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Jensen-Kondering U, Maurer CJ, Brudermann HCB, Ernst M, Sedaghat S, Margraf NG, Bahmer T, Jansen O, Nawabi J, Vogt E, Büttner L, Siebert E, Bartl M, Maus V, Werding G, Schlamann M, Abdullayev N, Bender B, Richter V, Mengel A, Göpel S, Berlis A, Grams A, Ladenhauf V, Gizewski ER, Kindl P, Schulze-Zachau V, Psychogios M, König IR, Sondermann S, Wallis S, Brüggemann N, Schramm P, Neumann A. Patterns of acute ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage in patients with COVID-19 : Results of a retrospective multicenter neuroimaging-based study from three central European countries. J Neurol 2023; 270:2349-2359. [PMID: 36820915 PMCID: PMC9947908 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection which can affect the central nervous system. In this study, we sought to investigate associations between neuroimaging findings with clinical, demographic, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters, pre-existing conditions and the severity of acute COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective multicenter data retrieval from 10 university medical centers in Germany, Switzerland and Austria between February 2020 and September 2021. We included patients with COVID-19, acute neurological symptoms and cranial imaging. We collected demographics, neurological symptoms, COVID-19 severity, results of cranial imaging, blood and CSF parameters during the hospital stay. RESULTS 442 patients could be included. COVID-19 severity was mild in 124 (28.1%) patients (moderate n = 134/30.3%, severe n = 43/9.7%, critical n = 141/31.9%). 220 patients (49.8%) presented with respiratory symptoms, 167 (37.8%) presented with neurological symptoms first. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) was detected in 70 (15.8%), intracranial hemorrhage (IH) in 48 (10.9%) patients. Typical risk factors were associated with AIS; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy and invasive ventilation with IH. No association was found between the severity of COVID-19 or blood/CSF parameters and the occurrence of AIS or IH. DISCUSSION AIS was the most common finding on cranial imaging. IH was more prevalent than expected but a less common finding than AIS. Patients with IH had a distinct clinical profile compared to patients with AIS. There was no association between AIS or IH and the severity of COVID-19. A considerable proportion of patients presented with neurological symptoms first. Laboratory parameters have limited value as a screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Jensen-Kondering
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
- Department of Neuroradiology, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Christoph J Maurer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Hanna C B Brudermann
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (IMBS), UKSH, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marielle Ernst
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sam Sedaghat
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Nils G Margraf
- Department of Neurology, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Bahmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olav Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jawed Nawabi
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte (CCM), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Estelle Vogt
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte (CCM), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Büttner
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte (CCM), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eberhard Siebert
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bartl
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Maus
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gregor Werding
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Schlamann
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nuran Abdullayev
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- GFO Clinics Troisdorf, Radiology and Neuroradiologie, Troisdorf, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bender
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vivien Richter
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annerose Mengel
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Siri Göpel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ansgar Berlis
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Grams
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valentin Ladenhauf
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke R Gizewski
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Kindl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Marios Psychogios
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (IMBS), UKSH, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Sönke Wallis
- Department of Internal Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Peter Schramm
- Department of Neuroradiology, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Dimitri P, Habeb AM, Gurbuz F, Millward A, Wallis S, Moussa K, Akcay T, Taha D, Hogue J, Slavotinek A, Wales JKH, Shetty A, Hawkes D, Hattersley AT, Ellard S, De Franco E. Expanding the Clinical Spectrum Associated With GLIS3 Mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E1362-9. [PMID: 26259131 PMCID: PMC4596041 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT GLIS3 (GLI-similar 3) is a member of the GLI-similar zinc finger protein family encoding for a nuclear protein with 5 C2H2-type zinc finger domains. The protein is expressed early in embryogenesis and plays a critical role as both a repressor and activator of transcription. Human GLIS3 mutations are extremely rare. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article was determine the phenotypic presentation of 12 patients with a variety of GLIS3 mutations. METHODS GLIS3 gene mutations were sought by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of exons 1 to 11. Clinical information was provided by the referring clinicians and subsequently using a questionnaire circulated to gain further information. RESULTS We report the first case of a patient with a compound heterozygous mutation in GLIS3 who did not present with congenital hypothyroidism. All patients presented with neonatal diabetes with a range of insulin sensitivities. Thyroid disease varied among patients. Hepatic and renal disease was common with liver dysfunction ranging from hepatitis to cirrhosis; cystic dysplasia was the most common renal manifestation. We describe new presenting features in patients with GLIS3 mutations, including craniosynostosis, hiatus hernia, atrial septal defect, splenic cyst, and choanal atresia and confirm further cases with sensorineural deafness and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. CONCLUSION We report new findings within the GLIS3 phenotype, further extending the spectrum of abnormalities associated with GLIS3 mutations and providing novel insights into the role of GLIS3 in human physiological development. All but 2 of the patients within our cohort are still alive, and we describe the first patient to live to adulthood with a GLIS3 mutation, suggesting that even patients with a severe GLIS3 phenotype may have a longer life expectancy than originally described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dimitri
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - A M Habeb
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | | | - A Millward
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - S Wallis
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - K Moussa
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - T Akcay
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - D Taha
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - J Hogue
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - A Slavotinek
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - J K H Wales
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - A Shetty
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - D Hawkes
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - A T Hattersley
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - S Ellard
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - E De Franco
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (P.D.), Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (A.M.H.), Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Authority, Al-Madinah, Riyadh 14214, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Education and Training Hospital (F.G.), Ankara, Turkey; Diabetes Clinical Research Centre (A.M.), Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford PL6 8DH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (S.W.), Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom; Paediatric Department (K.M.), Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah 23342, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital (T.A.), 34303 Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.T.), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Paediatrics (J.J.), Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; Institute for Human Genetics (A.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.K.H.W.), Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (A.S.), Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny NP7 7EG, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (D.H.), Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB Wales, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (A.T.H., S.E., E.D.F.), University of Exeter Medical School, EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
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