbon, an essential source of energy for soil microbes, the stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers is maintained. We propose that a lack of supply of fresh carbon may prevent the decomposition of the organic carbon pool in deep soil layers in response to future changes in temperature. Any change in land use and agricultural practice that increases the distribution of fresh carbon along the soil profile could however stimulate the loss of ancient buried carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fontaine
- INRA, UR 874 Agronomie, 234 Avenue du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Barot S, Blouin M, Fontaine S, Jouquet P, Lata JC, Mathieu J. A tale of four stories: soil ecology, theory, evolution and the publication system. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1248. [PMID: 18043755 PMCID: PMC2082661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil ecology has produced a huge corpus of results on relations between soil organisms, ecosystem processes controlled by these organisms and links between belowground and aboveground processes. However, some soil scientists think that soil ecology is short of modelling and evolutionary approaches and has developed too independently from general ecology. We have tested quantitatively these hypotheses through a bibliographic study (about 23000 articles) comparing soil ecology journals, generalist ecology journals, evolutionary ecology journals and theoretical ecology journals. FINDINGS We have shown that soil ecology is not well represented in generalist ecology journals and that soil ecologists poorly use modelling and evolutionary approaches. Moreover, the articles published by a typical soil ecology journal (Soil Biology and Biochemistry) are cited by and cite low percentages of articles published in generalist ecology journals, evolutionary ecology journals and theoretical ecology journals. CONCLUSION This confirms our hypotheses and suggests that soil ecology would benefit from an effort towards modelling and evolutionary approaches. This effort should promote the building of a general conceptual framework for soil ecology and bridges between soil ecology and general ecology. We give some historical reasons for the parsimonious use of modelling and evolutionary approaches by soil ecologists. We finally suggest that a publication system that classifies journals according to their Impact Factors and their level of generality is probably inadequate to integrate "particularity" (empirical observations) and "generality" (general theories), which is the goal of all natural sciences. Such a system might also be particularly detrimental to the development of a science such as ecology that is intrinsically multidisciplinary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Barot
- UMR 137, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Bondy, France.
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Abstract
In terrestrial plants the segregation of male and female reproductions on different individuals results in the seed-shadow handicap: males do not disperse any seed so that the number of local patches reached by seeds is potentially reduced in dioecious populations in comparison to hermaphrodite populations. An analytical model, incorporating a lottery-based recruitment and dispersal stochasticity, was built. The spatially mediated cost of the seed-shadow handicap has been assessed considering the criterions for the invasion of a resident hermaphrodite species by a dioecious species and the reverse invasion, both species having the same demographic parameters but assuming a likely higher fecundity for dioecious females. The reciprocal invasion of a dioecious and hermaphrodite species differing only by their fecundity is never possible. The seed-shadow handicap disappears when the dispersal or survival rate is high enough. This latter point is due to dispersal stochasticity, which allows for the existence of empty patches. A low fecundity and an aggregated seed distribution increase dispersal stochasticity and increase the positive impact of a low mortality rate on the relative competitivity of dioecy and hermaphroditism. Adding a dispersal cost has a comparable effect but also requires higher dispersal rates for the dioecious invasion.
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Gignoux J, Duby C, Barot S. Comparing the performances of Diggle's tests of spatial randomness for small samples with and without edge-effect correction: application to ecological data. Biometrics 1999; 55:156-64. [PMID: 11318150 DOI: 10.1111/j.0006-341x.1999.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diggle's tests of spatial randomness based on empirical distributions of interpoint distances can be performed with and without edge-effect correction. We present here numerical results illustrating that tests without the edge-effect correction proposed by Diggle (1979, Biometrics 35, 87-101) have a higher power for small sample sizes than those with correction. Ignoring the correction enables detection of departure from spatial randomness with smaller samples (down to 10 points vs. 30 points for the tests with correction). These results are confirmed by an example with ecological data consisting of maps of two species of trees in a West African savanna. Tree numbers per species per map were often less than 20. For one of the species, for which maps strongly suggest an aggregated pattern, tests without edge-effect correction enabled rejection of the null hypothesis on three plots out of five vs. on only one for the tests with correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gignoux
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Laboratoire d'Ecologie (CNRS-URA 258), Paris, France.
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Chang Y, Wang R, Barot S, Weiss DS. Stoichiometry of a recombinant GABAA receptor. J Neurosci 1996; 16:5415-24. [PMID: 8757254 PMCID: PMC6578878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. The postsynaptic GABAA receptor/pore complex is presumed to be a pentamer typically composed of a combination of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, although the stoichiometry remains controversial. We probed the stoichiometry of the GABAA receptor by site-directed mutagenesis of a conserved leucine (to serine) in the putative second membrane-spanning domain of the rat alpha 1(alpha L263S), beta 2(alpha L259S), and gamma 2(alpha L274S) subunit isoforms. Coexpression of wild-type and mutant subunits of each class (e.g., alpha and alpha L263S), along with their wild-type counter-parts (e.g., beta and gamma), in Xenopus laevis oocytes resulted in mixed populations of receptors with distinct GABA sensitivities. This is consistent with the interpretation that the leucine mutation increased the GABA sensitivity in proportion to the number of incorporated mutant subunits. The apparent number of incorporated subunits for each class (alpha, beta, and gamma) could then be determined from the number of components comprising the compound GABA dose-response relationships. Using this approach, we conclude that the recombinant alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 GABAA receptor is a pentamer composed of two alpha subunits, two beta subunits, and one gamma subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA
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